...In the early 19th century, when the United States had not yet enforced the Bill of Rights in all states, Earl Warren grew up witnessing the injustices of crime and the court system on individual’s rights. From the time he was just a college student working in a law office in Berkeley to advancing his career as Chief Justice of the U.S Supreme Court, he envisioned a nation in which everyone was treated equal under the law. Having a more realistic philosophy of the law, Warren often went against the majority and was quick to put to action his leadership abilities in cases having to deal with individual’s rights. Warren stressed the importance of protecting individual’s civil rights and liberties by diminishing racial segregation and injustices of the court system. Warren’s experiences with crime in his young adulthood influenced many of the decisions he made during his 16-year term. He was very dedicated...
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...Q 15DBQ 15: The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1964-2005 Liberals had dominated American society for most of the 1900s. The 1960s was widely known for being the age of counterculture, social reforms, and liberals. The era witnessed many advancements like racial equality such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a strong advancement in political liberalism, and a significant increase in the power and influence of government-funded social programs as a result of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society reforms. Beginning with the election of Nixon, however, followed a gradual return to conservatism whether religiously, politically, or economically. The resurgence of conservatism in American politics and government in the years 1964-2005, was caused in reaction to 1960s liberal political, economic, and social policies as well as the rise of religious political groups and the controversy over the Vietnam War. The government's political and economic policies contributed to the rise of conservatism. Most notable of the federal reforms were initiated by liberal Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson and his Great Society schemes. His "War on Poverty" speech, delivered on March 16, 1964, called for a war on poverty to give people a second chance by spending millions on education, job training, housing, and healthcare. Johnson's intention was in some ways a conservative one. He wanted to give people a hand-up, not a hand-out and make them dependent on the money earned from taxing the more fortunate (Document...
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...In 1982, millions of blacks living in the rural counties an small towns of the “New South” still dealt with the terrors of Jim Crow and racial exploitation which sparked the civil rights movement in the 1950s. It was more vivid in Mississippi. In 1949, black farmers owned 80,842 commercial cotton-producing farms in Mississippi black belt region, about 66 percent of all cotton farms in the state. During the 1950s and 1960s, corporations which went into agricultural production aggressively pushed thousands of these small rural farmers out of business. By 1964, the number of black owned cotton farms declined to 21,939 statewide. The figure dropped to only 1000 five years later.[1] Black farmers had extreme difficulty obtaining capital. Many insurance companies, which financed the bulk of farm loans, require loans to be at least $100,000. While commercial banks lend lesser amounts, they often require payment within five years, a term too short for a black landowner. Federal land back tended to require amounts of collateral that are too great for blacks to qualify. The federal government did little to reverse the decline in black farming. The general economic decline for most Mississippi blacks since the 1960s has been accompanied by the resurrection of white racist terrorism and political violence. The tortured body of one unidentified black man was found floating down the river in Cleveland, MS. The man’s sex organs had been hacked off and the coroner later reported...
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...• 1952- NAACP supported group of legal challenges to seg. In public schools. Brown v. Board of Edu.- Linda Brown, Af.Am. student from Topeka. Schools prevented her from attending all white elementary school. NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall argued on Brown's behalf. • Written by Justice Earl Warren, the opinion declared racial seg. Illegal in public schools. • By 1956-57 vast majority of S. schools sys. Remained seg. In Arkansas, school deseg. Was progressing w/ little opposition. Little Rock school was 1st in S. to announce that it would comply w/ Brown decision. • Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus spoke against deseg. Plan, ordered Nat. Guard to surround Central High. Of the nine black students, Elizabeth Eckford did not receive message that instructed her not to go to school alone • Under court order, Faubus removed Nat. Guard, white mob rioted. Eisenhower ordered 1000 fed. Troops to Little Rock. Sept 25, 1957- Little Rock Nine entered • Rosa Parks- refused to give up seat to white passenger and was arrested. In protest, many Mont.'s 50,000 Af.Am. org. boycott against bus sys., Mont. Improvement Assoc.- group of local civil rights leaders, persuaded comm. To continue to boycott while naacp and parks appealed her conviction. • MIA chose MLK as spokesperson. 1956- Supreme Court declared both Mont/ Alabama seg. Laws unconstit. Mont had a deseg. Bus sys. • Civil Rights act 1957- fed. Crime to prevent qualified persons from voting. Also set up Civil Rights Commission to...
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...U. S. Congressman, Alcee Hastings Alcee Lamar Hastings was appointed by former President Jimmy Carter and became the first African-American Federal Judge in the state of Florida. Currently, he is the U.S. Representative for Florida’s 23rd congressional district. Hastings has held this position since January 3, 1993. Prior to this position, Representative Hastings held the seat of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida from November 2, 1979 until October 20, 1989. Representative Hastings just happens to be one of only eight federal officials in American history to be impeached and removed from office. Facts surrounding the Impeachment In 1983, Hastings was acquitted of conspiracy to solicit a $150,000 bribe. In 1989, while working as a Federal Judge, Alcee Hastings was found guilty of bribery and perjury and removed from office. However, in 1992 Hastings was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida. It was alleged that in 1985, Alcee Hastings improperly revelation of sensitive government information obtained through a federal wiretap. Third Chances A lawsuit has just been filed against Alcee Hastings (D-FL) by a former female employee is alleging that, over a period of two years, Hastings repeatedly made unwelcome sexual advances and crude comments towards her. The misconduct allegedly occurred while Hastings served as Chairman to the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The former employee, Winsome...
