...PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT From theory to reality Table of Contents Introduction 1 What is Development? 2 General approaches to development 4 Dimensions of development 5 Economic Development 5 Human Development 6 Sustainable Development 7 Territorial Development 8 Western Definition of Development in Practice 8 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Perspectives of Development Introduction When the concept of international development was initially developed in the post-World War II era, the countries of the First World had 65 percent of the world’s income with only 20 percent of its population, while the Third World was home of 67 percent of the world’s population but had only 18 percent of its income. People embraced the word development as a desirable objective of postwar economic policy in the late 1940s. "Development" was not precisely defined, but it was taken to mean improved economic opportunity by increasing production of goods and services in a long-term way, through capital formation. In short, it was associated with economic growth. In the 1960s the association of development with economic growth came under increasing criticism by authors such as Dudley Seers, Gunnar Myrdal, Paul Streeten, Hollis Chenery, Mahbub ul Haq and institutions like the International Labour Organisation (ILO). They pointed out that developing countries did not experience much change in the living conditions of the masses of the poor in spite of the impressive growth...
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...IMPLICATIONS OF MEASURING DEVELOPMENT AS GROWTH Development is a complex issue with many different and sometimes contentious definitions. More often than not, development is measured as economic growth. Economic growth basically explores the increase in the productive capacity of any state. This upward change in productive capacity is usually ascertained in terms of Gross Domestic Product as well as Gross National Product. The former takes a look at the total final output of goods and services produced in a year and the latter is a measure of income earned by both domestic and non-resident citizens. Sad it is to know, that the popularly used measure of development; economic growth, does not give a detailed view of the economic atmosphere of any nation. Using growth as a measure of development does not tell us much about the actual state of the economy. Development goes beyond the mere knowledge of certain economic indices. It is concerned with structural changes that go a long way to improving the conditions of living of all and sundry. One implication of measuring development as growth is the neglect of the level of income distribution in the economy. In spite of the positive changes in the levels of economic growth over accounting periods, is there really an equitable income distribution? Are there few poor people? Economic growth indices such as GNP and GDP merely show the overall income of the state but fail to reveal how much each person in the economy...
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...Development is a complex issue, with many different and sometimes contentious definitions. A basic perspective equates development with economic growth. The United Nations Development Programme uses a more detailed definition- according to them development is 'to lead long and healthy lives, to be knowledgeable, to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living and to be able to participate in the life of the community. We have to identify some of these obstacles and discuss them in line with how it can be changed for development of the third World; POLITICAL AND GOVERNMENTAL BARRIERS; Governments and political institutions play an important role in the economic development process even in capitalist countries. While early experiences with economic development, such as England's experience during the 18th century, did not involve a large role for government, the role played by the government has steadily increased in importance. At the current time, if a government is unable or unwilling to play an active role in the economic development process, then the government itself is considered an obstacle to economic development. SOCIAL BARRIERS; Economic development rides on the shoulders of entrepreneurs who venture to do things that benefit them and the society. Whether or not a society has a sufficient number of entrepreneurs to foster modern economic growth may depend on the society's values and structure. Many of the developed nations of today encouraged...
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...The Development of Conservation in Theory and Practice In considering the issue of wildlife conservation, a link to development rises quickly to the surface. After all, the animals seemingly considered the most prized by the collective popular consciousness, such as primates, occur predominantly in tropical areas of the world considered by most to be “underdeveloped.” According to the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the rate of growth in developed countries, mostly those located in Europe and America, between 2005 and 2050 is expected to remain relatively minimal, while the population of the developing world is projected to substantially increase, from 5.3 billion to 7.8 billion, over the same period of time (United Nations Population Division 2005, vi). This includes a more drastic increase in the world’s 50 least developed country (mostly located in Africa and Asia), where the number of inhabitants is projected to swell from 0.8 billion to 1.7 billion over the same period. As such, in putting together a theory for development more broadly and conservation more specifically, it is crucial that the link between societal growth and natural resource and wildlife degradation be explored. In the following discussion, I hope to accomplish a few things. First, I will consider development theory broadly, looking at its evolution through time and some popular contemporary critiques. Though development theory (as it stands...
