...Economic growth is the increase in the capacity of a country’s economy to produce goods and services. As a means of development and urbanisation, and a reflection of wealth and the living standard in a nation, it remains a key focus of most governments. In this course of action, water bodies may be polluted and contaminated due to waste (e.g. sewage and chemical waste) generated from different sectors of the economy. However, water pollution is not inevitable despite a country’s focus on economic growth, and in fact can be mitigated and controlled. A prominent example would be that of Singapore. Singapore is a highly developed market economy, with the 3rd highest GDP/capita in the world of $51,709.45 USD (2012). It has been experiencing rapid economic development ever since its independence, with an average GDP growth of 7.7%, developing from a low income to high income country. Over a period from 2000 to 2010, its GDP nearly doubled, from S$163 billion to S$304 billion. It is currently ranked among the world’s most competitive economies. At present, industry has become one of the primary pillars of Singapore’s economy, contributing to over a quarter (28%) of its GDP. Of which, in 2010 alone, the chemical industry has contributed S$38 billion of the output to the country’s economy, a significant rise from S$28 billion in 2009. As such, it can be seen that Singapore’s economic growth is greatly boosted by this industry. At the heart of the chemical industry is Jurong Island...
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...IMPACT OF MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICES ON AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY: A STUDY IN KARNATAKA R S Deshpande T Raveendra Naika Agricultural Development and Rural Transformation Unit Institute for Social and Economic Change Nagarbhavi, Bangalore-560 072 December 2002 18 CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES LIST OF FIGURES/GRAPHS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 CHAPTER II Introduction Making of the Agricultural Policy Need for Revisiting MSP Objectives Methodology Profile of the Selected Regions Plan of the Study Limitations EFFECTIVENESS OF PRICE POLICY AT THE STATE LEVEL 2.1 Introduction Price Policy at the State Level 2.2 2.3 Analysis of Agricultural Price Trends 2.4 MSP as an Incentive Price 2.5 Impact on Input Use Regional Variation in Prices 2.6 Factors Dictating Failure or Success of MSP 2.7 2.8 Towards a Sustainable Policy Annexure 2.1 & 2.1.1 CHAPTER III ADMINISTRATION OF MSP SCHEME AT THE STATE LEVEL 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Introduction Agricultural Growth and MSP Relevance of MSP for Major Crops of the State Implementation Process of MSP Policy Measures Annexure 3.1 (Govt of Karnataka Order) Annexure 3.2 (Figures) 19 CHAPTER NO. CHAPTER IV TITLE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT OF MSP AT THE STATE LEVEL 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Introduction Land Use and Crop Pattern Impact of MSP on Area Allocation Decisions Impact of MSP on Adoption of Technology Cost of Cultivation Disposal and...
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...arithmetic mean for that region (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). As a drought is able to have a substantial impact on the natural marine ecosystems, the outcomes that come with it are aggravated both by indirect and direct anthropogenic adjustments to hydro areas such as rivers and the catchments (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). Major impacts in rivers are generally the decline of the amount of water and habitation accessibility for the surrounding animals (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). Droughts are a frequently occurring matter in Australia with it being a regular element on the climate with most said to have had an affect by the El Nino phase (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). As a drought is classified as a natural hazard it’s able to cause a great amount of destruction socially and economically (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). The millennium drought is sought to be one of the biggest to leave an impact on the environment (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). The millennium drought has had a severe impact on most of the South-Eastern Australia region with most of the rivers undergoing a record low water capacity during this period and in some instances 40% lower than earlier records (Bond, Lake & Arthington 2008). The Southern Murray- Darling Basin is spread around most states of Queensland, New South Wales, ACT and Victoria (Whitworth, Baldwin & Kerr 2012). It lies in a Mediterranean climate zone with a yearly average rainfall of approximately under 500 mm each year (Whitworth, Baldwin...
