...Female Education in the Early Republic Dr. Benjamin Rush was an advocate for a republican form of government after the Revolutionary War because he believed it was a way to distinguish the United States from Britain. As a part of the republicanism philosophy that he was promoting, he advocated for the proper education of women through many speeches including one influential speech called “The Education of Republican Women.” Dr. Benjamin Rush had many thoughts about the education of women, which included not reading novels, using ornamental accomplishments to yield principles and knowledge, and to help promote republicanism in the United States. Dr. Rush wanted to discourage young American women from reading novels because he thought they didn’t apply American life. He didn’t think that reading these novels filled with “extravagant love, jealousy, ambition or revenge” would help the American women in the life that she was facing. Dr. Rush didn’t dismiss all novels, but he did dismiss the subject matter of the novels. He believed that their time would be better spent studying concrete subjects that would help them work in the home and raise their children better, rather than wasting their time reading frivolous things that wouldn’t be helpful. Dr. Rush “tended to link a woman's need for knowledge to their duty as wives and mothers” and the topics talked about in novels didn’t pertain to their duties. He thought that women should be educated in things that would help...
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...benefits of female education. As Rush believed that women should be taught “geography, bookkeeping, reading, and arithmetic” (146) although he excluded needlework. He however believed that women had no need to be taught natural philosophy, advanced math, or languages such as Latin or Greek subjects he considered were for the education of men. Rush held the beliefs that the benefits that female education would lead children and the public to “wisdom in every station of life.”(147) Murray, on the other hand believed that women needed further education in order to be “self-reliant and even self-supporting.” (148) She spoke of wanting her daughters to understand “industry and order” (148) Murray constantly spoke out about women being educated in order to strive for their own independence. However, she still held the assumption that women should marry and have children. She believed that by improve education for women would cause for “better wives and virtuous Republican Mothers.”(148)...
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...Positive and strong interventions on women’s development can obviously reduce the gender gap and acknowledge the role of women in the society as well as in the countries economy. Bangladesh a poor developing nation with a huge population of around 140 million (July 2011 EST.). Although women in Bangladesh make a direct and equal contribution to that of men in economical contributions, their productive worth is not acknowledged by this male dominated society. Lack of education remains as one of the root causes of the lack of recognition for women. As an intervention, increasing of women’s participation in regular schooling and continuation of study can have great potentials for development of women. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was established in 1982 to raise girls participation in secondary education and eradicating early marriages and childbearing. This project was initiated and implemented with the help of The Bangladesh Association for Community Education (BACE), a national non-governmental organization (NGO) and later scaled up with technical and financial support of international organizations. The objective of FSP have shifted in line with changes in social/political environment, in development policies and in general understanding. The main priorities were higher secondary enrollment and retention, indirectly linked to fertility control, delayed marriage and population reduction. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was primarily introduced in six areas only...
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...brought many changes for women both political and social. The woman’s role in the work force changed as a result of the war. They were forced to fill the jobs vacated by the men who left to fight the war. They were not able to fight the war but they participated by working in factories to build munitions and raising money. They pushed for the right to vote and to be seen as equals. They succeeded in getting the right to vote with the 19th Amendment to the U.S Constitution. They redefined the social standards of how women were to dress, act and be. They started changing their appearance, cutting their hair shorter, wearing more makeup and hats and smoking in public. They felt more freedom. Some became “Flappers” dressing in shorter dresses and acting differently than the traditional women in this time. The political changes were the most important changes during this time. They led to dramatic changes the life of a woman then and without them, life today would be much different. In the 1920’s the most significant changes for women were political, including gaining the right to...
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...Domesticity by many men resulted in many women staying in the private sphere unwillingly, unequal pay compared to similar jobs done by men, and few socially acceptable career options for women, causing them to fight these injustices legally in courts and participating in strikes and protests. On average, women received inferior education when compared to men, which prevented many women from becoming skilled workers; therefore, women claimed that the education system needed reforms due to the lack of equality. As a significant Antebellum reform movement, abolitionism attracted many women, which in turn caused them to reflect upon their own similarities with slaves and encouraged themselves to combat the social transgression...
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...During the 1700’s to early 1800’s Japan was referred to, by many as nothing more than a feudal backwater, a people who would amount to nothing better than well-versed fishermen, a stark contrast from today’s image of Japan(Copeland p. 11). It is hard to come to terms with these stark differences in Japan’s history, but it all can be attributed to Japan’s ability to rapidly modernize. The changes brought on by this rapid modernization are important to everyone in Japan, but none more so than women as these changes allowed them to work outside of the home, and better accessibility...