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...NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT. An issue or concern can easily be tackled when it is well conceptualized or understood. We hear and read about the word development in our everyday life, but the truth is development or national development, just like other concepts and phenomena can be better understood when it is experienced. Most of us in Nigeria undoubtedly have not experienced development of a nation or country. Perhaps, the few lucky ones who had travelled out either for pleasure or business to other developed countries will have a clue of what development is all about. To set the ball rolling, plethora of economists have bombarded us with different definitions of development of which I would not want to weary you with. However, to give us a closer feel of what Economic development is, the definition by Michael Todaro is singled out to do justice to that. The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development according to him is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates & life expectancy which affects productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment. It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen. Development however...
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...the country. Nonetheless, these nations are often experiencing an expansion role in both the world’s economy and the political frontier. According to various authors, the concept of cash inflows refers to the money that an organization receives as a result of the operating activities, the financial activities, and the investment activities (Hoque, 2005). On the other hand, cash outflows refer to the total outgoing funds from a company in a particular period. It also includes expenses such as salaries, maintenance, supplies, servicing debts, and the payments of dividends. Regarding the aspects of the topic, there is a need to create an analysis of the interpretations of the markets with regards to the inflow and outflow of income. The developments of a capital market in a nation will offer a significant influence on the amount of money that is received in the market as compared to the expenses that the relevant institutions are to incur. It is, however, important to write about this topic since it offers an interpretation on how a nation can improve on their economies as compared to other countries. The paper will, however, provide information on the factors that suggest a significant increase in the income received from various businesses and the reasons that lead to the continuous increment of money leaving a particular market. It will, however, offer suggestions that an institution can apply so as...
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...OVERVIEW Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) occupy unique position in most of the countries especially in a developing country. They are a primary target for many countries desiring to stimulate economic growth and development. The SMEs sub-sector plays an increasingly dominant role in the technology assimilation and dissemination and in economic development in Bangladesh as well. In Bangladesh, SMEs playing a significant role for the development of our economy by creating employment opportunity and producing important alternative machines and machinery parts for saving huge foreign currency for our country. So as a part of our development strategy, we should intensify our efforts to develop this sector to grow industrial base and volume of foreign trade. As we know the in this age of globalization, it is impossible to stop the flow of foreign goods to any country. Only quality products can meet the challenges in global market. For meeting this situation SMEs need to upgrade their technological capabilities and production facilities in order to produce quality products at a competitive price. DEFINITION Small and medium enterprises or small and medium-sized enterprises (also: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises; acronym in the plural: SMEs; small and medium businesses or small and medium-sized businesses, acronym: SMBs; and variations thereof) are companies whose headcount or turnover falls below certain limits. Enterprises Fixed Capital Investment Employees Small ≤Tk...
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...SCHEME OF WORK SEMESTER A152 SESSION 2015/2016 BEED2013 DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS BEED2013 DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS MAHADI BIN NAINA MOHAMED MOHAMED MAHADI BIN NAINA MOHAMED MOHAMED Lecturer’s Name: Course: WEEK/DATES | TOPICSUB-TOPIC | OBJECTIVES | HOURS | METHOD | BBM | REMARKS | 1-2 | 1.0 ECONOMICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND DEVELOPMENT: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 1.1 Economic and development studies 1.2 Basic concepts of economic development 1.3 The meaning of development, its nature, and goals | Explaining definitions, concepts, and objectives of growth and economic development | 6 | Lecture and discussions | * LCD projector * Ms Ppoint * OHP * Slaid * White Board * SAS | | 3-4 | 2.0 SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 2.1 Classification of developing countries2.2 structural differences and similarities in characteristics2.3 General characteristics2.4 Growth and development 2.4.1 Characteristics of Kuznet’s Growth model 2.4.2 Limitations of Kuznet’s model | Discussing similarities and differences in structure and economic characteristics in the developing world | 6 | Lecture and discussions | * LCD projector * Ms Ppoint * OHP * Slaid * White Board * SAS | | 5-6 | 3.0 CLASSICAL THEORIES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT3.1 Linear Growth Theories 3.1.1 Rostow’s stages of development Theory 3.1.2 Harrod-Domar Growth Model3...
