...Coal mining in South Africa plays a significant role in the country’s economy as it is responsible for nearly three quarters of Eskom’s fuel supply. The industry is also responsible for supplying the coal-to-liquids (CTL) industry, developed by the South African fuel company, SASOL, who produces around 35% of the country’s liquid fuel. It is centered on the Highveld, with roughly 60% of the country’s deposits located in eMalahleni (Witbank) and surrounding areas. The largest coal deposits in South Africa are to be found in the Ecca Group. The Ecca Group covers around two thirds of South Africa and contains more than a third of all coal reserves in the Southern Hemisphere. Some coal fields in South Africa are Waterberg, Highveld, Witbank, Ermelo, Utrecht and Klip River Coal fields. South Africa makes extensive use of coal for electricity generation in its domestic economy as well as exporting approximately 28% of its coal production, mainly through the Richards Bay Coal Terminal, making South Africa the fourth-largest coal exporting country in the world. By international standards, South Africa's coal deposits are relatively shallow with thick seams, which make them easier and usually cheaper to mine. There has been a decline in high-quality reserves in recent years resulting in an increased political and industrial push for the application of technical advances to extend the life of major coal deposits. There are 2 processes in how coal is mined, namely: surface mining and...
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...tourism – overview and case studies Tourism stakeholders and interfaces Tourism suppliers and eTourism Intermediaries and eTourism Destination organisations and eTourism Tourism management and eTourism 3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Trends and future applications Social Media & Web 2.0 Website optimisation Interoperability and semantic web Software agents Recommender systems Dynamic packaging Mobile services & ambient intelligence Online auctions in tourism 2 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 3 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT 1.2 eTourism – ICT usage in tourism Definition and history of eTourism Facts & trends Reasons, advantages and implications of ICT usage ECCA – eTourism Competence Center Austria 4 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT Introduction - ICT ICT - Information and Communication Technologies Umbrella term for technological developments for the Production, analysis, storage, search, distribution and use of information ICT includes a combination of hardware software telecommunications netware groupware humanware ICT enables effective data processing & communication for organisational benefit opportunities & challenges for suppliers in all industries Provide enormous capabilities for consumers 5 ICT in Tourism © copyright IFITT Introduction - ICT Development phases of ICT...
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...中東非洲主要區域經貿暨金融組織:伊斯蘭開發銀行(IDB)、阿拉伯聯盟(AL)、阿拉伯社會經濟發展基金(AFESD)、阿拉伯貨幣基金會(AMF)、阿拉伯海灣國家合作理事會(GCF)、阿拉伯單一經濟理事會(CAEU)、阿拉伯馬格瑞布聯盟(AMU)、非洲經濟發展阿拉伯銀行(ABEDA)、經濟合作組織(ECO)、D︱八組織、非洲開發銀行(BAD)、西非開發銀行(WADB)、馬諾河聯盟(MRU)、西部非洲國家經濟共同體(ECOWAS)、東南非洲特惠貿易區(PTAESAS)、東南非共同市場簡介(COMESA)、南非洲關稅同盟(SACU)、南部非洲發展共同體(SADC)、共同貨幣區(CMA)、中部非洲國家經濟共同體(ECCAS)、中部非洲國家經濟聯盟(CACEU)、中非洲開發銀行(BDEAC)、西非經濟暨貨幣聯盟(UEMOA) * 各組織會員國: 伊斯蘭開發銀行(IDB):阿根廷 巴哈馬 巴巴多斯 伯利茲 玻利維亞 巴西 智利 哥倫比亞 哥斯達黎加 多米尼加共和國 厄瓜多爾 薩爾瓦多 危地馬拉 圭亞那 海地 洪都拉斯 牙買加 墨西哥 尼加拉瓜 巴拿馬 巴拉圭 秘魯 蘇裡南 特立尼達和多巴哥 烏拉圭 委內瑞拉 http://www.iadb.org/en/about-us/about-the-inter-american-development-bank,5995.html 阿拉伯聯盟(AL):阿爾及利亞、 巴林、科摩羅、吉布提、埃及、伊拉克、約旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、利比亞、毛里塔尼亞、 摩洛哥、阿曼、巴勒斯坦、卡塔爾、沙特阿拉伯、索馬里、蘇丹、敘利亞、突尼斯、阿拉伯 聯合酋長國和也門http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/league.htm 阿拉伯社會經濟發展基金(AFESD):阿爾及利亞|巴林|吉布提|埃及|伊拉克|約旦|科威特|黎巴嫩|利比亞|毛裡塔尼亞|摩洛哥|阿曼|巴勒斯坦|卡塔爾|沙特阿拉伯|索馬利亞|蘇丹|敘利亞|突尼斯|阿拉伯聯合酋長國|也門 http://www.arabfund.org/Default.aspx?pageId=357&Cr=ALGERIA 阿拉伯貨幣基金會(AMF):阿爾及利亞、阿曼、巴林、巴勒斯坦組織、埃及、索馬利亞、伊拉克、沙烏地阿拉伯、約旦、科威特、蘇丹、黎巴嫩、卡達、敘利亞、利比亞、突尼西亞、茅利塔尼亞、阿拉伯聯合大公國、摩洛哥及葉門 http://www.sinoarabian.org.tw/main.php?nLv0No=75 阿拉伯海灣國家合作理事會(GCF):阿拉伯聯合酋長國、阿曼蘇丹國、巴林王國、卡塔爾國、科威特國、沙特阿拉伯王國 http://www.catgcf.com/ltfqg/264035.shtml 阿拉伯單一經濟理事會(CAEU):科威特、伊拉克、敘利亞、約旦、葉門、蘇丹、阿聯大公國、索馬利亞、利比亞、茅利塔尼亞、巴勒斯坦 阿拉伯馬格瑞布聯盟(AMU):摩洛哥、突尼西亞、利比亞、阿爾及利亞、茅利塔尼亞 http://www.trade.