...1. The “multiple-realizability” of mind in differing physical systems breaks down Physicalism, more specifically the Identity Theory. Identity theorists claim that mental states are brain states, but the multiple-realizability demonstrates the fact that the same mental states can be manifested from different physical forms. Therefore, by the very basic confronting principles, multiple-realizability contradicts Physicalism. 2. Machine functionalism states that if the mind, similar to a Turing machine, in a specific state receives an input, will produce an output by considering the original state and the input. This means that it is a probabilistic automaton, where probability will decide what the output will be based on the state and the set of inputs. Analytic functionalism states there is an a priori truth in the relationship between the input, output, and mental state; therefore, analytic functionalism tries to define mental states by contemplating on the folk psychological concepts. On the other hand, psychofunctionalism uses empirical, a posteriori observations to find true mental states that fit in the cognitive science model. 3. A symbol system is able to take in symbols, form complex structures, and manipulate them to produce new expressions. Because this symbol system can produce intelligent actions (system creating new expressions) and anything that can produce intelligent actions (a human creating new sentences) is a symbol system, the symbol state hypothesis states...
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...In order to adequately address the problem of free will, we must first discuss the mind body problem. Generally, humans throughout history have believed the mind and body to be two separate entities. This idea, also known as Cartesian dualism, promotes the notion of an uncaused mind or soul that exists free from the constraints of the natural world. Before the discovery of neural networking, this dualism seemed like the common sense view. It sure does seem like there is some sort of separate “mind” that controls what we do and creates thoughts that appear to have no physical properties. However, the whole point of philosophy is to question our previous notions of common sense and to review controversies objectively, utilizing the new evidence at hand. Using this...
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...The universe is an amazing thing; the myriad of knowledge left unknown is phenomenal, and some philosophers are brave enough to dive into one of the greatest mysteries of time. Is the mind distinct form the body? Desecrates Dualism theory believed that the body and mind are 2 separate entities; there is the body (brain) which is a complex machine that helps our body move and react, and that there is the mind (soul) which is a distinct entity form the body, that he mind can operate all on its own if “disconnected” from the body. Meanwhile other philosophers through many diverse backgrounds believe that the mind and body are one “machine” and are not separate entities, that they are one and will always be one being. This belief is called materialism...
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...Psychology Paper Historical Roots of Psychology Psychology as defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary is the science of mind and behavior. It has been around for 130 years in the realms of science. In the history of psychology, there are different people who studied different aspects under this topic. One of those people were Plato who was Aristotle’s teacher. He stated that the soul could exist even when away or separated from the body. This concept is known as “dualism”. “In dualism, ‘mind’ is contrasted with ‘body’” (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/dualism). Another person is René Descartes. He agreed with Plato about the concept of dualism and he believed that the “pineal gland” which is the small organ at the base of the brain involved in sleep was the “seat of the soul” (Saundra K. Ciccarelli, 2012). “The pineal gland played an important role in Descartes' account because it was involved in sensation, imagination, memory, and the causation of bodily movements” (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/pineal-gland/). By this information we can connect the pineal gland being the seat of the soul by it being involved in sensation, imagination, memory, and the cause of bodily movements. It is said to be the seat of the soul because it is where the soul from being “individual”, becomes one with the body. Gustav Fechneris who was a physician and a physicist, often credited with performing some of the first scientific experiments that...
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...chains efficiency improvements are e.g. Just-in Time production while effectiveness is achieved through customer orientation and innovation. The conceptualization of efficiency and effectiveness has its roots in system theory. Definition of the system is difficult for a quasi-organization as a supply chain that has blurred structural boundaries. Defining the system as processes of activities implies that the meaning of and the relation between efficiency and effectiveness might change as well. This is a conceptual paper with a purpose to describe and analyze efficiency and effectiveness as constructs based upon activity systems. The analysis of efficiency and effectiveness involves the meaning, the use and the relations between efficiency and effectiveness. We will use the resource dependence perspective’s definitions and recent development and usage of efficiency and effectiveness from IMP literature in the description. The analytical framework is in three steps: Dualism, duality and beyond (Ericson 2004). First, efficiency and effectiveness are described as two independent constructs,...
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...THE GREAT PHILOSOPHER Student’s name Institution affiliation Professor’s name Course title Date Every culture tends to vary from a different period. However, many philosophers have different arguments on culture in various time periods. This term paper will explain the life, times, and critical theories of Rene Descartes who is one of the most significant thinkers who ever inquired into the connection between mind and body. It will also explain how culture and period influenced his ideas. Also, it will identify and evaluate the key concepts and analyzes that comprised Descartes' theories. Furthermore, it will detect and describe Descartes' contributions to the field of philosophy as discussed below. The key concepts and analysis that comprises his theories that include the theory of sense perception and the theory of ideas which he mostly concentrates on. According to Descartes' ontology, there are three levels of being which are mode attribute and substance.. The levels of being are agreed regarding ontological requirement, Modes rely on attributes of their being in a way that those same attributes do not depend on methods used and but to rely on the substances for their being in a way that elements do not depend on characteristics. The spirit or nature of a mind, Descartes says, is to think. If a thing does not have faith in, it is not a mind. In his analytical, this very feature of Descartes' theory of ideas, Vere Chappell introduced the terminology...
