...interaction with the polar Si-O bonds and is, therefore, more capable to dispel the mobile phase from the binding places. As a consequence, the less polar compound moves higher up the plate (resulting in a higher Rf value). Another factor that establishes the rate at which a compound travels past silica gel is the polarity of the solvent. A polar solvent will compete for silica absorption sites, disallowing the compounds to do so. This promotes all compounds will move higher up the plate. It is commonly said that "strong" solvents (eluents) push the analyzed compounds up the plate, whereas "weak" eluents barely move them. (iii) Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) TLC involves the same principle of separation as column chromatography but the apparatus and technique is different. Instead of column, the silica is adhered to a plate of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil. A capillary spotter I...
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...Hydrochloric Acid in Carbohydrate Solutions . Apparatus & Equipment : Boiling tubes , Beaker , Graduated plastic dropper , Water bath, ~ 37 oC , Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials : Carbohydrate solution A , Carbohydrate solution B , Benedict‟s solution , 3 M Hydrochloric acid , 3 M Sodium hydroxide , Iodine solution Procedures : Part 1 1. Two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml of solution B were prepared respectively . 1ml of Benedict solution was added into each tube . Both tubes were heated together in the 95°C water bath for two minutes . Results were recorded in table 1 . 2. A few drops of solution A and B were added separately on a white tile . 1-2 drops of iodine solution were added on each solution . Part 2 3. Boiling tubes were labeled 1,2,3,4 . 2 ml of solution B was pipette into each of four boiling tubes . 4. Tubes 1 and 2 were placed in a water bath of 37°C to heat up the solution . 5. Small beaker was salivated till it reached about 5 ml . 6. This step was done approximately at the same time . 2ml of saliva prepared was pipetted into tubes 1 and 4 . The contents of tubes were shaken well to ensure through mixing . 2ml of HCL was pipetted into tubes 2 and 3 . 7. Tubes 1,2,3,4 were incubated at their respective temperatures for 30 minutes . 8. More new boiling tubes were labeled 1' 2' 3' 4'. 9. 2ml of the contents from all these tubes were poured out into the respective newly labeled tubes ( eg 1 into 1' , 2 into 2' etc ) after 5 minutes...
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...Hydrochloric Acid in Carbohydrate Solutions . Apparatus & Equipment : Boiling tubes , Beaker , Graduated plastic dropper , Water bath, ~ 37 oC , Water bath, ~ 95oC Materials : Carbohydrate solution A , Carbohydrate solution B , Benedict‟s solution , 3 M Hydrochloric acid , 3 M Sodium hydroxide , Iodine solution Procedures : Part 1 1. Two boiling tubes containing 1 ml solution A and 1 ml of solution B were prepared respectively . 1ml of Benedict solution was added into each tube . Both tubes were heated together in the 95°C water bath for two minutes . Results were recorded in table 1 . 2. A few drops of solution A and B were added separately on a white tile . 1-2 drops of iodine solution were added on each solution . Part 2 3. Boiling tubes were labeled 1,2,3,4 . 2 ml of solution B was pipette into each of four boiling tubes . 4. Tubes 1 and 2 were placed in a water bath of 37°C to heat up the solution . 5. Small beaker was salivated till it reached about 5 ml . 6. This step was done approximately at the same time . 2ml of saliva prepared was pipetted into tubes 1 and 4 . The contents of tubes were shaken well to ensure through mixing . 2ml of HCL was pipetted into tubes 2 and 3 . 7. Tubes 1,2,3,4 were incubated at their respective temperatures for 30 minutes . 8. More new boiling tubes were labeled 1' 2' 3' 4'. 9. 2ml of the contents from all these tubes were poured out into the respective newly labeled tubes ( eg 1 into 1' , 2 into 2' etc ) after 5...
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...specimen be to seen. Some chemicals bind to specific structures, such as Acetic orcein staining DNA red. Electron micrographs start off black and white, with the colour being added by a specialised computer program afterwards. (d) calculate the linear magnification of an image; Image size =Actual size x Magnification (e) describe and interpret drawings and photographs of eukaryotic cells as seen under an electron microscope and be able to recognise the following structures: Nucleus, Largest organelle. Nucleolus, Dense, spherical structure inside nucleus Nuclear envelope, Surrounds the nucleus Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Continuous with the nuclear envelope. RER is studded with ribosomes, SER is not. Golgi apparatus, Stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs Ribosomes, Tiny. Some are in the cytoplasm and some are bound to the RER...
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...Carbohydrates This essay will explain carbohydrates, their structure and two main functions of a carbohydrate and why they are important in the human body. Carbohydrate is a term used to describe food composed of sugar molecules. Carbohydrates are sugars, the two main forms are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates, also referred to as sugars and starches. One of the main differences between the two is how quickly they can be digested and absorbed. They are one of the body’s main sources of energy as carbohydrates are broken down into glucose quickly. It has a more pronounced effect on blood sugar levels than fats or proteins. Foods rich in carbohydrates also provide fibre, protein, vitamins and minerals but the main purpose is to provide energy (Harvard School of Public Health, 2015). Carbohydrates can be found in all fruits and vegetables in varying amounts, celery, for example, having very little carbohydrate while potatoes have a much higher amount of carbohydrate (Int. Food Information Council Foundation, 2013) Complex carbohydrates are found in foods such as pasta, potatoes, flour and rice and release slowly into the circulatory system. Simple carbohydrates are sugars and are released quickly into the system, simple carbohydrates include, table sugar, fruit juices and most pre-packaged cereals. Eating complex carbohydrates results in starches breaking down slowly and therefore raise blood sugar levels more slowly than simple carbohydrates (sugars) which will...
