...Migration and its impact on the labor market Case Study: Romania "Those who contemplate the beauty of the earth find reserves of strength that will endure as long as life lasts. There is symbolic as well as actual beauty in the migration of the birds...There is something infinitely healing in the repeated refrains of nature - the assurance that dawn comes after night, and spring after the winter..."(Rachel Carson) 1. General theoretical aspects of migration. Historical and social perspective Migration is defined as a "change from a social, economic, political and / or cultural environment to another, in order to develop a project and answer to any individual or group expectations." Migration phenomenon has always existed, resulted through transhumance, invasions, colonization and crusades, generally caused by the attraction of the richest regions on the poorest populations. Labor migration is the supportive factor of globalization,'' a process that allows reducing geographical constraints on social and cultural processes in which individuals are increasingly aware of this." There is currently no state or part of the world that does not import or export workforce. During the 20th Century the migration process developed significantly. In this period, Romania was predominantly a country of emigration and still is. Acording to some sources, by 1914, a large number of people decided to cross the Atlantic Ocean, most focusing on the U.S. and Canada, the rest of them going to...
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...Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Spain Population: 40,548,753 (July 2010 est.) Population Growth Rate: 0.045% (2010 est.) Birth Rate: 9.54 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) Life Expectancy: total population: 80.18 years; male: 76.88 years; female: 83.7 years (2010 est.) Literacy Rate: total population: 97.9%; male: 98.7%; female: 97.2% (2003 est.) Net Migration Rate: 0.99 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) Unemployment Rate: 18.1% (2009 est.) Gross Domestic Product per Capita: $33,700 (2009 est.) Religions: Roman Catholic 94%, other 6% Languages: Castilian Spanish (official) 74%; Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, and Basque 2% are official regionally Ethnic Groups: composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types Capital: Madrid1 Trafficking Routes Given Spain’s proximity to North Africa, trafficking routes often include Spain as a destination or transit country onto the European continent. Trafficking victims, mainly young women, are recruited from Eastern Europe and South America with the promise of jobs in Spain. The traffickers then force the women into sexual servitude. The Canary Islands remain one of the most used routes for illegal immigrants from West Africa.2 Spain and Italy are among the major receiving countries for persons trafficked from West Africa in general and Nigeria in particular, either for labor, sex, or the removal of their organs.3 The sources of trafficking are not restricted to neighboring regions, as victims...
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...Until 1970s Germany recruited unskilled labor to fill shortages and vacancies in manufacturing (Sassen 1999). Workers stayed and more came in until 1973 during the oil embargo. All along, Germany had no immigration policy. However, various relevant administrations pursued to maintain German identity and cohesion of society through cultural conservatism (Martin 1994). The immigration policy was formulated in 1980 under the coalition government (The Greens) which favored reforms to facilitate entry of those seeking asylum and address integration particularly with regard to Turk immigrants. During this time, Germany regarded the Dutch model of integration as a viable approach to formulating its immigration policy. France, on the other hand instituted immigration policies in 1945. The policy remained unchanged until the economic downturn of 1974. The policy provided that no foreigner would migrate to the country due to economic crisis in their homeland (Lesaout and Kadri 2002). There were various changes through time that allowed asylum seekers to enter France later but the treatment of Muslim asylum seekers remained unchanged. When President Mitterrand complained of runaway immigration in the country (Hollifield 2004), there were still few Muslims entering the country due to strict regulations concerning their religious practices while in...
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...Study and Research Skills Immigration to the European Union An issue or a solution? Polet Boglarka Julianna HPA8B6 BA in International Business, year 1 07\11\2013 Table of content Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 1. Immigration…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 2.1 What is migration?..............................................................................................................pg3 2.2 Reasons for migration……………………………………………………………………………pg4 2.3 European Policy about migration…………………………………………………………pg7 2. Immigration: Costs and Benefits………………………………………………………………..pg8 3.4 Analyze of the social-economic and political effects on the EU by migration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….pg 8 3.5 Cost and Benefit Table………………………………………………………………………pg10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………...pg12 Introduction Migration is an actual...
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...As exemplified by The European Union (EU), regional economic integration is replete with political, economic, and cultural danger. Discuss through the use of valid, real-life examples A regional economic integration, is when a certain number of nations, agree to reduce or eliminate economic barriers (and in certain levels of integration non-economic barriers as well), in order to create an adequate atmosphere between them for the flow of goods, services and factors of production. There are 5 levels of economic integration and the bigger the level is, the bigger the danger is. The EU is the biggest economic integration in the world because they have created an economic and monetary Union. After World War II, Europe was devastated in economic, political, moral and cultural terms. That’s why a certain number of countries decided to sign an agreement of “non-war” between them. Further on, the European Economic Community was created and more countries were joining it. This was the beginning of the biggest political and economic integration in the world, signed in 1957 (known as treaty of Rome). Then border barriers were removed and in 1993, the European Union was formally established. The objective of the European Union is to create an economic and political union between the members, to create a single market with common policies and a common government, which lead them to a regional economic integration. This integration has shown some profits and some dangers too. We’re going...