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...extensiveness of the wetlands support and maintain the health of the river system, which made the Murray Darling Basin the Australia’s most important agricultural area for both crop and livestock. As a result, the basin produces over one-third of Australia’s food supply. From above sentence, it seems that the area is enriched with healthy natural resources and ecosystem. However, during 2001 to 2009, the irrigation in this area has increased by a large number causing the low inflows in river systems. The low inflows including the climate change has resulted in the drought across the basin, followed by other environmental problems such as a degradation of biodiversity or an increase in salinity level of land and water, etc. Not only the environmental is destroyed but also the economic in the area which then causing the social impact. To resolve this issue, the government has established the Murray Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) in 2007 to address this problem and given a task to develop and implement a “Basin Plan”. However, for the current status, “The Proposed Basin Plan” has created the raging debate among the concerned stakeholders. This report will explain the issues from the beginning; the reason why Murray Darling Basin becomes an issue in the first place, as well as the key arguments for the issue. The Basin Plan The main element of the Basin Plan is to develop a long-term Sustainable Diversion Limits (SDLs), which defines the amount of surface and groundwater that can...
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...China’s Water Woes: A Tug of Water Between Economic Growth & Sustainable Development China’s Water Woes: A Tug of Water Between Economic Growth & Sustainable Development When we think about water, we never think of it in finite terms like we do with oil and other valuable resources we consume. After all, why should we think of water as a limited supply? Our entire planet is covered with 75 percent water. It is implausible to believe that countries would go to war over water as they have for oil. Due to rapid economic growth, China is increasingly becoming a water stressed country as it faces two major problems with its water resource management: water pollution and water shortage. The water crises needs to be examined in finite terms as its quantity and quality continues to have a strangle hold on China. “China’s economic boom has, in a ruthless symmetry, fueled an equal and opposite environmental collapse. In its race to become the world’s next superpower, China is not only draining its rivers and aquifers with abandon; it is also polluting what’s left so irreversibly that the World Bank warns of catastrophic consequences for future generations.” (Larmer 2008, 153) Rapid economic growth and along with an increase in population is fueling environmental degradation and is becoming increasingly detrimental to its current and future economic growth in China. The gap between economic growth and environmental...
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...concern. For instance the water security has been discussed in decades. With time pass by, the situation is different over time with the variation of many factors. The population growth directly requires extra amount of consideration of water issue. The issue relates to the population growth and migration movement. For example, Australia’s population growth is caused by the vastly increased migration, and up to recent years the study showed that the water consumption largely climbed up raised many voices on saving water. The facts that were happening showed strong correlation. Climate change over the years that has potentially impact on the usable of water. Global warming which actually that has been debated over a few years. There are voices that there have been many discussions in this topic that consider this fact are because of human activity or nature process. Al Gore convinced us in his president election speech by an inconvenient truth that the truth is that it is getting hotter and hotter. Whatever the result is, an increased concern has arisen between urbanization, salinity, and upstream pollution. In advance, Pacific Institute released that the regional impacts will vary and the potential of global climate change will alter agricultural productivity, freshwater availability and quality, access to vital minerals, coastal and island flooding and so on. These consequences will highly thus threats to security (Giraldo. D. P., Betancur M. J., 2004). Water security will be analyzed...
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...Chilean water resources management is that of a centralized governance with individual water rights (Hulbert and Diaz, 2013). The introduction of water rights and markets in Chile has been largely driven by policy dating back to the colonial period. The 1819 Executive Decree is the earliest Chilean text to regulate water use. This decree defined the extent of irrigating systems i.e. canals and water intake. The Civil Code of 1855 established the concept of surface water as a public good but that licences can be issued to individuals for the exclusive use of water by the “competent authority”. This code is what has formed the basis of private sector financing and development of water infrastructure as evident in Chile’s WRM (Hearne and Donoso,...