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...NATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS CURRICULUM SUPPORT Chemistry A Practical Guide Support Materials [REVISED ADVANCED HIGHER] [pic] The Scottish Qualifications Authority regularly reviews the arrangements for National Qualifications. Users of all NQ support materials, whether published by Education Scotland or others, are reminded that it is their responsibility to check that the support materials correspond to the requirements of the current arrangements. Acknowledgement © Crown copyright 2012. You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or e-mail: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document/publication should be sent to us at enquiries@educationscotland.gov.uk. This document is also available from our website at www.educationscotland.gov.uk. Contents Introduction 5 Chemical analysis 6 Qualitative and quantitative analysis 6 Volumetric analysis 6 Gravimetric analysis 14 Colorimetric analysis 17 Organic techniques 22 Introduction 22 Preparation 22 Isolation 24 Purification 29 Identification 33 Percentage yield 37 Errors 39 Accuracy and precision 39 Repeatability and reproducibility...
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...Cryobiology of Rat Embryos I: Determination of Zygote Membrane Permeability Coefficients for Water and Cryoprotectants, Their Activation Energies, and the Development of Improved Cryopreservation Methods During the 1nd Semester 2012-2013 A Research Paper Presented to Mr. Luis Gallardo Mago In partial fulfillment Of the requirements in Nat. Sci. Subject By: Table of contents Abstract Materials and methods Results Discussion References Figures Tables Abstract Cryobiology of Rat Embryos I: Determination of Zygote Membrane Permeability Coefficients for Water and Cryoprotectants, Their Activation Energies, and the Development of Improved Cryopreservation Methods. Reinhold T. Pfaffa,b, Yuksel Agcaa,b, Jun Liua, Erik J. Woodsa, Augustine T. Peterb and John K. Critser2,,a,b a Cryobiology Research Institute, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, b School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 New rat models are being developed at an exponential rate, making improved methods to cryopreserve rat embryos extremely important. However, cryopreservation of rat embryos has proven to be difficult and expensive. In this study, a series of experiments was performed to characterize the fundamental cryobiology of rat fertilized 1-cell embryos (zygotes)...
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...Biol 121 lecture introduction 23rd feb : Pass program Little groups * Learning notes topics discussions * Informal * opens Friday 27th feb 5.00 Studies: How the body works Anatomy Gross anatomy – internal structures Microscopic anatomy- study of cells, study of tissues (microscope) Physiology- cellular physiology – e.g. nerves and muscle fibres Integrative physiology- different tissues and organs, functions e.g. cardiovascular Levels of organisation e.g. tissues, organs, organ systems organism levels Go through link called echo – access lecture recordings My unit- weekly feedback quiz Biology and chemistry lessons Textbook folder mastering a&p Lecture d 3rd week on a Tuesday Labour day (Monday) good Friday Assessments In class tests (30%) Quiz a (10 %) quiz b (20%) Worksheet questions (30%) Final exam 40% See unit outline for due dates, methods, extensions Quiz a Week 3 (early feedback) 30 mins to complete Opens 3pm Tuesday 10th Closes 3am Thursday 12th Quiz b Week 7 semesters Week 3 up to lecture 16 (muscles) 60 mins marked out of 50 Worksheet questions (30%) due week 11 of sem Set of questions provided online in week 8 Week 1-10 Final exam Mix mcq and sa Material from whole semester Higher weighting of 11 &12 Feedback about progress: Quizzes weekly Review assessments EIP BIOL 121 TUTORIAL 1 CHEMISTRY: Reading: pages 53-61 notes * Science of structure that...
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...Table of Contents: FHSB 1214 FHSC 1214 Biology I Cell Biology Introduction Practical 1 Practical 1 Cell Biology Biological Studies I molecules I Practical 2 Practical 2 Cell Biology Biological Studies II molecules II Practical 3 Cell Biology Studies III Practical 4 Cell Biology Studies IV Practical 8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...Table of Contents: FHSB 1214 FHSC 1214 Biology I Cell Biology Introduction Practical 1 Practical 1 Cell Biology Biological Studies I molecules I Practical 2 Practical 2 Cell Biology Biological Studies II molecules II Practical 3 Cell Biology Studies III Practical 4 Cell Biology Studies IV Practical 8 Cell Biology Studies VIII Practical 5 Cell Biology Studies V Practical 6 Cell Biology Studies VI Practical 7 Cell Biology Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages...