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...them? which one is significant for innovation? Diseconomies of scale – know definition Human capital Comparative advantage Know the three assumptions that inform the ‘monocentric city’ perspective (refer to Kloosterman & Musterd article). As a supply-side strategy for influencing the location choices of firms, tax policy is used to address what kind of costs? Do taxes influence location decisions? Staple theory vs. export (or 'economic) base theory - know the difference If provided with the location quotients, know how to differentiate non-base and base industries If provided with data, know how to calculate a multiplier effect (know the formula!) & know what the number represents. Know what ‘leakage’ is (can refer to Loxley and Lamb reading), and what effect it has on the multiplier. Within the shift-share approach, what does the ‘shift term’ represent? Know the key assumption of the early version of ‘location theory’ In a polycentric city, does the central city still matter? Why or why not? (refer specifically to the Kloosterman and Musterd article) According to Rutland & O’Hagan (2007), the vertical disintegration of the traditionally large integrated firm (or ‘corporation’) has led to a greater dependence on what kind of firms? What does the ‘staples trap’ refer to? Economic (or ‘export’) base theory emphasizes exports as the primary source of economic growth. According Loxley and Lamb (2007), what does a focus on exports fail...
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...European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No.8, 2012 www.iiste.org The Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Nigerian Perspective Dr. Mrs Ann Ogbo AGU CHIDIEBERE NWACHUKWU Dept. Of management, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. PMB 011 *E mail of the correspondence author: annogbo@yahoo.com brightchidi@yahoo.com Abstract The aim of the paper is to develop and analyse the contributions of entrepreneurship in the economic development through SME development in Nigeria. A total of 100 SMEs were randomly selected from a cross section of a population of all SMEs spread around some states of Nigeria and covering virtually all forms of enterprise. Participants were selected through a simple random sampling. The responses to the questionnaires were complemented with personal interviews of some SMEs operators. The responses of the participants were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), which generated the frequency distributions, means, standard deviations, chi-square statistics, analyses of variance, etc of the responses. The hypotheses of this research which were tested at 0.05 level of significance using chi-square statistics hinged on identifying the greatest problem which SMEs face in Nigeria, the identification and ranking of the top ten problems or challenges of SMEs in Nigeria and the relationship between the form and nature of the business enterprise and its sources of funding...
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...My Idea of Development Development in its very basic meaning is the progression from one state of being to a more desirable state of being. Take for instance human development; maturing and becoming a contributing member of society is its goal. It is more desirable to be a mature and productive adult than to remain a child or child-like. The same goes for the development of nations and their economies and political and social systems. It is the goal for developing nations to mature and become stable contributing members of the global community and economy. In human development, part of becoming an adult is gaining the ability to be self-sufficient and having the confidence to continue to be so. Once again if we apply this idea to the development of nations, part of developing is becoming a nation that is sustainably self-sufficient. Obviously the development of third world countries is vastly different from human development, but if you look at the factors that contribute to successful human develop you can generalize them to fit with the development of nations. Whether talking about the development of a human being or a nation, almost everyone would agree that there are fundamental elements that ensure success. Those elements are proper nutrition, good health, education, positive reinforcement and confidence, ability to take care of one’s self, and stability. Michael P Todaro and Stephen C. Smith define the traditional view of development as “the capacity of a...
