...In this essay I will analyse in reference to the case study, how psychological theory informs our understanding of mental health disorders. I have chosen the following two theories to analyse, Psychodynamic and Cognitive. I will also evaluate how certain therapies such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Psychotherapy may help or change a depressed person’s behaviour. Depression is a potentially disabling illness that affects many, but is understood by few. Suffers often do not recognise the nature of this terrible illness until they are so devastated that they can no longer help themselves. (Ainsworth 2000). According to Houpt 2010, Jamie is clearly showing signs of depression. Jamie is exhausted and his schoolwork is falling behind. He has fallen asleep in class and states that he feels depressed and anxious. He also feels a great sense of loss and his eating behaviour has changed drastically. Houpt states that depression reduces, depresses and slows a person’s functional level. It slows mental and bodily activities. Therefore a slowed mind is unable to process and respond to all incoming data. Adolescent depression is a mental and emotional disorder affecting adolescents and teens. More commonly referred to as teenage depression, adolescent depression is not medically different from adult depression and can affect a teen’s personal, school, work, social and family life therefore leading to social isolation. Empfield and Bakalar, 2013). A psychodynamic...
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...What are Eating Disorders? An eating disorder is marked by extremes. It is present when a person experiences severe disturbances in eating behaviour, such as extreme reduction of food intake or extreme overeating, or feelings of extreme distress or concern about body weight or shape. A person with an eating disorder may have started out just eating smaller or larger amounts of food than usual, but at some point, the urge to eat less or more spirals out of control. Eating disorders are very complex, and despite scientific research to understand them, the biological, behavioural and social underpinnings of these illnesses remain elusive. The two main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders frequently appear during adolescence or young adulthood, but some reports indicate that they can develop during childhood or later in adulthood. Women and girls are much more likely than males to develop an eating disorder. Over 90% of people diagnosed with eating disorders are adolescent or young women. Eating disorders are real, treatable medical illnesses with complex underlying psychological and biological causes. They frequently co-exist with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, substance abuse, or anxiety disorders. Biological Perspective The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological topics by studying the physical basis for human behaviour. It involves such things as studying the immune system, nervous system...
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...Compare two psychological approaches to Health and Social care provision. Case Study. Demi Lovato is a well-known actress and singer from the USA. Demi Lovato was diagnosed with bulimia, bipolar and self-harm in 2010. She had struggled with a “really unhealthy relationship with food" since age 8 after suffering bullying, and her self-mutilating behaviour started at age 11 as a means to “cope with her emotions and depression”. Demi attended rehab for these mental health illnesses, and from this is now back on track and has had a very successful career. Approach 1: To help treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm, the cognitive approach would use talking therapy, where a therapist/counsellor sits with the individual and allows the individual to talk about their problems and with this find ways to help the individual work out how to deal with negative thoughts and feelings and make positive changes. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an active type of counselling. It is the first-line treatment for outpatients with bulimia. CBT is used to treat the mental and emotional elements of an eating disorder. Approach 2: The behavioural approach would help to treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm by using techniques to minimise stress levels. Behavioural therapy aims to change harmful and unhelpful behaviours that an individual may have e.g. eating disorder. The behavioural approach system controls approach motivation and goal-directed behaviour to achieve rewards. It is activated...
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...reduced through using medication to develop a supportive style to prevent relapse. Scientific knowledge about clinical psychology is developed through initial academic training, ongoing continuing professional development and research. As a scientific discipline, clinical psychology entails research conducted to find out how best to understand, assess, treat and prevent psychological problems and also to find out how widespread psychological problems are (Carr, 2012). The result of clinical psychology research provides information for planning services for whole populations, and evaluating and treating individual cases in evidence-based way. For example, the results of epidemiological research indicate that depression and anxiety are the most common problems that need to be addressed by clinical psychologists. Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders. It is a branch of medicine. One cannot become a psychiatrist without first qualifying as a...
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...Self control procedures used in therapeutic psychology Self control procedures are cognitive and behavioural skills used by individuals to maintain self motivation and achieve personal goals. They are defined by Ruch (1984) as “procedures that involve the growing emphasis on asking people to set up personal systems of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions.” The goal of self control procedures is to reduce behavioural deficiencies or behavioural excesses. They help individuals become aware of their own patterns of behaviour and to alter those patterns so that the behaviour will be more or less likely to occur. They are used by people who are dissatisfied with certain aspects of their lives for instance one may feel they smoke too much, exercise to little, or have difficulty controlling anger. Self control procedures include aspects like self monitoring and stimulus control and follow a particular process. Self control procedures are based primarily on the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. According to Bandura, ones behaviour is influenced by a variety of factors including one’s own thoughts and beliefs and elements in the environment. Self control procedures are useful for a wide range of concerns including medical, addictions, occupational and psychological. However self control procedures when used in situations where symptoms are severe, should be used in conjunction with other therapies. The self control procedures follow certain step...