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...Pg. 491-497 • In the late 1900’s, the era known as the Warren Court would become one of the most active justices in regards to policy: o Warren was chosen by President Eisenhower and he ended up regretting at first due to the great changes he was making. This was the court that made the ruling on the famous Brown v. Board of Education controversy. o He would continue this legacy be being supportive of the rights that criminals and defendants deserve. This also includes the enforcement of the 4th Amendment (Unreasonable search and seizure). Many almost thought to even impeach him since certain group thought he was essentially re-writing bills which is Congress’ job (he was not in reality). • After Warren finally decided to retire,...
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...275 July 3, 2013 Dean Clark Gun Control This topic of Gun Control is one of the most argued in this country. The article I read was written by Josh Sager. Mr. Sager’s paper covers what he calls 15 Pro-Gun” arguments and debunks them. His first argument is to address the 2nd Amendment and how he feels about people who believe that it was written for the rights of individuals to keep and bear arms are misinformed. Mr Sager writes. “Those who make this argument are misinformed as to the original intent of the 2nd Amendment and have either been tricked by the modern gun lobby’s marketing or are actively perverting its meaning” (Segar, 2012). Although Mr. Sager makes his point with a written quote from Chief Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger about his thought on the 2nd Amendment and its meaning on protecting every Americans right to own guns. “…one of the greatest pieces of fraud, I repeat the word ‘fraud,’ on the American public by special interest groups that I’ve ever seen in my life time. The real purpose of the Second Amendment was to ensure that state armies—the militias—would be maintained for the defense of the state. The very language of the Second Amendment refutes any argument that it was intended to guarantee every citizen an unfettered right to any kind of weapon he or she desires.” What Mr. Segar fails to realize is the credibility of his source. Because another credible source the US Supreme Court, in 2008 declared that the 2nd Amendment protected...
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...Nicole Cummings POSU 343 Signature Assignment October 16, 2014 Brown vs. Board of Education The court case docketed Brown vs. Board of education was a culmination of several individuals seeking constitutional justice for their civil liberties. These brave individuals changed the course of history. This landmark case changed racial segregation in schools and allowed equal education to all regardless of race. Although the Declaration of Independence declared that all men were created equal, it wasn’t for many years after the ending of slavery that equal rights were strengthened and the effects of slavery were abolished. Amendments to the constitution were put into effect to equal out the balance of the laws due to racial segregation, but despite these amendments African-Americans were rarely given the equal treatment as their white counterparts. Many states, especially in the south, made segregation a legal practice. What became known as Jim Crow Laws, were regulations that enabled separate bathrooms, busses, and schools simply based on the color of their skin. Many people disagreed with these unjust laws, but only few made their opinion known in court. One of the first cases to be heard regarding unmerited segregation was brought to the Supreme Court by a gentleman by the name of Homer Plessy. Mr. Plessy refused to give up his seat on the train to a white man and was therefore arrested. He knew that this arrest violated the 14th amendments “equal protection clause”...
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...to all citizens. Police officers work tirelessly to accommodate regulations adopted to ensure only criminals are convicted. These restrictions have been part of the United States since the Bill of Rights was generated in 1791, but in the 1960s, as “Law and Order,” the view that crime must be dealt with harshly to deter citizens from breaking the law, the Supreme Court was forced to decide the constitutionality of the rules of interrogation. In the Sixties, crime was escalating and public safety was becoming a growing concern; police began to treat suspects harsher in an effort to raise conviction rates and promote public safety. In 1966, however, the jurisprudence of the entire US justice system changed when the court of Chief Justice Earl Warren was presented with the case Miranda v Arizona. In this case, the majority decision ruled to protect suspects’ rights, extending equality of protection regardless of legal knowledge or background, not only highlighting the trends of human rights and equality in the Sixties, but also the tensions between criminal rights versus public safety, demonstrating a shift from the conservative ‘law and order’ jurisprudence to more liberal methods of interrogation and conviction. On March 2, 1963, Ernesto Miranda kidnapped a woman (whose name was not released to the press for her safety), drove her into the desert, and raped her. After an eleven day investigation, Detectives Cooley and Young caught Miranda and took him to police station for questioning...