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...has always been considered as a real threat to the economic well-being of the country. In Europe, after World War II, the unemployment rate was very low. Since the seventies of the 20th century, the situation has begun to change and unemployment is rising, reaching its peak point in 1993 year, when the average unemployment rate of European countries was about 11%. Due to global financial crisis, which transformed into sovereign debt crisis in the Eurozone, nowadays, the high unemployment rate in the EU has become an ordinary phenomenon, but a particularly acute problem of unemployment is in Spain, where 26.2% of the population are unemployed (Eurostat, 2013). Although, crisis played a considerable role in this situation, there are also other national features of Spain that led to high unemployment, which if left unattended, will lead to disastrous results. To begin with, it is pertinent to name the causes of the high unemployment rate in Spain. One of the main causes of high unemployment in Spain is a debt crisis. Appeared in United States due to “mortgage bubble”, the financial crisis has had a destructive effect on the banking system, reducing credit supply and increasing the cost of financing. In Spain, the economic growth during the pre-crisis period was maintained by two factors: considerable expansion of credit and large immigration flow. These economic drivers were nullified by the crisis, and starting from 2007, economic growth was slowed. From the second quarter of 2008...
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...Socialist Register, London: Merlin, 2004) Bob Sutcliffe In words which seem uncannily relevant today, two mid-nineteenth century fugitives (in today’s language asylum seekers) wrote that “the bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country”[i]. This cosmopolitanization (or in today’s vocabulary globalization) turned out to be neither as continuous nor as complete as they expected. By the beginning of the following century other emigrant followers of these two men began to argue that the full economic integration of world capitalism would be prevented by strife between the industrialized countries. Imperialism in this sense seemed to mean that globalization would be a task for post-capitalist society. This appeared to be confirmed by the following half century of war, protectionism and deep economic crisis until, in the middle of the twentieth century, cosmopolitan capitalism made its big comeback. Globalization is more than anything else the feature of today’s capitalism which leads many to argue that there is a new imperialism, or even that imperialism has been replaced by something else (for instance, by “post-imperialism” or by “Empire”). The real newness of the present is, however, debatable. In trying to discern the character of an age, it is tempting to argue that everything has been totally transformed and a qualitatively new epoch has dawned. It is usually more accurate...
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...active pour 27 pays europeens ´ 2002–2052: impact de la migration internationale sur le vieillissement de la population Jakub Bijak Æ Dorota Kupiszewska Æ Marek Kupiszewski Æ Katarzyna Saczuk Æ Anna Kicinger Received: 8 August 2005 / Accepted: 31 March 2006 / Published online: 2 March 2007 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007 Abstract Population and labour force projections are made for 27 selected European countries for 2002–2052, focussing on the impact of international migration on population and labour force dynamics. Starting from single scenarios for fertility, mortality and economic activity, three sets of assumptions are explored regarding migration flows, taking into account probable policy developments in Europe following the enlargement of the EU. In addition to age structures, various support ratio indicators are analysed. The results indicate that plausible immigration cannot offset the negative effects of population and labour force ageing. Keywords Population projections Æ Labour force projections Æ International migration Æ Population ageing Æ Europe ´ ´ Resume Des projections de population et de population active sont presentees ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ pour 27 pays Europeens pour la periode 2002–2052, avec un interet particulier pour l’impact de la migration internationale sur la dynamique des populations. A partir de ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ scenarios uniques pour la fecondite, la mortalite et l’activite economique, trois series ` ´ ´ ´ d’hypotheses concernant les flux migratoires...
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...Introduction 1 2. History 1 3. Reason for the Large Scale of Immigration 3 4. Policy and Regulation 4 5. Problems 7 5.1. Illegal Immigration 7 5.2. Religious and Cultural Conflicts among Immigrants and Natives 9 5.3. Social Unrest 11 5.4. Affecting the Education System 12 6. Solutions 14 7. Concession 17 7.1. Alleviate the Pressure of Aging Problem in EU 17 7.2. Boost the economy in Europe 18 8. Conclusion 19 9. Bibliography 19 1. Introduction The issue of immigration has been the hot debated topic in the European Union for a long time. And there is obvious evidence that the upsurge of immigration into the Europe will not be calmed down within a short time. The European Union has developed its competences in the fields of policies and regulations regarding the immigration issue. But the problems still exist and more things need to be done for creating a better balance. The report will first quickly go over the history of human migration and reasons for the recent large scale of immigration into Europe will be analyzed. After, the policies and regulations implemented by nations of Europe and the European Union will be introduced before going deep into the problems brought up by immigration. Then some solutions as to how to settle the current problems will be provided and concessions will be made to maintain a balanced and objective knowledge of the influences of immigration. 2. History While there is no doubt that migration has...
