...What is a federal form of government? What image do you have of when you think of federalism? \Do you think of the federal level of government? State government? Local governments? All three? Layer Cake, Marble Cake....21st Century View: Intergovernmental Relations Do democratic governments need to be organized as federal systems? Great Britain has a Unitary form of government How does this differ from the U.S.? Powerful central government with federal or central government mandates (laws) that are implemented (put into place) throughout the whole country= Unitary govt. Examples: National Health Policy throughout the whole country so that you can go from city to city in Great Britain and use your health card at any hospital. (Portability of health insurance in U.S.: can get care anywhere in our country) Current American example of an issue that is being discussed as a national issue: elections Should we have Congress pass federal rules for identification, times polls are open, voting ahead of time, etc.? Do you personally tend to look to the federal government to solve problems in the U.S. ? (synonyms for federal govt.: national govt. and central govt) OR Do you tend to focus on your state government or on your city or county (local) government? We do not have good political theories of when federal minimum national standards are appropriate...
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...Chapter Three Federalism: Forging a Nation Chapter Outline I. Federalism: National and State Sovereignty A. The Argument for Federalism 1. Protecting Liberty 2. Moderating the Power of Government 3. Strengthening the Union B. The Powers of the Nation 1. Enumerated Powers 2. Implied Powers C. The Powers of the States II. Federalism in Historical Perspective A. An Indestructible Union (1789–1865) 1. The Nationalist View: McCulloch v. Maryland 2. The States’ Rights View: The Dred Scott Decision B. Dual Federalism and Laissez-Faire Capitalism (1865–1937) 1. The Fourteenth Amendment and State Discretion 2. Judicial Protection of Business 3. National Authority Prevails C. Toward National Citizenship III. Federalism Today A. Interdependency and Intergovernmental Relations B. Government Revenues and Intergovernmental Relations 1. Fiscal Federalism 2. Categorical and Block Grants C. Devolution 1. The Republican Revolution 2. Devolution, Judicial Style IV. The Public’s...
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...ASSESSMENT ON NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: PATH TO A TRUE FEDERAL SYSTEM BY: IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 p24real2000@yahoo.com DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL STUDIES, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 4TH ANNUAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE ORGANISED BY COLLEGES OF EDUCATION ACADEMICS STAFF UNION (COEASU) FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM CHAPTER HELD AT I.B.B HALL F.C.E (T) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE 31ST OCTOBER, 2011-4TH NOVEMBER 2011 ABSTRACT It is no gain saying that Nigeria is one of those countries that operates a federal system of government along side with the western world. Given the territorially delineated cleavages abounding in Nigeria and the historical legacy of division among ethnic groups, regions, and sections, the federal imperative was so fundamental that even the military government- characteristically Unitarian, hierarchical, and centralist- attached importance to the continuation of a federal system of government. But it must be said here that, while the system benefit most western countries, the reverse is the case for Nigeria considering the high level of political instability, ethnic crisis, and ethno/religious crisis among others The reason is not far fetch; Nigeria is operating a federal system in an awkward manner and this has make frictions and clashes possible which are currently posing a threat to her political development. To this end, this paper seeks to analyze Nigerian federalism from history, reasons...
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...BOOK Arguably, New Federalism paved the way toward yet another phase, which has come to be referred to as the era of unfunded mandates. An unfunded mandate works very similarly to Creative Federalism. The national government decides it wants to create a program and then expects the states to comply, but in this case it does not provide the states with the needed funding. The states are then forced to pay for nationally mandated programs on their own. Another example of an unfunded mandate is No Child Left Behind, a law passed by Congress in 2002 that requires schools to meet certain educational outcomes, as usually demonstrated through standardized tests. The law expanded the federal government's role in education, which had traditionally been a state function. The law also requires states to demonstrate academic progress in their schools; provide the federal government with a range of information (a report card) on things like student achievement and performance by school districts; ensure that teachers meet minimum qualifications; and annually test students in grades three through eight in English and mathematics (with other subjects to be added later). The issue of unfunded mandates has been a contentious one. Critics claim that it forces states to spend money they do not have. They also claim that it forces them to pursue policies they do not necessarily agree with or at least do not consider a priority. To this extent, it distorts their priorities As an example, nowhere...
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...FEDERALISM, THE FIRST 215 YEARS 1 The Evolution of Federalism and How it has Shaped American Behavior as well as how State and Federal Relationships Influence our Policies Steven M Professor Tracy POL110040VA016-1154-01 (US Government) May 9th, 2015 FEDERALISM, THE FIRST 215 YEARS 2 Abstract This paper will examine the evolution of Federalism from its’ beginnings to what we see in place today. Before we get to far though, let’s define Federalism. Longley (n.d.) stipulates that “Federalism is the process by which two or more governments share powers over the same geographic area.” For us in the states, this would be representative of the powers held by the Federal and State governments. We will also examine factors of Federalism that have shaped American behavior as well as covering how the relationships between the Federal Government and the states influences the foundation of American policies. FEDERALISM, THE FIRST 215 YEARS 3 The Evolution of Federalism and how it has Shaped American Behavior as well as how State and Federal Relationships Influence our...