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...Hehir has written numerous publications on her research of female genital mutilation, which can be deemed credible due to her career in Health Visiting and involvement with the Do Good Charity, an effort to supply nurse training in developing countries. A predominant flaw in this article is the lack of focus on the cultural significance of FGM. In focusing specifically on the oppressive laws put in place to abolish FGM, readers are unaware of the procedures importance within African communities and may therefore not understand the problematic nature of the 2004 Female Genital Mutilation Act. On the other hand, this paper is clear and concise, therefore aiding in the reader’s understanding of Western involvement with FGM. This article supports my essay’s focus on the need for discovering an alternative way to alter FGM instead of criminalizing the practice, by demonstrating how the Western world is using oppressive and insensitive tactics to deal with female circumcision. Reading about the specific ways the United Kingdom has attempted to abolish FGM is enlightening, as it...
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...the 1600’s. For one to have an appreciation for this science he or she must consider the root and various perspectives of psychology. Modern psychology has come a long way since Rene Descartes and john Locke in the 16th century. The science of psychology began to flourish in the 1600’s with philosophers Descartes and Locke contributing significant theories on human behavior, impacting the rise of modern psychology. “As a science psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observations and vigorous analysis” (Myers, 2007. p. 2). Rene Descartes was a French philosopher and mathematician who became influential and well-known in the field of psychology. He is the father of the mind-body interaction also known as the dualism theory. According to the dualism theory the mind and body are separate entities working together to build human experiences (Goodwin, 2008). While Descartes was working on his theory a British scientist Francis bacon was taking the science of psychology into a down-to-earth forum (Myers, 2007). Bacon’s theories were centered on experiments, experience, and common sense. He became one of the founding father of modern science, and his influence still hovers...
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...Social Sciences and Humanities prof. Coleridge Chris Final essay “Brain vs Mind” [pic] Alessandro Acquaviva E060478 INDEX The Mind-Brain Problem 3 Background of the problem 4 Evaluating the three proposed solutions 6 Weak Dualism 7 Strong Dualism 9 The relevance of Parapsychology 11 Conclusions 12 The Mind-Brain Problem The mind-brain problem raises the question as to whether the mind is no more than the idle side-effect of our brain processes or whether the mind can, in some degree, influence behaviour. Here we rehearse the arguments on both sides plus some recent attempts to eliminate mind altogether. However contentious, the philosophical problem, as distinct from the physiological problem, can be stated quite simply as follows: What, essentially, is the relationship between events in the brain and those private, subjective experiences that together constitute our inner mental life? We need not assume here that consciousness is synonymous with mind - consciousness may well be no more than just one aspect of mind - but, with respect to the problem at issue, it is the existence of consciousness that is critical. Stated thus, the problem admits of only three basic answers: 1) Events in the brain, operating in accordance with the laws of physics, determine completely both our behaviour and our subjective experiences. 2) Mental events may be elicited by events in the brain or they may, in turn, elicit brain events and so influence...
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...Modern Psychology reflects the discipline’s diverse history; the formation of psychology differs dramatically from modern-day conceptions of the field of study. To acquire a complete grasp of psychology, it is important to spend more time exploring the history and origins of this particular study in science. In this particular paper, the main concepts that is being explored is philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings of psychology as a formal discipline, major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the formation of psychology as a discipline, and the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century. History of Psychology Psychology was not well known as a separate discipline until the late 1800’s, its initial history can be traced back to the era of the early Greeks. All throughout the 17th century, Rena Descartes, a French philosopher, introduced the first idea of dualism, which is the explanation that the mind and body are separate parts that work together to create the human experience. “Many other issues still debated by psychologists today, such as relative contributions of nature vs. nurture are rooted in these early philosophical traditions” (Citizendium, 2010). Psychology has been often mistakenly viewed as a young discipline, in all actuality Psychology has roots extending from ancient Greece. The father of psychology is known as Aristotle, he wrote his thesis “ De Anima, Parva Naturalia approximately...
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...The Mind-Brain Problem JOHN BELOFF Department of psycho log^, George Square, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, Scotland Abstract-The mind-brain problem, which is still with us, raises the question as to whether the mind is no more than the idle side-effect of our brain processes or whether the mind can, in some degree, influence behavior. Here we rehearse the arguments on both sides plus some desperate recent attempts to eliminate mind altogether. What is the Problem? However contentious, the philosophical problem, as distinct from the physiological problem, can be stated quite simply as follows: What, essentially, is the relationship between events in the brain and those private, subjective, introspectible experiences that together constitute our inner mental life? We need not assume here that consciousness is synonymous with mind-consciousness may well be no more than just one aspect of mind-but, with respect to the problem at issue, it is the existence of consciousness that is critical. Stated thus, the problem admits of only three basic answers: (1) Events in the brain, operating in accordance with the laws of physics, determine completely both our behavior and our subjective experiences. (2) Mental events may be elicited by events in the brain or they may, in turn, elicit brain events and so influence the course of our behavior (I use here the word 'elicit' rather than 'cause' advisedly since the kind of causation here envisaged is so unlike ...
