...Financial Exclusion: India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, but it still hosts one-third population of the world poors. Studies say, the banking system in India has shown a huge growth however is still unable to reach the remote corners of the nation especially the underprivileged section of the society. According to the data in 2009, 51.4% of the farmer households are financially excluded from both the formal and informal sources, and accounts for 45.9 million out of 89.3 million of this population. 1. Almost three fourth (73%) of all farmer households do not have the access to the formal sources of credit. This makes it more difficult to invest in updating technologies and opportunities. 2. India stands at very low position in the overall ranking of financial inclusion in the world list of countries. Also, it stands at 2nd position followed by china, when considering financially excluded households in the world. 3. Across regions in India, financial exclusion is most acute in central, north-eastern, and eastern regions. They account for almost two-third (64%) of all financially excluded farmer households in the nation. Overall indebtedness to formal sources of finance only acocunts for 19.66% for these regions. According to the census 2011, only 58.7% of the houeholds population are availing the banking services. However it has increased drastically in the rural regions when compared to census 2001. Educational and Social exclusion: India...
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...Introduction According to Barnes (2005), social exclusion is defined as the condition by which individuals in a given society are disadvantaged than others depending on who they are. The various reasons to why some individuals are disadvantaged than others include race, ethnicity, where they live or migrant status, sexual orientation, descent, caste, age, gender, HIV status, disability (Barnes, 2005). Discrimination takes place in public institutions, for instance, in health and educational services and social institutions such as the household. Particular groups experience poverty due to social exclusion and this reduces the rate at which poverty is declines in a given society as a whole. Social exclusion can result in social conflict and tension. This social issue deprives people of opportunities and choices to escape poverty as well as denying them a chance to claim for just treatment. So as to effectively tackle with social exclusion it necessitates for the identification of the barriers that possibly exclude poor individuals from social, economic and political opportunities as well as to identify appropriate measures to alter this (Bonner, 2006). Article summary According to Silver & Miller (2003), until now, the United States believes that poverty is caused due to inadequacy of income to cater for basic human needs. Contrary to how the United States considers poverty, the European Union has persistently retooled it thinking regarding social deprivation, considering...
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...of disciplines 1. The practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using punishment to correct disobedience: a lack of proper parental and school discipline * the controlled behaviour resulting from such training: he was able to maintain discipline among his men * activity that provides mental or physical training: the tariqa offered spiritual discipline * a system of rules of conduct: he doesn’t have to submit to normal disciplines 2. A branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher education: sociology is a fairly new discipline * train (someone) to obey rules or a code of behaviour, using punishment to correct disobedience: many parents have been afraid to discipline their children * punish or rebuke formally for an offence: a member of staff was to be disciplined by management * (discipline oneself to do something) train oneself to do something in a controlled and habitual way: every month discipline yourself to go through the file School discipline School discipline is the system of rules, punishments, and behavioural strategies appropriate to the regulation of children or adolescences and the maintenance of order in schools. Its aim is to control the students' actions and behaviour. An obedient student is in compliance with the school rules and codes of conduct. These rules may, for example, define the expected standards of clothing, timekeeping, social conduct, and work ethic. The term discipline...
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...experienced by Native American Indians and Asian (specifically Chinese) immigrants in America. In this paper I will talk about three specific factors that have separated the gap between equality in the political and social system for minorities in the United States: the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), the Black Civil Rights Movement (specifically Brown v. Board of Education, 1954), and the presidency of Andrew Jackson and the resulting fate of American Indians. Instead of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the main factor of why the immigration of Orientals in the West became an issue could be the California Gold Rush in 1849. This led to mass migration to the Western U.S., and we began importing Chinese laborers to fulfill the need for cheap work. The number of Chinese in the U.S. rose from 25,000 in 1850 to over 300,000 by 1880 and 77% of that number went to California. This led to a debate about the status of the Chinese in America. In 1878 the Supreme Court ruled that Orientals, who were seen as “not white”, were also seen as unfit for self-government because Asia was not democratic, so they should be ineligible for citizenship (Fraga, Jan. 21). Then on May 6, 1882, President Chester Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first law ever passed in the U.S. that banned any group of people from coming to America solely because of race. This was not the only time, Americans also told the Chinese they were not allowed into the U.S. again in 1892,...
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...Introduction- Education holds the key to a long term and sustainable social transformation. The need for investment in this sector stems from the fact that education is an intrinsic human right, essential to build critically conscious citizens and not for the production of mere literates to add to the workforce. Schools are the primary institutions that impart formal education. They play a crucial role in the growth and development of children. A 'good school' would be an institution that would be inclusive and acknowledge diversity of culture, religion, abilities and varied class and caste backgrounds. It would recognize the differential potential in children and build on their talents. It would provide the space to question and critique and constructively engage with children's curiosity. The experience of schooling must go beyond the transfer of information from knowledgeable teachers to passive children treated as empty vessels that only receive. Such an experience must facilitate the exchange of ideas and experiences. Further, a good school is a space that is welcoming to a child, a space that is friendly and allows every child to express herself and realize her talents. Unfortunately, our current system of education and its delivery lacks energy and creativity. It tends to be pedantic and not engaged with a child's innate curiosity. It does not inculcate in them the power to reason and negotiate with their surroundings on their own terms. It also tends to perpetuate...