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...The Gaze Experiment: A study of gazing habits and biases with respect to different facial features. AbstractCan we tell which part of our face a person is gazing at when they are gazing at us? The experiment in question gives us an idea to where and why we think a person is looking at that location. There were 27 students split into pairs. Within the pair there was an experimenter and a participant. The experimenter would look at different parts of the participant's face and ask the participant to tell them where they were looking at. Our results showed us that the participants were most accurate at recognising when the eyes, hair, right and left ears were being looked at with correct responses ranging between 46.3%-51.85%. And least accurate when the nose, mouth and chin were being looked at with correct responses ranging between 22.59%-25.19%. Percentage incorrect responses was highest for eyes at 30.1%. The eyes, hair and ears were the easiest to be recognised because those features are the furthest away from other facial parts. The eyes have the highest incorrect response percentage because most people assume it is their eyes people are looking at during social interaction so if the participant was unsure where the experimenter was looking at, the guess would have likely been the eyes. IntroductionNon-verbal communication between humans was first scientifically investigated in 1872 where Charles Darwin wrote “The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals”. Since then many...
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...Spigot & Socket Pipes Product Range 1. All S&S Pipes designed and meet the requirements of BS 5911pt.100 Irish Standard IS 6.1974. 2. All dimensions in mm. 3. All weights in Kgs based on density of concrete at 2450 kg/m3 4. Indicates pipe reinforced E H C A=DN B Arrow indicates flow direction D G = Overall Length F = Effective Length Spigot End also known as male end Socket End also known as bell end or female end Flexible Jointed Spigot and Socket Pipe A DN:Inside diam of pipe Minimum B Wall Thickness Light = Medium = Heavy = L M M 225 52 52 52 329 445 58 2000 2100 870 230 90 180 300 55 55 55 410 530 60 2500 2600 1115 400 52 130 375 62 62 62 499 645 73 450 65 65 65 580 715 68 525 70 70 70 665 800 68 600 82 82 82 764 910 73 675 87 87 87 849 1005 78 750 95 95 95 940 80 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1800 2100 100 100 100 115 115 115 140 140 140 150 150 150 165 165 165 190 190 190 2188 2270 46 245 245 245 2598 2598 0 C Overall pipe diam D Overall socket diam E Projection of socket F Effective length G Overall pipe length H Circumference on centre line I Approx weight/pipe in kgs 1100 1280 90 50 1490 1658 1838 1640 1800 1980 80 80 80 2500 2640 5230 5200 4 10 2500 2500 2640 2640 4210 4710 3660 4300 6 15 5 12.5 1100 1280 1380 2500 2500 2500 2620 2620 2620 2655 3142 3660 1640 2100 2650 13 32.5 10 25 8 20 2500 2500 2500 2500 2500 2600 2600 2600 2600 2620 1373 1618 1869 2158 2394 550 38 95 680 30 75 850 25 62.5 1150 1425 18 45 15 37.5 2500 2500 2645 2645 6250 7360 7400...
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...Vitamin C Background Information Vitamins play an essential role in animal metabolic processes. They are groups of complex organic compounds that do not provide energy. However, without vitamins, animals may develop deficiency diseases or other abnormal conditions. Although most animals cannot synthesise vitamins, certain animals can. Apart from vitamin D, the human body cannot make its own vitamins. As humans, we must obtain the vitamins we require through the food that we consume. 2D Structure of Vitamin C 2D Structure of Vitamin C 3D Structure of Vitamin C 3D Structure of Vitamin C Vitamin C also known as L-Ascorbic acid is one of the most important nutrients and is essential for human beings. Vitamin C’s IUPAC name is 2-oxo-L-theo-hexono-1,4-lactone-2,3-enediol. We need a constant supply of vitamin C in our diet as the human body cannot store vitamin C because it is not a fat-soluble vitamin and where there is excess vitamin C, it is removed from the body through the urine. As well as this, vitamin C is very important in the growth and repair of tissues. It plays a crucial role in the healing of wounds and the repair and maintenance of teeth, cartilage and bones. Ascorbic acid is a “vitamer” of vitamin C that has antioxidant properties and is soluble in water to create a slightly acidic solution. A vitamer is “One of two or more related chemical substances that fulfill the same specific vitamin function”. Antioxidants block some of the damage caused by free...
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...Truth and Reality: Are our versions mere mind-created, or real ? Can we ever distinguish actual reality from the synthetic models that mind create ? Or, can we ever know any reality other than what our minds create ? If we clinically analyse the total contents of our mind, we will find that it is a mix of many things that we consider as real, and equal number of things that we know as mere manufactured products of we,or that of the human community in general. What we naively consider as real are objects and relations that we have seen, heard, touched,tasted or smelt. We had learned this criterion of assessing reality from our primeval days when mind was not developed to perceive anything beyond what were just in-front the sense-organs. Animals are still in worlds of reality. Now, man's this category of reality also consists the various scientific facts,that we believe, our prestigious men of science must have either directly observed through their special instruments, or inferred over strong evidences they must have collected through their various false-proof methods. For example, the moon-rocks are real because NASA has its samples displayed at their facilities, or it is Sun there at the center of solar system, and earth and other planets are revolving around it. We believe that Science has adequate proof of these real physical facts. Though these scientific facts are quite different from the reality of a horse or a mountain that we actually see, we generally...
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