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...Designing survey questions on food-related issues Question design toolkit based on a theory of behavioural change Jo d’Ardenne, Sally McManus, Julia Hall Designing survey questions on food-related issues: Question design toolkit based on a theory of behavioural change Jo d’Ardenne, Sally McManus, Julia Hall October 2011 Prepared for the Department of Health Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ Executive summary ........................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................ 1 1.1 1.2 Background and aims .................................................................................................... 1 The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) ...................................................................... 2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.3 Why use the Theory of Planned Behaviour? ............................................ 2 What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour? .............................................. 3 Strengths and weaknesses of the Theory of Planned Behaviour ............. 6 Outline of report .............................................................................................................. 6 2 Mapping existing survey questions to TPB constructs ....... 8 2.1 2.2 Review of longitudinal surveys ..................................
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...Psychology essay PTSD case study PTSD what is post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is a condition of stress which is caused by an event, and now you get flashbacks. Post-traumatic stress disorder is an anxiety disorder which is caused by an event earlier in life that is very stressful or psychologically disturbing. People with this disorder may have flashbacks and relive the event through their nightmares, and they could also have trouble sleeping at night. PTSD happens most often in soldiers and those who have been in the war due to the extreme situations that arise from it. Symptoms, Biological, Mental. The symptoms of PTSD are …. The biological symptoms of PTSD are. One of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder is the constant feeling of danger. The symptoms are increased anxiety, experiencing the event again through flashbacks or nightmares. Another symptom is avoidance of things that remind you of the event, being unable to remember some parts of the event, and also loss of interest and feeling detached from others. Memories of the event will be intrusive. The physical symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder are dizziness, shortness of breath also possibly chronic pain and tightness in the chest. A common symptom is a feeling of intense fear. Other symptoms are persistent depressive feelings and dissociation. This disorder often coexists with anxiety or eating disorders, or depression. In the case study Andy’s initial symptoms after...
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...LESSON FIVE & SIX – ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EATING DISORDERS ------------------------------------------------- Specification link: You will be able to outline and evaluate: ------------------------------------------------- Biological, including neural and evolutionary, explanations of anorexia nervosa ------------------------------------------------- Psychology explanations of anorexia nervosa Outline and description of theories | Research evidence and commentary | IntroductionThe DSM-IV Rev identifies three categories of eating disorder: * Anorexia nervosa 1. AN -restricting type – refusal to eat 2. AN- binge eating/purging type – episodes of binge eating followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas.Both of these are associated with significant weight loss and the other symptoms of AN. * Bulimia nervosa – episodes of binging followed by removal of food from the body by vomiting, laxatives, or enemas (no significant weight loss). * Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)The four major symptoms of anorexia nervosa are: * The body weight is 85% or less of normal weight for age and height * Distorted perception of body weight/shape, and/or denial that the weight loss is severe * Intense fear of becoming fat * Loss of three consecutive menstrual cycles in women (amenorrhoea)Anorexia nervosa (AN) and Bulimia nervosa (BN) have much in common, particularly a dissatisfaction with body weight and/or shape....
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...Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...11. References…………………………………………………………………………………...12. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 3. This research paper will address depression in adolescents. Depression is often labelled as ‘the sickness of our time’ due to its prolific nature. Some of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression in adolescents as well as the contextualised issues, cultural implications and other abnormal behaviour associated with the disorder will be discussed. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 4. Background of Depression in Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a stage of major growth and development in which significant physiological, cognitive, psychological and behavioural changes take place. Understandably then, adolescence is a time of excitement and of anxiety; of happiness and of troubles; of discovery and of bewilderment; and of breaks with the past and yet of links with the future (Schmied & Tully, 2009). Research has revealed that depression is occurring earlier in life today than in past decades (NIMH, 2009). In addition,...
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...disorder) The fifth edition has simplified this classification into three sections rather than the multiaxial system, but there has been much criticism of the new edition with doubts been thrown as to its impartiality, resulting in a petition calling for an outside review of DSM 5. In Europe there is a tendency to favour the I.C.D. as a means of classifying mental illnesses. The International Classification of Diseases (I.C.D.) is an international standard diagnostic classification for all diseases. It is published by the World Health organisation and to date has been revised ten times. The I.C.D. has divided mental health into ten main groups which are as follows; F0: Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders F1: Mental and behavioural disorders due to use...