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...the development of resilience research to include the ‘protective’ and ‘risk’ factor model; ecological perspectives which take into account the influence of different cultural and social contexts and the structural organisational perspectives which views individual choice as significant as other factors to the development of resilience over time (Stein, 2005; Luthar et al., 2000). It has been suggested that there are complex reasons as to why some young people have better coping mechanisms than others which may be linked to individual attributes and behaviours (Stein, 2005). In the UK, resilience amongst young people from disadvantaged family backgrounds appears to be associated with a secure attachment to at least one carer; positive educational experiences; feeling able to plan and be in control; the...
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...Personal, Professional and Organisational values in social work are not always in harmony. Using examples from professional (sources and practice) and personal experience, evaluate the implications of this statement for practice that challenges oppression at personal, cultural and structural level. For the purpose of this assignment I shall evaluate the statement that personal, professional and organisational values in social work practice are not always in harmony. Drawing on examples from professional sources and practice, I shall evaluate this statement in regards for practice that challenges oppression at the personal, cultural and structural levels. I was allocated a placement at the Education Welfare Service. I have chosen to examine oppression in the context of the travelling community and examine how travellers are discriminated and oppressed within the education system. I will draw examples from practice and throughout this discussion, I will demonstrate my understanding of oppression and if current strategies and provision includes or excludes Travellers within mainstream education. Introduction In order for society to exist there must be some degree of agreement on values and forms of behaviour accepted as the ‘norm’. Without this there would be social chaos. Therefore we learn some forms of behaviour considered to be normal, thus enabling us to integrate within society. There are three factors that influence us into socialisation which are personal...
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...552. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #1 The taxpayer’s marginal tax bracket is 25%. Which would the taxpayer prefer? a. $1.00 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. *b. $.80 tax-exempt income rather than $1.00 taxable income. c. $1.25 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. d. $1.30 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. e. None of the above. 553. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #2 Cash received by an individual: a. Is not included in gross income if it was not earned. b. Is not taxable unless the payor is legally obligated to make the payment. c. Must always be included in gross income. *d. May be included in gross income although the payor is not legally obligated to make the payment. e. None of the above. 554. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #3 Sharon’s automobile slid into a ditch. A stranger pulled her out. Sharon offered to pay $25, but the stranger refused. Sharon slipped the $25 in the stranger’s truck when he was not looking. a. The $25 is a nontaxable gift received by the stranger because Sharon was not legally required to pay him. b. The $25 is a nontaxable gift because the stranger did not ask to receive it. *c. The $25 is taxable compensation for services rendered. d. The $25 is a nontaxable service award. e. None of the above. 555. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #4 Carin, a widow, elected to receive the proceeds of a $150,000 life insurance policy...
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...Asses the strengths and limitations of unstructured interviews for the study of boys underachievement at school Unstructured interviews have advantages and disadvantages and as a qualitative method they are expressed through words and relay people’s thoughts, feelings and motivations. Unstructured interviews are interviews that don’t have certain questions meaning it’s more free and relaxed. They give us a deep understanding of the interviewee’s world because we can use the answers they give to shape our questions so that they are appropriate and relevant. However, using unstructured interviews can also cause problems, for example they take a long time to conduct. When looking at the advantages and disadvantages we need to look at how this effects what we are trying to research boys underachievement at school as this will affect whether the advantages and limitations are relevant to the study. A few advantages of using unstructured interviews when studying the underachievement of boys are that the informality of the interview allows the interviewer to gain the trust of the interviewee which is important in this example. Boys at school will not feel comfortable explaining their time at school and why they do/don’t enjoy school if the interviewer is very formal and makes them feel intimidated whereas by using an unstructured interview it allows the boys being interviewed and the interviewee feel more comfortable around each other meaning the boys will be more open and truthful...
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...Education and differences in educational achievement- past questions and mark schemes (CLASS, GENDER and ETHNICITY) January 2006 (a) Explain what is meant by cultural capital. (Item 1A, line 8). (2 marks) Two marks for an appropriate explanation or definition, such as the values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, tastes etc. possessed by the upper/middle class, or the values, knowledge etc. that give one class an educational advantage. (c) Identify three features of the restricted speech code (Item 1A, lines 10-11). (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate features identified, such as: • used by the working class; • short/incomplete sentences; • often reduced to gestures; • context-bound/particularistic meanings/speaker assumes audience shares same frame of reference; • not used in education; • a product of repetitive, unskilled work; • a product of positional/rigid family structures. (e) Examine the reasons why females now tend to achieve more than males in the education system. (20 marks) Candidates will consider a range of reasons, such as the impact of feminism, equal opportunities policies, role models, changes in the family and work, changes in the curriculum and assessment, changes in girls aspirations, teacher attention and classroom interaction, selection, league tables etc. Concepts and issues such as meritocracy, patriarchy, pupil subcultures, labelling, de-industrialisation, marketisation, the hidden curriculum...