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeID=1357&pid=513477&dl_DateRange=all&txt_SD=&txt_ED=&txt_Keyword=&Pageid=0 非洲經濟發展阿拉伯銀行(ABEDA):阿爾及利亞、巴林、埃及、伊拉克、約旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、利比亞、茅利塔尼亞、...
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...The Savers–Spenders Theory of Fiscal Policy By N. GREGORY MANKIW* The literature on the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy and, in particular, of government debt is founded on two canonical models. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that both models are deficient and to propose a new model to take their place. The first canonical model is the Barro-Ramsey model of infinitely-lived families (Robert Barro, 1974). According to this model, the government’s debt policy redistributes the tax burden among generations, but families, who want to smooth their consumption over time, reverse the effects of this redistribution through their bequests. Government debt is completely neutral—a proposition called Ricardian equivalence. The second canonical model of government debt is the Diamond-Samuelson model of overlapping generations (Peter Diamond, 1965). In this model, people smooth consumption over their own lifetimes, but there is no bequest motive. When the government issues debt, it enriches some generations at the expense of others, crowds out capital, and reduces steadystate living standards. In this paper, I first discuss the facts that lead me to reject these canonical models. I then propose an alternative model and develop briefly its implications for fiscal policy. consumption over time. There is much reason to be skeptical about this assumption. A large empirical literature, starting with Robert Hall’s (1978) seminal random-walk theorem, has addressed...
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...Perceptions of Third Year Fine Arts Students In Far Eastern University on the Use Of Nude Models in Art In Partial Fulfillment of The Subject Requirements In English 8 (Technical Writing) Submitted to: Mr. Rogelio Ramos Guce English Department Institute of Arts and Sciences by Alimorong, Aislin Nika Alterado, Charles Caga-anan, Mark Nathaniel Elpedes, Jhune-Marx Nuñez, Domnilourd Pangilinan, Shem Salvador, Mikaela Valdez, Judah Yatco, Ma. Barbara FT0933 First Semester S.Y. 2011 - 2012 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction In the early days, great masters like da Vinci, Michaelangelo and Botticelli had been using nude models as references in their artworks for religious purposes. Up until now, this idea is still being implemented by artists but it is now more about aesthetics. Nude art generally refers to the artists’ depiction of artistic elements of nudity instead of actually showing the naked form of humans. Different cultures react differently on the use of nude models in art. It is through the aesthetic view of nude art that most countries accept this kind of art (Changing Depictions of Art Nudes, 2011). Art schools including Far Eastern University also accept the use of nude models in art such as paintings, sculpture, photography, and the like. In the curriculum of the Fine Arts Department, there are subjects like Anatomy, Life Drawing and Life Painting wherein nude models are used as references in...