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...whereas thirty years later there was one per 400. Average life expectancy had risen from 74 to 57 and only 2 percent of the population was illiterate compared to 24 percent in 1958. All children of primary school age now attended schools whereas only 56 percent had done so before the revolution. The bare figures conceal the extent of social and economic change in Cuba. Castro’s reform aimed to introduce social justice and allow all sectors of society to have equal oppurtunities. Reforms in health, education and the treatment of women and of minorities were implemented among other areas. Some of these reforms clashed with Cuban traditions and culture. Hence, arts played a fundamental role in designing a new Cuban culture in which for instance, the role of women as workers was implemented and promoted. Castro’s social policies had their main targets as women and education. It evaluated the part played by FMC and the literacy campaign to change the status of women and promote education. One of the most...
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..."sixty-two percent of women of reproductive age currently using contraception... the most common methods used are the pill (28%, or 10.6 million women) and female sterilization (27%, or 10.2 million women)" (Jones, Mosher, Daniels, 1). Sterilization seems to be a rather outdated concept in terms of a common form of contraception, but according to interviews done from 2006 to 2010 10.7% of women age twenty-five to twenty-nine were...
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...in them and usually live in a more urbanized areas. More than half the Guatemalan nation is composed of indigenous Mayan Indians. The national language is Spanish. The five main Mayan languages are Quichí, Mam, Qanjobal, Chol, and Yucateca (Nacie L., 2011). In addition to these five main languages there are 21 dialects that branch off of these There are many factors that contribute to the extremely high rates of malnutrition in the country of Guatemala. Poverty, socioeconomic status, and education level all play a part. The disadvantaged Guatemalan is considered indigenous. Much racism goes on between indigenous and non-indigenous “Ladino’s.” Ladinos mainly rule the country (BBC, 2012). The amount of education is directly correlated with the amount of money made. The per capita GDP of Guatemala is $3,177 ranked 16 out of 19 in all of the Latin American Countries (Edwards, 2002). Guatemala has an approximate population of 14,027, 000. The life expectancy for men is 66 years old and for women 77 years old. Guatemala has the largest economy in Central America but it also has the lowest growth rates of human development (Edwards, 2002). Fifty one percent of the population lives in poverty. The majority of people living in poverty reside in rural areas and make up seventy-one percent of the population in poverty. Of this poverty population sixty-eight percent are Mayan or indigenous people (Edwards, 2002). More indigenous people live in poverty and are malnourished. Many of the...
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...(1865-Present) Kimberly Burrows HIS 204 Joseph Scahill February 2, 2013 Women’s Role (1865-Present) Throughout history, women have suffered fewer rights then men and are discriminated against because of their gender. Historically, a woman’s main role was to tend to the home isolated in the domestic “bubble” and to raise their children while their husbands were away at work. In this paper, I will describe the historical significance of this issue from 1865 to the present. I will explain the historical developments that presented new opportunities for women in society. I will discuss the main individuals that were involved in these struggles. To conclude, I will analyze ways in which it contributed to an “ending of isolation” while assessing the challenges involved. Even today, women still face discrimination based on their gender. However, the role of women has changed significantly which has created a lasting and ongoing increase of women's rights. The woman’s role presents a historical significance from 1865 to today for many reasons. Prior to the Civil War, women were perceived as the weaker sex and were considered intellectually inferior to men. Their freedom was limited and they had fewer rights than men. Women were expected to marry, care for their home, cook, make clothing and raise their children. According to Manning, M. J. (2005), “Women were viewed as wives and mothers, whose economic rights were mainly to be supported by a male breadwinner and protected by the...
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...As a child Abbott attended a private school named Brownell Hall where she excelled with honors. After graduating from high school as valedictorian and earning a gold medal for her work. Abbott began to teach a high school class in Grand Isle at the age of 16 and continued her studies at the University of Nebraska. After graduating in 1901, Abbott went on to the University of Chicago where she studied and later obtained a doctoral degree in economics in 1905. While in Chicago Abbott had the opportunity to live and work alongside very influential women in the Hull House, including her sister Grace Abbott. Jane Addams and her friend Ellen Star Gates started the Hull House in 1889 and it was there that Abbott helped immigrants and women and children to have a better chance at life in America instead of living...