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...objective of FSP have shifted in line with changes in social/political environment, in development policies and in general understanding. The main priorities were higher secondary enrollment and retention, indirectly linked to fertility control, delayed marriage and population reduction. The Female Stipend Program (FSP) was primarily introduced in six areas only. The outcome of the project was positive as girl’s secondary enrollments increased from an average of 7.9% to 14% in some of the project areas whereas the dropout rates fell from 14.7% to 3.5%. This success of the project was the basis of extending the program nationwide in 1994. Bangladesh being a poor nation made impressive impacts after the implementation of FSP. Educational...
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...The relationship between educational performance and a persons ethnicity is difficult to measure because of other factors like class and gender, it is also difficult to measure because there are different patterns for different ethnic groups. Internal factors are factors within schools and the educational system, such as interactions between pupils and teachers, and the inequalities between schools. External factors are factors outside the education system such as influences of home and family background and wider society. A internal factor is shown in item A, labeling within schools by saying 'Wright found that teachers persecuted and treated minority ethnic pupils differently from white pupils. Afro Caribbean boys were often expected to behave badly and they received a disproportionate amount of negative attention. Gillborn argues that this labeling can lead to the self fulfilling prophecy – this is where a prediction made about a person or group becomes true simply because it has been made. Another internal factor is marketisation – this is encouraging competition between schools and choice for parents. Marketisation has led to selection and segregation. Marketisation has given schools greater scope to select pupils and this puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage. This is because selection of pupils gives schools more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. Another internal factor is ethnocentric curriculum. Ethnocentric...
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...her enduring advice, insightful criticisms and expert supervision, the completion of this project would not have been possible. In the end, my gratitude also extends to my family and friends who have been assisting, supporting and caring for me all of my life. ABSTRACT The research reported in this thesis was on “Factors responsible for the failure of Education Sector in Pakistan”. The purpose of research was to study the impact of education sector on the society and the main issues which were prevailing in the country now-a-days. The secondary data was collected by consultation of literature in the libraries and Internet. The primary data was gathered by floating questionnaires and conducting interviews from government and private school teachers. SPSS software was applied to analyze data for frequencies regression parameters, pie charts and cross tabulation the results were interpreted by usual principles of statistics. The findings suggested that the improper polices which are currently present...
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...Education Policy in the United States The United States has always struggled to find a way to provide an education system that provides a solid educational foundation for America’s youth. The government’s use of education policies to help better America’s education system many say has failed along with politicians attempts to solve this problem. In this paper we will be searching for an answer to a question that plagues many concerned parents and many politicians as well: Has the education policy failed in the United States? In order to answer this question we must look back on the historical background of the issue, we must review the past and present policies in place and we must identify the proposed solutions. It is our intention, with this research, to understand why or why not our education policies have failed America’s youth. There is a major problem in America and it is not one that is hard to spot if you are a concerned parent looking at your child’s test scores, a student enrolled in America’s public schools, a politician seeking to pass a new policy or even a concerned citizen, because when it comes to building a strong, intellectual country Americans’ know we need an education system that adequately prepares our youth. With so many statistics showing the decline of test scores it is not hard to identify the educational problem in America. However, there are many different beliefs as to why the education policy is failing in the United States; however, there are...
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...Social Class in Modern British Education For this assignment I have been asked to write about a current issue in Further\Higher Education. I have chosen to discuss some of the issues of social class as they relate to education policy in modern Britain. Following the right to vote, the right to education is a freedom which people throughout history and around the world have struggled to achieve. “There is a sense in which social class has been at the core of British sociology of education throughout the existence of the field, even when it has not been high on education policy agendas.” (Whitty, 2001, p.287) While issues and effects of social class exist in all countries, the English experience is particularly problematic. (Goldthorpe, 1996) In the United Kingdom at the turn of the 19th century a university education was a privilege enjoyed by the sons of the wealthy and influential. Although members of the social elite “passed through the universities, they rarely completed their degrees. The subsidiary mission of the pre-industrial universities was to complete the socialisation of future elites, social and political”. (Scott, 1995, p.12) The last two decades have witnessed a considerable amount of rhetoric with regard to improving this situation; with access and inclusion being the keystones of nearly every government policy issued. New Labour went so far as to announce in its election manifesto an explicit aim of increasing participation in higher education to 50 per cent...
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