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...Karina Castillo Literature Comp II Professor Oujo the purpose of this essay is to explore several harmful but also positive effects that immigration has the economy of the U.S The Cold war had become a massive dominant influence on different aspects of the American society for much of the 20th century. This had many effects on society, both today and in the past. It expanded due to antagonist values between the United States, it represented capitalism and democracy. The Cold War was different from most wars in that it was as much of a promotion war as a war with military engagements. The Korean and Vietnam Wars are two examples of military intervention by the Americans in the name of stopping communist expansionism. However, these wars did not have the extra-long impact that the Cold War have on American domestic and foreign policy that the cultural, economic and political battles of the Cold War had. Now this leads into the cultural battles between the superpowers had as much, or more. This left more of an impact on the everyday lives of most American civilians. Not being an American civilian or citizen wasn’t an issue either. So is immigration a positive effect in North America? Without immigration, The United States would not be nearly as diverse as it is today. But illegal immigration is a tremendous drain on the resources of The United States. But we must find a way to humanely treat illegal immigrants today without allowing or encouraging a further disadvantage...
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...created a disparity in the case of Cuba and the Dominican Republic. According, to Juan Gonzales the Latino immigration is and will be an unstoppable phenomenon. The 1860 Cuban immigration began as Spain was in control over Cuban territory. Many of these factors instigated Cuban defection from the Spanish Crown. This started from Spain’s taxation towards the wealthy. The US involvement took effect rapidly as most of these merchants and businessmen conducted business in American soil. Many of these individuals instantly were given...
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...Do contemporary regionalist and micro-nationalist movements threaten democracy in Europe or, conversely, present it with new opportunities? Twenty years ago, the wall that was separating West and East Germany was opened and the Cold War came to an end. The breakdown of the Soviet Union and the collapse of Communism that accompanied it brought about the victory of market economy and democracy in Europe. It also engendered the emergence of new states in the East and the resurgence of nationalism across the continent. Czechoslovakia disappeared in 1992 with the creation of the Czech and Slovak republics, Yugoslavia has been torn apart by ethnic conflict and Kosovo is still fighting for its independence.[1] Indeed, the map of Europe has experienced considerable transformations. Over the last decades, the European Union has grown at a rapid pace and has accelerated its enlargement process gradually eroding frontiers and challenging its citizens with new forms of loyalty. While the integration process consistently expands and deepens, so does the need for more democracy which some perceived of suffering from a deficit in the Union. Since 1989, the revival of regional identity has strongly been felt and regionalist and micro-nationalist movements have gained in political strength, representation and size; they have achieved a certain notoriety. Across the community, those movements question the nature of the nation-state, which they often view as obsolete, and present...
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...Catalan and Basque nationalism? The humiliating defeat of Spain to America during the Spanish-American War of 1898 dealt a catastrophic blow to the Spanish nation. In the subsequent Treaty of Paris signed on December 10th 1898, Spain relinquished its remaining colonial territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific. The disaster evoked heavy criticism of the Restoration government and its inherent corruption amongst many groups within Spanish society and served as a catalyst for the emergence of new political forces seeking to contest against the ruling oligarchy, most notably Catalan and Basque nationalism. This essay will argue that the disaster of 1898 was largely accountable for the growth of this nationalist sentiment in Catalonia and the Basque country. However, it will go on to assert that it was not wholly responsible: Catalanism had been built upon a steadily growing tide of Catalan particularism throughout the nineteenth century, and in the Basque Country its growth was ephemeral and would in fact enter a period of a more accelerated development during the years of the First World War. In Catalonia, friction had long existed between its regional demands and the centralising mission of the Spanish state. This tension had grown as a process of modernisation encouraged by industrial development in Catalonia had widened the cultural and economic gap between it and a stagnant central and southern Spain characterised by an agrarian subsistence economy. However, Catalan...
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...Wrights of Howth BABS III Stephan Schibalsky Illustration 1 : Wrights of Howth Logo Illustration 1 : The Wrights of Howth…………………………………….....1 Illustration 2 : PESTEL……………..……………………………………......4 Illustration 3 : Marketing Mix.…….………..………………….…….............7 II Table of Content 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….............1 1.1 Purpose of the document……………………………………………………………...1 2. Market Selection.................................................................................................................2 2.1 The European Salmon Market..............................................................................2 2.1.1 Germany……………………………………………………………………...2 2.1.2 France………………………………………………………………………...2 2.1.3 Spain …………………………………………………...….………………....2 2.1.4 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....3 3. Identification of international marketing issues faced by the firm……………………….......4 3.1 PESTEL………………………………………………………………………………….4 3.1.1 Political…………………….......................................................................5 3.1.2 Economi……………………………………………………………………….5 3.1.3 Social…...................................................................................................5 3.1.4 Legal………………………………….........................................................5 3.1.5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….6 4. International Marketing Mix……………………………………………………………………....7 4.1 Product..................................................................................
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...immigration system as “broken.” If what we’re doing doesn’t work, why not try something different?There’s a notion that in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans immigrated to the U.S. legally. But “legally” meant something very different than it does now. At that time, the United States accepted practically everyone who showed up, with few restrictions other than the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act and a brief health examination. The foreign-born share of the population, 12.9 percent, is lower today than it was during the entire period from 1860 to 1920, according to data published by the Brookings Institution.There’s a notion that in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Europeans immigrated to the U.S. legally. But “legally” meant something very...
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