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...ASSIGNMENT ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE (Course no: Mgt-310) TOPIC: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION SUBMITTED TO: Dr. MD. ATAUR RAHMAN PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA SUBMITTED BY: GROUP: 08 ROLL: 127, 128, 141, 154, 211, 212, and 213 SEC-B, BBA 16TH BATCH DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA DATE OF SUBMISSION: 09.07.12 ECONOMIC INTEGRATION CONTENTS SL. Topics No. 1. Meaning and level of Economic Integration 2. Objectives of Economic Integration 3. Importance of Economic Integration 4. Benefits from of Economic Integration 5. Arguments for of Economic Integration 6. Arguments against of Economic Integration 7. Economic Integration of Asia 8. Economic Integration of America 9. Economic Integration of Europe 10. Economic Integration of Africa 11. Modes of Economic Integration 12. Problems of Economic Integration 13 Danger of Economic Integration 1. Meaning and Level of Economic Integration: Meaning of Economic Integration: Economic Integration means agreements between groups of countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and non-tariff barriers to ensure free flow of goods, services and factors of...
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...Topic: Poverty in Africa; Causes, Solutions and the Future Maxwell Adjei adjeimax89@gmail.com 1 Table of Content Page Number Introduction; Background of Poverty in Africa............................................................................3 What are the causes of Poverty in Africa......................................................................................4-5 a. Corruption- Bad Leadership and Weak Institutions...........................................,,.....5-6 b. Conflicts.....................................................................................................................6-7 c. Unfavourable Trade Policies- Weak Economies.......................................................7-8 Are there any possible solutions.................................................................................................8-9 a. Tackling Corruption- Strong Institutions and Good Governance..........................9-11 b. Building Infrastructure, Sound Economic Policies and Regional Integration.....11-15 c. Effective Management of Intractable Conflicts...................................................15-16 Conclusion....................................................................................................................................16 References.....................................................................................................................................17 2 Introduction Africa as a continent...
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...1 laudividni noillim 66 revo sdloh won esabatad e rachtlaeh laicnivorP ehT 8.htlaeH fo tnemt rapeD laicnivorP eht dna suaeruB htlaeH lacoL htiw slatipsoH ytnuoC dna s retneC htlaeH pihsnwoT gniknil ,seitnuoc 181 t cennoc yllacinortcele ot krowten htlaeh lanoiger a gnipoleved dedulcni sihT .erutcurtsarfni htlaeh sti evorpmi dna dliuber ot ,smetsyS ocsiC ekil snoitaropro c mo rf snoitanod dna troppus tnemnrevog tnacifingis devie cer ,feiler ekauqhtrae-t sop fo trap sa dna ekauqhtrae gnitatsaved a dereffus n auhciS 8002 nI .anihC fo ecnivorp tsewhtuos a ,nauhciS ni detacol stnediser 000,034 fo ytnuoc a ,gnafihS rof atad sezylana ydut s ehT 7 6.noitalupop la rur s’ti rof CHU dednapxe hcihw smrofer htlaeh 9002 s’anihC fo tcapmi eht etaulave ot tes atad ediwytnuoc ,eg ral a gnisu seiduts t srif eht fo eno stneserp elcitra sihT 5 ".yhtlaeh eb ot thgir eht yojne dna secivres htlaeh ot ssecca sah enoyreve taht erusne ot stroffe gnittimernu eraps ot gnilliw si ,ytinummoc lanoitanretni eht htiw rehtegot ,anihC" taht demriffa eh nehw ,3102 tsuguA ni ssergnoC s’elpoeP lanoitaN ht21 eht fo namriahc eciv ,uhZ nehC yb detaretier saw ,C HU gniveih ca ot tnemtimmo c gnidnats-gnol s’anihC 4,3 ”.sremusnoc sa llew sa hcraeser fo sre cudorp eb ot deen seirtnuo c llA .)sse rgorp erusaem ot woh ,sroivaheb gnikees -htlaeh ,derutcurts eb dluoh s metsy s eht woh .g.e( s rewsna lacol eriuqer eg arevoc lasrevinu tuoba snoitseuq ynaM “ :dnuorg-eht-no...
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...united nations development programme poverty reduction Regional integRation and Human development: a patHway foR afRica Regional integration and Human development: a pathway for africa april 2011 copyright © april 2011 united nations development programme Bureau for development policy 304 East 45th Street new york, ny 10017 u.S.A. E-mail: poverty.reduction@undp.org Website: www.undp.org/poverty disclaimer the views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily representthose of the united nations, including undp, or their Member States. taBle of contents Content Page 2 3 7 9 9 9 12 13 14 14 15 15 18 20 24 25 27 27 31 31 31 36 36 38 38 41 43 46 48 48 49 53 55 57 59 60 63 68 84 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Executive Summary Introduction 1. regional economic integration and human development 1.1. conceptual linkages 1.1.1 Income 1.1.2 Access to services 1.1.3 Empowerment 1.1.4 Sustainability 1.2. contextual factors 2. the context for African regional integration 2.1. Geographical fragmentation 2.2. capacities, institutions and domestic policies 2.3. climate, nutrition and health 2.5. the environment and common resources 2.6. Should Africa look outward, inward, or both? 3. Estimating the impact of regional integration in Africa 3.1 Estimating the scope and benefits of integration 3.2 the modeling of integration 3.2.1 the regional, continental and global integration paths i) regional and continental...