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...free of racial bias (Hudson). Two more executive orders in 1965 and 1968 prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, and gender, giving the federal government the power to enforce this prohibition (Hudson). However, in current times, affirmative action programs have suffered setbacks. Affirmative action in education has been abolished in Texas by court order, and in California and Washington it has been terminated by public referendum (Bybee). Currently, the main question concerning affirmative action is whether or not it is the best way to combat inequality. Also: What groups should or should not have affirmative action? When will the problem be “solved” and affirmative action no longer necessary? While the United States is divided between 49% of citizens supporting affirmative action programs and 43% opposing them, many Americans have a difficult time even defining what affirmative action is (Gallup 2003). The term ‘affirmative action’ includes laws, policies, and programs designed to reduce or eliminate inequality (Hudson). Inequality is also a difficult term to define, but the fact that significantly fewer women and minorities enjoy high paying jobs, attend prestigious universities, and reside in wealthy neighborhoods makes it clear that race and gender affect the availability of opportunities in America. Affirmative action is a divisive issue because it grants access to...
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...TITLE: IMPROVING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE IN MALAYSIA: POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS. INTORDUCTION Nowadays, there are a lot of women are involved in business activity. Most of them tend to involved in Small and Medium Enterprise (SME). Based on the previous studies from Multimedia University, Malacca, they mention that SME has been recognized as a major source of global economic growth and employment of women entrepreneurs have been acknowledged to play critical roles for bringing their ideas and capabilities towards successful achievement of the SME development in their countries. Malaysia government was realizing of the important of women entrepreneur to the growth and development of economic and tries to make available to the women entrepreneurs of funds and grants through many of its agencies such as the Special Assistance Schemes through the Small and Medium Industries Development Corporation (SMIDEC). Based on previous studies, they indicated that the capital, networks affiliation, education, training and counseling, and usage of ICT are important factors influencing the growth of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia. These factors have become barriers to women entrepreneur to success. SUMMARY According to studies that made by previous researchers, they mention that financial problem is some of barriers that make the women entrepreneur is hardly to success. Financial problem including difficulties to obtain start-up funds, financial management...
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...Institutions Social institutions effect all human beings across the globe. These institutions prepare, instill, and teach us some of the norms, morals, and skills needed for the world today. Social institutions are just that; they are standardized patterns or norms of society organized around the preservation of a basic societal value. Some institutions include family, education, and religion. These institutions are keen to development from child to adult, and they also assist in maintaining society. All social institutions are important, but I consider education to be one that stands out. Education advances us though knowledge, it helps prevent inequities, breaks down boundaries of ignorance and fear, and helps us avoid repeated historical mistakes. With education being such a vital institution it’s important that all humans receive an equal opportunity to learn. As seen in the Unbreakable video feminist theory still exist today. In many countries overseas women are still unable to obtain any benefits from educational institutions based on societies standards in that area. Malala addresses these issues head on, as a 15yr old girl she seeks the need for change and equal opportunity. During her quest to achieve educational benefits one of her biggest obstacles is how women are view in her country. Women in her country are labeled and not viewed as equal. There is no need to learn how to read or write if your considered a baby maker. Malala decided that she was going to...
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...Action seemed to be a hot topic in the past, it is still one that should continue to be addressed. Affirmative Action is needed in the American workplace to improve morale and create equity among all Americans. The history of Affirmative Action (AA) is a long one. The first federal law passed was The Civil Rights Act of 1964. This law started the term, “Equal Opportunity Employment” and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. The first legislation to pass was Executive Order number 11246 on September 24, 1965 (Aberson & Haag, 2003). This essentially stated that employers needed to take affirmative action to ensure no one was discriminated against for their race, religion, color, or country of origin. In more recent years, employers have added sexual orientation, abilities, and ethnicity to their list of nondiscrimination. Unfortunately, during these times white men were not always accepting of women and minorities in the workplace. Women who joined the workplace in the 1960s and 1970s were expected to do chores for the men in the workplace. They would also be sexually harassed and abused by their male coworkers (MacLean, 1999). Minorities were still treated unfairly and with inferiority. On many occasions minority civil rights organizations stepped in to assist women in their struggles. For instance, in New York City in 1977, women were finally given the right to join the Fire Department. The firemen harassed, abused, and even put their fellow female...
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