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...Mälardalen University School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology International Business and Entrepreneurship master program Master Thesis, course EFO705 Tutor: Leif Linnskog 03.06.2008 Economic Development through Globalisation in Nigeria An analysis of Shell & the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Sven Bokhari 820619-P291 Fabrizio Del Duca 791225-P114 Group number: 1983 Summary Date: Level: Authors: 2008/06/03 Master thesis in International Business and Entrepreneurship, 10p (15ECTS) Sven Bokhari Västerås Date of birth: 19820619 Fabrizio Del Duca Västerås Date of birth: 19791225 Title: Economic Development through globalisation in Nigeria. An analysis of Shell & the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs Leif Linnskog, Ph.D. Tutor: Research Question: Can globalisation be seen as positive or negative for the Economic Development of Nigeria? A focus on Shell and the International Monetary Fund Research Issue: Globalisation in its current form is viewed in the Western world as a positive influence for the Economic Development of under developed countries. However these views on the benefits brought to developing countries have been frequently disputed. The research we are undertaking is a pilot study based on documentary research. Our source of information is secondary data such as books, articles, newspapers and journals. The study employs a qualitative approach. Even though globalisation is often viewed as positive we have discovered that...
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...and the Information Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Africa1 Derrick L. Cogburn, Ph.D. University of Michigan School of Information and Global Information Infrastructure Commission – Africa Catherine Nyaki Adeya, Ph.D. United Nations University Institute for New Technologies Prepared as a working paper for the African Development Forum '99 24-28 October 1999, United Nations Conference Centre United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1 Copyright © 1999 Derrick L. Cogburn (dcogburn@umich.edu) and Catherine Nyaki Adeya (nyaki@intech.unu.edu). This paper reflects the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the institutions represented. Comments on the paper are welcome, and an updated version can be found at: www.si.umich.edu/~dcogburn/info_econ.htm. and www.intech.unu Derrick L. Cogburn and Catherine Nyaki Adeya ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the officers and staff at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa for their untiring patience and assistance on the st preparation of this paper. Special thanks to the team organising the 1 African Development Forum. Dr. Cogburn would like to thank his colleagues at the Global Information Infrastructure Commission for their assistance and support on the paper. Also, at the University of Michigan, he thanks his friends and colleagues at the School of Information, the Alliance for Community Technology, and the Centre for AfroAmerican and African...
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...Adalberto Melchor Econ Assignment 2 1—According to the textbook, “economics is a social science” means that it focuses on human needs both material and nonmaterial. By understanding economics we have a better way of understanding and the problems of developing nations. Also stated in the textbook is that central economics problems include different issues on the production of goods and service (Todaro & Smith, P. 26). 5— By understanding development, developing nations can identify the problems and formulate policy to improve people’s wellbeing (Todaro & Smith, P. 5). I think currently nations can’t agree on a rough definition of development because most of them have different approaches, measurements and standards. But I think in the future there might be a working definition that the nations can agree on and orient its strategies accordingly. As the textbook mentions there are three basic components that help understand the meaning of development which are sustenance, self-esteem and freedom (Todaro & Smith, P. 21). 6—The Strictly economic definition of development was inadequate due to not taking into account the factors other the financial or economical. I thought that economic development meant financial growth or the increase in production of goods. An example of a country that is developed economically but still underdeveloped would have to be India because it is producing a lot of goods and services but much of its citizens are living in poverty and...
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...can see films visit exhibition and do whatever they wanted. If they want become scholar scientist, they can find what they need, and living in city, it is often easier to find work. As we all know, China is a developing country, so urbanization can quicken our pace to catch up with the developed country, urbanization also create many opportunities the unemployed. So these conveniences make people’s life more comfortable and easy. The research is about The Importance of Urbanization on Our Future. 1.1 Definition Urbanization generally refers to gather population to urban areas and rural areas into urban areas. Urbanization is the inevitable result of social and economic development and social progress. A national or regional urbanization level, showing its social and economic development level because the city is the economic center of regional development, to promote the development of the regional economy, and improve the level of regional economy and promote the development of the city 2.0 Findings 2.1 Impact of urbanization on the economy Urbanization of economy is described as the regional concentration of population and produces or benefit various activities. Because of the large number of people to focus on urbanization area, there have been frequent exchanges of people and diversification, so as to provide a market for some activities and even broader room for profits。For example, the emergence of urban large - scale entertainment venues and facilities,...
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