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...The Warren Court left an unprecedented legacy of judicial activism in the area of civil rights law as well as in the area of civil liberties—specifically, the rights of the accused as addressed in Amendments 4 through 8. In the period from 1961 to 1969, the Warren Court examined almost every aspect of the criminal justice system in the United States, using the 14th Amendment to extend constitutional protections to all courts in every State. This process became known as the “nationalization” of the Bill of Rights. During those years, cases concerning the right to legal counsel, confessions, searches, and the treatment of juvenile criminals all appeared on the Court's docket. The Warren Court's began with the case of Mapp v. Ohio, which was the first of several significant cases that re-evaluated the role of the 14th Amendment as it applied to state judicial systems. In a 6-3 decision, the Court overturne the conviction, and five justices found that the States were bound to exclude evidence seized in violation of the 4th Amendment. The 4th Amendment sets the standards for searches and seizures by law enforcement officials in the United States, the Court noted, and the 14th Amendment requires judges to uphold those standards in every State. Evidence gained by an illegal search became inadmissible in State courts as a result of the decision. The “Mapp Rule” has since been modified, so the exclusionary rule is no longer as absolute as when first handed down in Mapp. Critics of...
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...Burger years from 1969 to 1975. Looking deeply into the historic infighting, the controversial decisions and the sharp turn from left liberal ideological decisions to the right conservative, “The Brethren” exposes closely hidden secrets and the power of the machine that has never been seen before. The words “All deliberate speed” proved to haunt Burger along with his vote switching and indecisions, making his tenure of the Supreme Court mediocre at best. His desire to leave a legacy equal to that of the Warren court left him more concerned about perception than with the principles of the law. Burger came to the court replacing the retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren whose court handed down some very important rulings, like Griswald v. Connecticut, giving the right to privacy, and overturning the states contraception law. It also handed down the Miranda ruling, which is still used today to protect people’s rights to an attorney and from self-incrimination. The Warren Court’s most famous and issue ridden ruling was Brown v. Board of Education, which ended segregation in public schools. This ruling was handed down in 1954, and a second Brown, Brown II was heard in 1955, but there was wording in the decision that allowed for loopholes and procrastination. Justice Black was a staunch supporter of the Brown v Wade finding, he felt that the wording in Brown II gave to much lead way to the lower Southern courts, and that it was evident that they were not going to enforce the...
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...essentially force them to do and say what the government wants (Retrieved from Debate.org opinion poll on the question: Should churches and other religious organizations remain tax exempt?) A tax exemption for churches is not a subsidy to religion, and is therefore constitutional. Supporting Quote: "The grant of a tax exemption is not sponsorship, since the government does not transfer part of its revenue to churches, but simply abstains from demanding that the church support the state. No one has ever suggested that tax exemption has converted libraries, art galleries, or hospitals into arms of the state or put employees 'on the public payroll.' There is no genuine nexus between tax exemption and establishment of religion..." ----Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, majority opinion written for 7-1 decision of US Supreme Court case: Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New...
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...Amendment. More specifically, it violated the equal protection clause by limiting them to a lesser learning environment and, therefore, not providing them with equal protection of the law. Marcus also brought in specialists who argued that segregation inhibits students’ abilities to learn by creating psychological problems and making them feel inferior. Based upon this argument, Judge Paul J. McCormick ruled that the equal protection clause had been violated and declared that separate could never be considered equal. This was the first time that the equal protection clause was used to combat segregation, and it proved itself to be utterly effective when the court ruled in favor of integration. Within months of this ruling, Governor Earl Warren had repealed the remaining school segregation statutes in the California Education Code. This included those of both Asian American and Native American students as well as Hispanic American students. While these races aren’t often thought of when it comes to the Civil Rights Movement, they certainly played a prominent role. Mendez v. Westminster is often overlooked because it was a state case and it did not involve African Americans, whom of which the...
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...John F. Kennedy Assignation and the Insufficient Investigation Student Name SS310-19: Exploring the 1960s - An Interdisc. Approach Teacher’s Name May 01, 2012 Introduction There have been many events over the years that influence the world. One in particular was the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Many events that have occurred since can be traced back to the Assassination. After 49 years the world is still questioning the facts of the assassination. There have been many investigation yet the questions are still there. Section one President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1962. President Kennedy was shot during a motorcade ride through Dallas, Texas. The President’s motorcade had just entered Dealey Plaza when several shots were aimed at the President. President and Mrs. Kennedy and Texas Governor and Mrs. Connally were passengers in the Presidential Limousine along with two Secret Service agents. Governor Connally was seriously wounded during the shooting. The President was taken to Parkland Hospital where efforts to save his life were unsuccessful. The President was pronounced dead 30 minutes after the shooting. There were hundreds of people in the Dealey Plaza that day to see the President and First Lady as their car passed by. Many spectators with their cameras were there to capture a once in a lifetime chance to see the President and Mrs. Kennedy. These people were witness to one of the biggest events in American History...
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...and whites. While the cases were different in nature, however they made the same claim: separate is not equal. Arguing the case before the Supreme Court were, for the Petitioners who were predominantly parents of student of color. They claimed that their children were not receiving an equal education. According to the article “Brown v. board of education,” “The district court found that the facilities provided for colored students were largely equal to those provided to white student. Reasoning that it was required to follow U.S. Supreme Court precedent validating “separate but equal”, the district court ruled in favor of the school board”. [Brown v. Board of education, prg.3]. This demonstrate that the previous case Plessy v. Ferguson influence the decision of the district court because it state that while separate and equal have the same conditions it does not violated the 14 amendment. However, the plaintiffs decided...
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