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...Women in Psychology Paper Rex Little Psychology 310 History of Psychology 8/19/2011 Donna Allgood Women in Psychology Paper The woman I choose in psychology is Margaret Washburn. Margaret was well known as the first woman ever to be awarded a Ph.D. She was a great teacher and that alone would have made her worthy of the elevated status necessary for mention as a great woman in the field of psychology but she is also known by many contemporary psychologists and social science related people as an eminence whose works in the field are of extraordinary long-lasting importance. Margaret Washburn was born in Harlem, New York, July 25th 1871 and was an only child. She developed some of the most interesting theories about the relationship between motor development and mental activity. She worked with animals during her early schooling during some of her controversial studies wrote her book The Animal Mind (1904). She stated that “All psychic interpretation of animal behavior must be on the same analogy of human experience…Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man”(541). This was at a time when women were not supposed to express higher reasoning. One can only imagine the scrutiny she must have endured at hands of her peers and those in administrative positions with schools she was working from. There were many researchers around during this time who would have...
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...Term paper Topic: Feudal System Of Japanese Manufacturing. Members: Rittik Mondal Sachit Aggarwal Harsh Faujdar Rishi Gupta Prawal Pandey Vineet Anand Nishant chohla Dharmendra Mahjani Surya Prakash Shubham Patel Contents: ● Main paper: Feudal System of Japanese Manufacturing) ● Paper 1: Industrial subcontracting and structure in Japan: evolution and recent trend ● Paper 2:The Evolution of Japanese Subcontracting ● Paper 3: Sustaining growth in electronic manufacturing sector: lessons from Japanese midsize EMS providers ● Paper 4: Competitive Marketing Strategies: A Survey of Japanese Manufacturing Firms' Competitive Performance in the British Market ● Paper 5: BuyerSupplier Relations In The UK Automative Industry: Strategic Implications of The Japanese Manufacturing Model ● Paper 6: C orporate Environmental and Economic Performance of Japanese Manufacturing Firms: Empirical Study for Sustainable Development ● Paper 7: Japanese Manufacturing System: Implications of the organization ● Paper 8: The JIT Philosophy is the culture in Japan ● Paper 9: Kanban System Feudal World Of Japanese Manufacturing: Kuniyasu Sakai Abstract: The entire paper presents us an overview of how Big Industries work in Japan. Subcontracting is the central issue in this paper...
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...Literature Review and Report Introduction and Problem Identification This literature review deals with the problem of employee motivation and rewards, how best to achieve exceptional levels of performance and motivation in the work place. Psychologists have advanced two types of motivation theories. Dualistic theories divide motivation into two types, namely intrinsic and extrinsic. The other theories are more multidimensional and identify inherently separate motives. This paper will argue that the multidimensional approach for work place incentives would work for more types of business models, but also be a far superior method to approach staff inducement. Firstly, I will examine why the dualistic approach as a hypothesis is invalid because human motives are multifaceted (genetically diverse) and do not divide into just two kinds. Second, the rational and behavioural measures of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation often yield different or even opposite results (Eisenberger et al., 1999). Secondly, I will put forward the argument for a more multidimensional approach to employee motivation and why many researchers have moved beyond the study of intrinsic-extrinsic motivation. Researchers have validated and applied 16 universal reinforcements to a wide range of work places. Literature Themes or Arguments Intrinsic motivation is normally defined as “doing something for its own sake” from simply doing something for the joy and gratification derived. On the other hand extrinsic...
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...Business Organizational Paper Sheila Whitley Bus 610 Organizational Behavior Instructor: Shawna Wentlandt July 13, 2014 Business Organizational Paper “Organizational behavior can be defined as the investigation of the behavior factors modem organizations and their management at the individual, group and organization wide levels” (Baack, 2012). As management one of the roles is organizing behavior is have insight to managing individuals and team performance in today’s business. Organizational behavior is a combined behavior of multi cultural individuals and different groups of people and their day to day communication with one another. Daily interactions with these diverse types of people can have both a positive and a negative impact on an organization. The purpose of this paper is to analyze my personal observation of the organizational behavior of my former employer at Seaside environmental Incorporation. Type of Cultures Organizational cultures are how well people from different cultural backgrounds get along and work together. There are three types of cultures Pluralism, Dualism and Salad bowl. Pluralism is small groups of individuals who maintain to themselves. Dualisms have two dominate groups of individuals and a salad bowl is many different cultures. In every organization they have their own type of culture which distinguishes how this makes...
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