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...Assess the significance of Federalism. The founding fathers had to make a compromise that would satisfy the 13 independent colonies, meanwhile providing a secure central base. This resulted in The United States government adopting federalism. Even though federalism isn’t mentioned in the constitution, the principles of federalism are mentioned in various articles. For example article 1 section 8 displays the power available to congress. It contains the ‘elastic clause’ that potentially gives the federal government so much power over the states. And the amendments provide a list of ‘can’t do’s’ for the states. For example states can’t enter into treaties with foreign powers. As the aspects of federalism is displayed in the codified constitution, signifies the importance for the US to collectively follow this system. However, Federalism is a method of government that also allows the states to maintain their sovereignty, without the fear of intervention of the central government, unless they violate or clash with the constitution. This is evident as each state has its own constitution and its own executive, legislature and judiciary all working within the limits set by the national constitution; executive; legislature and judiciary. An example of a state constitution that has relevant articles to its needs is Idaho. For instance in their constitutions article 16, section 1 the constitution talks of the need for the Idaho legislature to pass laws that protect livestock from disease...
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...Federalism is the foundation of our government. Our text states, “Federalism is commonly defined as a system of government in which an overarching government operates at the national level and shares its sovereign power and authority with various subnational governments (Lemay, 2006, pg 87). Federalism is further described as both a political and structural arrangement. There are varying approaches to Federalism as well as different models. Federalism has changed over the years as far as how much the “overarching” government has to do with the “subnational governments”. One such area is the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, aka NCLB. Many articles and books state that the No Child Left Behind Act was or is the most monumental education change or education initiative taken in decades (Simpson and Patricia). There are arguments for NCLB and against, and has been a hot bed for debate since the enactment of the legislation in 2002 by President G. W. Bush. Before we look at the pro and con argument of NCLB we must first understand what the change was for. The legislation was based on four simple principles; • Shift control to local and state districts • Increase accountability of schools • Increase funding of academic programs • Increase flexibility in school choice for parents It should be noted that each of these has many facets to them and are not simple by nature. The NCLB has mandated varying aspects in order to for the principles to apply. I will first look at...
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...Brittany Meppelink Survey of American Government Analysis #1 Summary of “Obama and the Death of Federalism” In the article, “Obama and the Death of Federalism”, Robert Robb stated that today, the lines between federal government and the state and local governments are hopelessly blurred together. The Democratic and Republican Parties acquire nothing good of the federal government in today’s society. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan, Reagan wanted to organize the blob- the state government operated as service delivery mechanisms for the federal social welfare programs resulting in no political accountability- with his new federalism plan. Sadly no agreements were made, so the plan never processed through. To this day, President Obama proposes to feed the blob. Between the state and local communities, they have more knowledge and insight on how to do things efficiently and correctly than the federal government. In conclusion, the federal government is broke resulting in harming the American economy. Reaction of “Obama and the Death of Federalism” This article made me very upset. Why do we have a federal government when all its doing is threatening the American economy and being selfish about its self rather than contributing to the state and local governments? Robert Robb makes a good point when he stated “if there’s loose change to be had… reduce the deficit, not further expand its reach.” I think if the federal government wants to shape up then it needs...
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...HIS 301 Week 1 Quiz www.StudentWhiz.com 1. During what era of the Court did the justices dramatically expand the liberty protections afforded to individuals under the Fourth Amendment? • New Deal Era • Rehnquist Court • Taney Court • Warren Court 2. Which model of federalism maintains the theory that the national government and the state governments are coequal sovereigns? • Competitive federalism • Cooperative federalism • Dual Federalism • Hierarchical federalism Click here to download HIS 301 Week 1 Quiz 3. Under the leadership of which of the following Chief Justices did the Supreme Court render many decisions advancing civil liberties, especially in the criminal context? • Warren • Rehnquist • Marshall • Jay 4. Assume that a state and the federal government hold concurrent jurisdiction over an issue and furthermore, both have enacted statutes to regulate the subject. However, the state statute is contrary to the federal law. The state law is • Invalid as preempted by the federal law under the Supremacy Clause. • Valid. • Invalid as preempted by the Necessary and Proper Clause. • Invalid as violating the dormant Commerce Clause. Want to see the complete Quiz..?? Click HIS 301 Week 1 Quiz Assignments 5. In which era did the Court begin to expand the powers of the federal government? • Rehnquist Court • Marshall Court • Pre-New Deal • Taney Court Want to check out the complete Assignment...