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...The United Nations’ Role in International Tax Policy A Research and Policy Brief for the Use of the NGO Committee on Financing for Development Hamrawit Abebe, Ryan Dugan, Michael McShane, Julie Mellin, Tara Patel, and Linda Patentas Graduate Program in International Affairs, Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy, The New School March 7, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVES BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS THE OECD, G77, G20, AND EU ON UPGRADING THE UN TAX COMMITTEE KEY INSTITUTIONAL PLAYERS ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST A UN TAX BODY 3 4 8 12 17 REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OECD AND UN TAX COMMITTEE GLOBAL TAX POLICIES POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 20 28 38 APPENDIX GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS REFERENCES 44 48 52 2 Executive Summary The report provides an analytical view on the role of the United Nations in tax policy, highlighting the interventions made by and challenges to key players in attempts to streamline global tax cooperation. The first section of the paper provides a background on the importance of tax related issues, emphasizing its importance within the Monterrey Consensus. Debates are introduced between two key institutional players regarding global tax cooperation, the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs and the UN Tax Committee. Views from key players the OECD, Group of 77, Group of 20, and European Union are addressed in the areas of international tax cooperation...
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...Economic Research CM Common Market COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COBET Complementary Basic Education in Tanzania CODESRIA Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CPI Consumer Price Index CRE Christian Religious Education CSAE Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford CSO Civil Society Organization CU Customs Union EA East Africa EACSCO East African Common Services Organization EABC East African Business Council EAC East African Community EADB East African Development Bank EAHC East African High Commission EARISC East Africa Regional Integration and Scientific Cooperation ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States ECDE Early Childhood Development Education ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EPA Economic Partnership Agreement EAPF East African Political Federation EPZ Export Processing Zone EU European Union FCCs Fears, Concerns & Challenges FDI Foreign Direct Investment FTA Free Trade Area GER Gross Enrolment Rate GCR Gross Completion Rate GDP Gross Domestic Product GOK Government of Kenya GOR Government of Rwanda GOT Government of Tanzania GOU Government of Uganda GRP Gross Regional Product HELB Higher Education Loans...
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...SOUTHERN AFRICA REGIONAL INTEGRATION STRATEGY PAPER 2011-2015 Copyright © 2011 African Development Bank Group Angle de l’Avenue du Ghana et des Rues Pierre de Coubertin et Hédi Nouira BP 323 -1002 TUNIS Belvédère (Tunisia) Tél: +216 71 333 511 / 71 103 450 Fax: +216 71 351 933 E-mail: afdb@afdb.org Rights and Permissions This document may be ordered from: The Knowledge & Information Center (KVRC), African Development Bank Address: BP 323 -1002 TUNIS Belvédère (Tunisia) Telephone: +216 71103402 Telefax: +216 71833248 E-mail: b.abdul-karim@afdb.org The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this report are those of the author/s and are not necessarily those of the African Development Bank. In the preparation of this document, every effort has been made to offer the most current, correct and clearly expressed information possible. Nonetheless, inadvertent errors can occur, and applicable laws, rules and regulations may change. The African Development Bank makes its documentation available without warranty of any kind and accepts no responsibility for its accuracy or for any consequences of its use. All rights reserved. The text and data in this publication may be reproduced as long as the source is cited. Reproduction for commercial purposes is forbidden. Legal Disclaimer For more information about this report and other information on Southern African countries, please visit http://www.afdb.org/ en/countries/southern-africa/ ii Strategy Report FOREWORD...