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...The Behavioural Model of Abnormality The Behavioural model works on the basis that mental illness is learned behaviour, and that we learn it through the same ways that we learn normal behaviour. The Model divides these ways of learning into three groups. Classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning theory (SLT). Classical conditioning is the idea that our response to something can be changed or “conditioned” using other stimuli. We can see this from the Watson and Raynor experiment. In this experiment, an 11 month old child named little Albert was shown, a white rat. After the intitial encounter in which it was established that he showed no fear for the rat, every time the rat was presented cymbals would be smashed behind his head. After several repetitions of this they found that Little Albert was scared of the rat even if the cymbals were not smashed. This shows that they gave him a conditioned response to the rat, that spread to other white fluffy animals as well such as a rabbit and a small dog. From this we can conclude that abnormal behaviour such as a fear of rats can be learned through classical Conditioning. This experiment was however extremely unethical. Little Albert's mother pulled him out before the end of the experiment, so he was never deconditioned from his fear of white fluffy things. He was also put under sever stress while he was part of the experiment. Classical conditioning...
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...Analyzing Psychological Disorders Jeannie Hopkins PSY/240 11/17/2013 Dr. Brooke Morford A psychological disorder is known as a mental disorder; it is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and/or create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), approximately 26 percent of American adults over the age of 18 suffer from some type of diagnosable mental disorder in a given year (The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America). Almost half of that also meet criteria for 2 or more disorders, with severity strongly related to comorbidity. Mental disorders are diagnosed based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) here in the U.S. The DSM-IV-TR explains that a multiaxial system involves an assessment on several axes, which refer to a different domain of information that may help the clinician plan treatment and possibly predict the outcome (Association, 2000). The five axes included in the DSM-IV multi-axial classification are as listed: * Axis I: Clinical Disorders and Other Conditions That Need Clinical Attention. * Axis II: Personality Disorders and Mental Retardation. * Axis III: General Medical Conditions. * Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems * Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF). As stated in the DSM-IV-TR “the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale is...
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...birth of a child can affect their health and development. This is during and after pregnancy. Cigarettes contain nicotine. Once inhaled it runs straight through the bloodstream. A baby will use their mothers blood as a source of oxygen. Here they are then taking on board the nicotine. This means the baby’ heart rate will increase. It also increases the chance of a miscarriage and still birth. It also increases the chance of having a premature birth or and underweight baby. These choices are out of the baby’s control. These life factors change the development of and individual. What the mother eats can effect the development of a baby. It is vital a mother eats a variety of foods in order to gain all the nutrition needed and to get a good balance. High starch foods such as bread and pasta will provide a source of energy as these are carbohydrates. Eating things such as eggs and chicken will provide protein. This is vital the growth of muscles. Eating roughage such as cereals and grains will provide fibre keeping the digestion of food more easy and keep it flowing. It will also prevent constipation. Having a poor diet during pregnancy can cause damage to their child which is irreversible. A mother who eats a high sugar diet can cause their child to have high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) id due to the mother drinking alcohol during pregnancy. This is a severe condition. Alcohol can be passed through the placenta. This can restrict oxygen reaching...
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...at the early stage of this research. I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my course mates for their constructive comments and criticisms, which helped me get to where I am. Not forgetting also, my heartfelt gratitude to my colleagues for their generous time to provide insightful comments. Support from you all has not gone unnoticed. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to my parents, family members and friends for their support and understanding throughout my post graduate study. Their unconditional love, patience and encouragement have made this research and my MBA course possible. Thank you so much. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii ABSTRAK ix ABSTRACT x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.2.1 Dietary Supplement Market in Malaysia 3 1.2.2 Behavioural Intention 6 1.3 Problem Statement 7 1.4 Research...
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...HE0930A CASE STUDY | 1104964 | Jane Smith aged 16 years, was diagnosed with diabetes aged 7. Last month, whilst attending the practice nurse’s diabetes review clinic Jane expresses concerns that over the past few weeks her blood sugar readings have been elevated. She does not want to increase the dosage of her twice daily insulin regime as she is worried that this will cause her to gain weight. 1. What is meant by the terms anticipatory care, self care and self management? (15%) 2. Critically discuss why current Scottish health policy is actively promoting the self care and self management of long-term conditions. (25%) 3. Critically discuss the practice nurse’s role in supporting Jane to self- manage her long term condition (60%). A long term condition (LTC) can be defined as a prolonged health issue that never goes away and is very rarely cured (Magerson and Trenoweth 2010). These conditions require different degrees of on-going care and support tailored to the individual (Scottish Executive 2009). The government has realised that effective management of these LTC’s is one of the biggest challenges that healthcare faces (McVeigh 2009). This essay will focus on the above case study, defining anticipatory care, self-care and self-management, and analyse and explore current Scottish health policy in relation to self-management and self-care. A fundamental part of this essay will discuss the nurses’ role in supporting Jane to self-manage her diabetes. ...
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