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...Dual federalism is when the states have their own responsibilities and the national government has their own responsibilities because it comes based from the tenth amendment where “All powers not constitutionally given to the federal government are reserved to the states”. In dual federalism the state would handle state matters and the federal government would handle national matters. By the 1930’s the New Deal policies and etc. came in and were used to improve the economy after 1937 Cooperative federalism came into play. In cooperative federalism both the State Government and State Government cooperate with each other to address social problems. Cooperative Federalism helped power struggles between the state and national government. Cooperative Federalism was used until the 1970’s when Creative Federalism started but to this day Cooperative federalism is still seen when it comes to welfare, health, education, highway safety and the...
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...particular institutions and individuals and define how they are to be used – Protect against the concentration of political power in one institution or individual – Define the limits of political power 3 The Role of a State Constitution: Influence of U.S. Constitution • Texas’s constitution is heavily influenced by the U.S. Constitution – Political power is derived from the people – Both constitutions feature a separation of powers • Legislative, executive, and judicial branches – A system of checks and balances limits the powers of each branch, as a way to protect against tyranny – Certain individual rights must not be violated 4 The Role of a State Constitution: How U.S. Constitution Is Different • The idea of federalism is also embodied in the constitutions of the U.S. and Texas • Important differences distinguish the two – Supremacy clause: the U.S. Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land – Necessary and proper clause: the federal government has all the authority it needs to carry out its powers 5 The First Texas Constitutions • Six different constitutions governed the state prior to the current constitution • Each reflects different national priorities, different issues of the time, and the different values of the writers 6...
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...How has federalism evolved? Federalism is defined as state and federal governments sharing power meaning that the exercise of power is by at least two levels of government within the same country. In the case of the United States of America, power is shared between the national government and the subsidiary government. Federalism has been constantly changing especially through the twentieth century until the present day with power shifting between state and the national government. Such free-flowing shifts of power is often critically debated as some states may resist national policy that does not affect their citizens favourably. For example, people living in mountainous and extremely rural areas often blame the federal government for their economic woes as national economic policy is not flexible enough to cater for the great diversity across the country and so would prefer for more power to lie with the state. The argument against more state power however is the case of ensuring civil rights for all, as in the 1960s the national government introduced civil rights for blacks which was heavily resisted by the Southern states. A positive feature of federalism is that constant shifts allows more pragmatic policy making. If proposers of a policy feel it will not be accepted at state level it will be decided at a national level and similarly the opposers of a policy may prefer using state veto to prevent it being passed. This explains why throughout the twentieth century, federalism...
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...What is Federalism? Diana Reed POL110103 Professor Julie Waldon May 17, 2015 There are several systems of governments in the world today. Examples include Federalism, Monarchy and Democratic. Federalism is a form of command where two or more governments share authority over the same territory. In this system, the autonomy to carry out any state directive is given to State governments. In addition, there are other functions, which have to be made in relation to the regulations of the reigning regime. The constitution stipulates all the services done by central government and the roles conducted by the state government. The state authority had the mandate of controlling roads, sanitation and education duties. The Central government, on the other hand, contains its power, which includes standard defence and the supremacy clause. Federalism has undergone changes and its part of the American history. The role of national and state governments has also evolved over time. Furthermore, the federal government has been given more mandates in the 21th century. Dual federalism emerged after the Americans got their independence from British rule at the end of World War 2. The Constitution was created, and it provided for two types of government in the United States. The national government had powers to handle issues related to national security, foreign policy, and promoting commerce. State government, on the other hand, dealt with...
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...Federalism is a system of government where power is distributed between local and nation government. In the USA, it is split between state governments and national (federal) government. This system of government was introduced to the USA in the Constitution. The Founding Fathers wanted to unite the states without giving the federal government, or any individual state, too much power. As this was not the case when the states were under the control of Britain, or under the Articles of Confederation, it was seen as very important when writing the constitution. In contrast, the UK is traditionally a unitary state with all laws for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales all being decided in Westminster. However, UK government could now be described as quasi-federal after large devolution to the Northern Ireland and Wales Assemblies, the Scottish Parliament, and the European Union. From 1780 to 1920, federalism was how it was laid out in the constitution, and is now described as ‘dual federalism’. States had the most power, because the constitution stated that the “powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” This meant that the federal government were only involved in matters strictly mentioned by the Constitution. This is illustrated by the fact that at the time of President Washington, there were only three federal departments: the Treasury, War, and State. At...
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...authority; which needed to be separated and distributed properly. The Articles of confederation obviously ended poorly by giving too much individual power to the states that interfered with each-other. So this is where the founders adopted Federalism. The founding fathers realized that by 1789 the Articles of Confederation was putting the new nation in critical danger. As a constitutional structure, the Articles served as a loose union between the different states and a centralized national government. Unfortunately, the states were so distrustful of a centralized authority, the national government was extremely limited in its capacity to govern. Although the national government could make war and negotiate treaties, it lacked the fundamental power to tax. Without the 'power of the purse' the national government was essentially held captive by the individual state governments. In addition, the powers the national government did have were...
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