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...by water scarcity? Water scarcity can be defined as the lack of sufficient available water resources, lack access to fresh water, potable water for drinking and sanitation to meet the demands of water usage within a region. Water scarcity occurs because the population is increasing around the world coupled with urbanization and industrialization so the demand for water is increasing and this will lead to serious consequences on the environment. Water scarcity divided into two types that are physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity. Physical (absolute) water scarcity occurs when there is not sufficient water to meet demand. This could be the result of dry or arid local conditions. Physical water scarcity occurs because of abundant source of water being overused and over managed. There is another equally challenging source of water scarcity: economic factors. Economic water scarcity is predominant lack of infrastructure investments are political and ethnic problems. Over 1.2 billion are basically living in areas of physical water scarcity. And almost 1.6 billion face economic water shortage. Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits, and water crisis. Water stress is the difficulty of obtaining sources of fresh water. Water shortages caused by climate change for example droughts or root impairment, pollution, increased human demand and overuse of water. Water crisis is a situation where the available potable, unpolluted water within...
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...The Effects of Water Pollution on the Economy Terri Cunningham ECO 405 Dr. Page July 25, 2014 Every human has five basic needs in order to survive: food, water, air, shelter, and warmth. Of these five needs, three are in grave danger from the effects of pollution. The water and air supply are being contaminated on a daily basis, and as a direct result, spreading to the food supply. A variety of pollutants from a number of sources are constantly being introduced into the environment, with most people none the wiser. Most of the population is aware of, or can extrapolate the negative effects environmental pollution can have on a person, plant, or animal’s physical health, but many don’t realize the major impact that pollution can have on a country’s economic health. With the global population increasing every moment, the demand for food resources rises right along with it, putting a strain on the planet’s water resources. As farmers scramble to produce more crops to meet the growing demand, they inadvertently add more harmful contaminates to the water supply. According to a Bloomberg article, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development said that this surge in agricultural production and water pollution costs billions of dollars in developed countries like the United States, France, and Spain, and is ready to surpass that mark in China and India (Patel, 2012). The chemical pesticides and fertilizers widely used in agricultural farming leech into...
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...example of a well-established law for which no really satisfying theory is available. We can use the Law of Gravity, and even correct it for the effects of relativity (General Relativity), but we don't have any consensus notion of how it functions. 1b. WHY IS THE LAW OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY CALLED LAW? The common sense principle or law that defines the generally observed relationship between demand, supply, and prices: as demand increases the price goes up, which attracts new suppliers who increase the supply bringing the price back to normal. In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic principle of price determination in a market. It concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an economic...
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...Successes and Failures Of Water Privatization Is It Time to Throw the Baby Out With the Bath Water? Jill M. Prince EEMT-666 Major Individual Assignment Word Count: 2056 July 23, 2011 Rodney Beard EXECUTIVE SUMMARY As the world struggles to find solutions to water shortages and water pollution, an ever-greater number of people are stepping forward with proposed answers to the problems. Some efforts succeed and others fail, but in the face of it all, the human race must work diligently to be proactive rather than reactive. Water privatization has become a key driver in solving the water crisis around the world. Economists have convinced many that treating water as an economic resource rather than a human right is the only solution to the problem. After several decades of trial and error, it has been proven they may be correct, but unfortunately, in many cases, perceived Draconian behaviour by many stakeholders has caused considerable damage to privatization efforts. In many cases, the different stakeholders, have drawn lines in the sand and chosen sides. However, regardless of the seemingly altruistic positions of all the major players, it is time for everyone to take a step back and seriously examine not only what goes wrong in water privatization contracts, but also what goes right. If the human race in the 21st century is going to avoid the same fate as our predecessors in the Mayan culture and on Easter Island (Tietenberg and Lewis, 2010) we are going...