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...August 2011 Guide to NEBOSH International Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = nì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=íáíäÉW=kb_lpe=fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä=aáéäçã~=áå=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=eÉ~äíÜ=~åÇ=p~ÑÉíó== sÉêëáçåW=O= péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ç~íÉW=^ìÖìëí=OMNN= dìáÇÉ=éìÄäáÅ~íáçå=Ç~íÉW=j~ó=OMNO= = qÜÉ=k~íáçå~ä=bñ~ãáå~íáçå=_ç~êÇ=áå=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=p~ÑÉíó=~åÇ=eÉ~äíÜ=Ekb_lpeFI= açãáåìë=t~óI=jÉêáÇá~å=_ìëáåÉëë=m~êâI=iÉáÅÉëíÉê=ibNV=NntK=== = oÉÖáëíÉêÉÇ=`Ü~êáíó=kìãÄÉêW=NMNMQQQ= = = qÉäÉéÜçåÉW==HQQ=EMF=NNS=OSP=QTMM= c~ñW=============HQQ=EMF=NNS=OUO=QMMM======= bã~áäW==========áåÑç]åÉÄçëÜKçêÖKìâ======== tÉÄëáíÉW======ïïïKåÉÄçëÜKçêÖKìâ== = «=kb_lpe=OMNN= = faáé=ORMQNO==îO= dìáÇÉ= íç= íÜÉ= kb_lpe= fåíÉêå~íáçå~ä= aáéäçã~= áå= lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=eÉ~äíÜ=~åÇ=p~ÑÉíó=E^ìÖìëí=OMNN=ëéÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçåF= = `çåíÉåíë= = NK fåíêçÇìÅíáçå= NKN= _ÉåÉÑáíë=Ñçê=ÉãéäçóÉêë NKO =mêçÑÉëëáçå~ä=ãÉãÄÉêëÜáé NKP nì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=äÉîÉä=~åÇ=rh=~ÅÅêÉÇáí~íáçå NKQ hÉó=íçéáÅë=ÅçîÉêÉÇ NKR `çìêëÉ=íìáíáçå=~åÇ=éêáî~íÉ=ëíìÇó=íáãÉ=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë NKS råáí=Éñ~ãáå~íáçåë NKT båíêó=êÉèìáêÉãÉåíë NKU= jáåáãìã=ëí~åÇ~êÇ=çÑ=båÖäáëÜ=êÉèìáêÉÇ=Ñçê=Å~åÇáÇ~íÉë NKV= iÉÖáëä~íáçå NKNM iÉÖáëä~íáîÉ=ìéÇ~íÉë NKNN k~íáçå~ä=lÅÅìé~íáçå~ä=pí~åÇ~êÇë=EklpF=~åÇ=ÄÉëí=éê~ÅíáÅÉ NKNO nì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=íóéÉ NKNP nì~äáÑáÅ~íáçå=éêçÖêÉëëáçå NKNQ mêçÖê~ããÉë=çÑÑÉêÉÇ=Äó=kb_lpeJ~ÅÅêÉÇáíÉÇ=ÅçìêëÉ=éêçîáÇÉêë NKNR bñ~ãáå~íáçå=Ç~íÉë NKNS péÉÅáÑáÅ~íáçå=Ç~íÉ NKNT póää~Äìë=ÇÉîÉäçéãÉåí=~åÇ=êÉîáÉï NKNU cìêíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçå=Ñçê=Å~åÇáÇ~íÉë NKNV cìêíÜÉê=áåÑçêã~íáçå=Ñçê=~ÅÅêÉÇáíÉÇ=ÅçìêëÉ=éêçîáÇÉêë...
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...Essay RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE IN THE AGE OF DIGITAL REPRODUCTION* Frederick Mark Gedicks† Roger Hendrix†† (forthcoming in St. John’s Law Review (Fall 2004)) And the angel of the Lord appeared to Moses in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush; and he looked, and lo, the bush was burning, yet it was not consumed. God called to him out of the bush, "Moses, Moses!" And he said, "Here am I." Then he said, "Do not come near; put off your shoes from your feet, for the place on which you are standing is holy ground." And he said, "I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." And Moses hid his face, for he was afraid to look at God. —Exodus 3:2, 4-6 Now as Saul journeyed he approached Damascus, and suddenly a light from heaven flashed about him. And he fell to the ground and heard a voice saying to him, "Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me?" And he said, "Who are you, Lord?" And he said, "I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting.” —Acts 9:3-6 The Passion of The Christ is the best movie I have ever seen. It was graphic and faithfully stayed with the Gospel texts. The neck of my shirt was soaked with tears during the scourging, and I felt like a softball was lodged in the back of my throat as the movie concluded. The nearest feeling that I can compare it to was an * Copyright © Frederick Mark Gedicks & Roger Hendrix. All rights reserved. This essay is based on a lecture delivered by Professor Gedicks at the St. John’s University College of Law...
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