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...its rapid economic growth trajectory. As cities sprout from villages and a labor force in the hundreds of millions is mobilized, China has experienced a double-digit GDP growth for much of the past thirty years. This growth however is under threat from several sources. The environmental consequences of growth are just one threat. China also faces chronic resource shortages – its industry does not want for coal but the Chinese people do struggle for things such as shortages of oil, food and clean water. The PRC also faces political tests as well, including Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang. Political tensions with the former could destabilize all of Asia if not the world. The tensions in the western part of China represent the social unrest that the Communist government’s march towards wealth has created. Even amongst Han, there is considerable disparity of wealth between regions and classes, and these disparities may very well threaten China’s future. This paper will analyze each of these critical issues in turn, and then synthesize the issues into an assessment for the future of China’s economic growth. All economies depend on resources for their growth. Output is determined by the availability of labor, energy and raw materials. The former has not experienced overall shortage, although there are concerns about the rural labor force in some areas. China is, however, facing critical shortages of both energy and raw materials, not to mention food and clean water. China...
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...Sustainability Related to New Water Technologies Name Class Institution Date Earth has provided us with various fossil fuels and natural resources that we need to live an adequate life. However, as fossil fuels dwindle and the human population continues to grow, the livelihood of humanity is threatened. Furthermore, the use of fossil fuels has several negative impacts on society. For example, fossil fuels pose a serious danger to the environmental through climate changes and global warming. Additionally, as fossil fuels become more scarce the prices will significantly increase. One way to alleviate the negative impacts of fossil fuels is by investing research and development into sustainability. Sustainability refers to the use of renewable energy resources to sustain the current processes of society and the economy. Sustainability also encompasses the idea that any developments should meet the requirements of the current society without affecting the capability of future generations to meet their requirements. As water supply systems continue to dwindle, new sustainability technologies have emerged that will allow society to overcome the challenges of scarce clean and fresh water. There are several ways in which to define sustainability. In essence, sustainability refers to our ability to sustain our current needs without negatively impacting future generation’s ability to meet their needs. However,...
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...Transport and Logistics Systems Name Institutional affiliation Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1.1. Introduction 4 2. Transport and modes of transport 5 2.1. Transport 5 2.2. The modes of transport 5 2.3. Air Transport 5 2.4. Advantages and Disadvantages of Air Transport 6 Advantages 6 2.5. Economic and Environmental Impacts of Air Transport 6 Economic Impact 6 2.5.1. Road Transport 7 2.6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Road Transport 7 Advantages 7 2.6.1.1. Economic and Environmental Impacts of Road Transport 8 2.6.2. Rail Transport 8 2.6.2.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Rail Transport 9 2.6.2.2. Economic and Environmental Impacts of Rail Transport 9 2.6.3. Water Transport 9 2.6.3.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of water transport 9 2.7. Economic and Environmental Impacts of Water Transport 10 2.7.1. Pipeline Transport 10 2.7.1.1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Pipeline 10 2.8. Economic and Environmental Impacts of pipeline transport 10 2.9. Interrelationships between transport and logistics 11 Conclusion 12 References 13 Abstract The whole process of transport determines the effectiveness of moving goods and people. The advancement in techniques and management roles improves the moving of commodities, service quality, operating costs...
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...Great Lakes Water Wars Introduction Water is a requirement of all life, as “it dissolves organic molecules…allows for transportation in and out of cells; and it is involved in many of metabolic reactions in the cells,” (Bennett & Shostak, 2007). Water is therefore in high demand due to its importance need to sustain life. With a rising world population and increasing world pollution, is the supply of clean water is decreasing per capita against its forever growing demand. “While about three-fourths of the earth's surface is covered with water, only about 2.7 percent of it is drinkable,” (Allardice, 2005) “Some two-thirds of that is locked up in snow and ice,” (Ehewnman, 2003). Water is in conflict between countries as the quality of clean water per person is steadily decreasing. The Great Lakes, the biggest body of water in North America, and supplies water to Canada and the U.S. and its rivers are also used for Hydro powered damns. This paper examines the Great Lakes water conflicts between Canada and the U.S., by observing the drinkable water that can be supplied. While also observing the legalities and regulations of who has the rights to Canada’s massive water supply. Even if the water is in Canada’s country, they may not have complete control over it. Many solutions from one side, such as water diversion, have created concerns for the other. Due to Canada’s high water supply from other lakes and river systems, they do not as dependent on the Great Lakes as much...
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