...collective unconscious. Carl Jung believed we are motivated by images passed down by our ancestors as well as our repressed experiences. The things we inherited from our ancestors he named the collective unconscious. His theory is full of past events and future expectations. Images we inherit from our ancestors are called archetypes. Personal unconscious holds repressed thoughts of one individual. Consciousness is a very small piece of personality. Jung believed personality comes from mostly unconscious. Just like Freud, Jung’s theory is hard to prove or disprove. Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology Adler-Individual Psychology Adler-Individual Psychology Adler believed people’s behavior was driven by one of two things, the need for success or the need for the success of mankind. He believed this is what formed a personality. All things are done with social interest in mind. Adler believed all humans are aware of what they are doing. He was the exact opposite of Freud. Adler believed all...
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...Ego Defence Mechanisms Introduction Ego psychology embodies a more optimistic and growth oriented view of human functioning and potential than do the earlier theoretical formulation. It generated changes in the study and assessment process and led to an expansion and systemization Of interceptive strategies with individuals. It fostered a re-conceptualization of the clinic worker relation ship, of change mechanisms, and of the interventive process. It helped to refocus the importance of wok of with the social environment as well as work with the family and the group. Moreover, it has important implications for the design of service delivery, large-scale social programs, and social policy. DEFINITION OF DEFENCE MECHANISM Ego-defense mechanisms are learned, usually during early childhood and are considered to be maladaptive when they become the predominant means of coping with stressors. What is EGO psychology? Ego psychology comprises a related set of theoretical concepts about human behavior that focus on the origins, development, structure, and functioning of the executive arm of the personality _the ego_ and its relationship to other aspects of the personality and to the external environment. The ego is considered to be a mental structure of the personality responsible for negotiating between the internal needs of the individual and the outside world. The following seven propositions characterize ego psychology’s view of human...
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...prominent founders and contributors in the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality. Alder, Freud, and Jung formulated separate theories worth comparing and contrasting. “Although their theories were at least as distinct as the four men were, they were passionate about their endeavors, and never settled with conclusion - their entire lives were spent in earnest search for better understanding of the human psychological frailties and their betterment” (Psychological-Musings.blogspot.com, n.d.).. Nevertheless, critical thinking and disagreements coexists among the theories founded by each to explain personality and improve quality of life and understanding. These three psychologists have different stances on the manner psychology functions in humans. In the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality, each of the psychologists seems to be striving to be unique. In this, many disagreement publications are brought about and many mirror similarities among the three. Following are the components of psychoanalytic approach to personality per psychologist. Alfred Alder’s theory holds that” basic psychological element of neurosis was a sense of inferiority and that individuals suffering with symptoms of this phenomenon spent their lives trying to overcome the feelings without ever being in touch with reality” (White, 1917,pp. 168-173). Moreover, Alder believes that neurotic symptoms started during childhood years. In this regard, many adult behaviors...
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...Dr. Kathlyn J. Kirkwood PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT The Psychoanalytic Theories of Freud, Jung, and Adler contributed so much to psychology as we know it today. As developers of the theory of personality involving the id, ego, and superego, which led to the therapy method known as psychoanalysis, Freud, Jung and Adler shared many ideas and fought over many concepts in developing each of their versions of what became the beginning of psychotherapy. These three scientists came up with the fledgling ideation that led to many modern theories of human behavior, thought, and personality. Most psychologists recognize these three as the pioneers of modern theories. The theories of all three are very complex and difficult to understand (The Science and Practice of Clinical Psychology, 2007). Freud, Jung, and Adler became fast friends through their avid interest in psychology. Alfred Adler, a medical doctor with a deep interest in psychology and human nature, met Freud in their native Vienna in 1900 at a medical conference where Freud presented his new theories about dreams and the unconscious. Freud met Jung and after a mega- meeting of thirteen hours of discussion, became cohorts in spreading the wonder of psychoanalysis (Bridle & Edlestein, 2000, Spring/Summer). Alfred Adler and Carl Jung liked Freud’s definitions of id, ego, and superego, but had no interest in the sexual ideation in his theory. There was also significant tension between Freud and Jung. Freud believed...
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...Introduction Erikson has always been referred to in the light of emphasising on the work of Freud, as well as being critiqued on his work with making comparison to Sigmund Freud’s work as well. With Freud introducing the psychoanalytical theory and Erikson bringing about the stages of psychosocial developments, theorists would often elaborate on which theory would define one’s life best, and so therefore it remained a constant comparison made between Freud and Erikson. With the quote given as the assignment topic it clearly defines why Erikson had described himself as “a small man on the shoulders of a giant”, simply because he had big shoes to fill, and that being the work of Sigmund Freud, his teacher. 1. Four main ways Erikson extended Freud’s theory According to Engler, B. (2013) the first way in which Erikson extended Freud’s theory is whereby he had improved our understanding of the ego, showing that how the emergence out of the historical, genetic and cultural context of individuals helps the ego become a good problem solver as well. Secondly, he emphasised on Freud’s stages of development making strong social gestures towards it, however there was no clear statement of Erikson’s comments being made towards Freud’s work. Thirdly he extended our understanding of development by creating additional stages, making it the eight stages of psychosocial development placing prominence on stages from an individual’s infancy to old age. And lastly Erikson had discovered the...
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...significance. The influence on psychology these men had was very vast. They differed on some of their beliefs but all broke off into their own and developed a person psychoanalytic theory. Some areas I can agree with and some other theories I disagree with. These men spent many years developing their own beliefs. The writer will explain the stages of Freud’s theory and explain the characteristics of personality using the components. Freudian defense mechanisms are used in everyday life and they will get explained. These men shaped what psychologists use today. Discoverers of psychology, these men, were thinkers, early founders, and major providers to the science of psychology we study today. Although their theories were separate, they were avid about their endeavors, and never settled. Their lives were spent in search for more of an understanding of the weaknesses of the human psyche, and how to make them better. Discussion still arises, but no one doubts their contributions remain at the forefront of psychological thought. These psychologists view points and methods took form when trying to find the reasons to people’s changes and why they do certain things, during the early stages of studying psychology. Their findings have been a foundation for psychology to explain how someone comes about with their personality. Freud’s opinions on the human character are often debatable, and he said that the human psyche was a composed of the id, ego, and superego and the issues...
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...Cognitive Personality Approach Introduction Psychology definition is the study of the human mind and human behaviors. It is an theoretical discipline and is applied science in which seeks the understanding of individuals and groups by establishing overall principles, along with researching specific form of cases. There are many different approaches to psychology such as humanist, behavioral, and cognitive. One must understand the cognitive approach before truly understand the cognitive personality approach. Cognitive psychology “is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding”(Lu & Dosher, 2007, p. 1). As the term ‘cognition’ comes from the Latin word “cognoscere”. Cognitive psychology is the study in which how people obtain and apply knowledge or information to their everyday lives. It is a modern form that includes a set of new technologies in the field of psychological science. The study of human cognitive is traced back to Aristotle De Memoria in Hothersall in 1984. The overall concept of cognitive psychology began with the cognitive approaches to psychological issues in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the work of Wundt, Cattell, and William James. It claimed the first half of the approach during the 20th century with the behaviorism approach in cognitive psychology. Within this dissertation it will be covering different aspects of cognitive personality...
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...(unconscious) are controlled by Ego (bridge between ID and Reality) * Ego Psychology * Enhancing ego functions according to demands of reality * Object relations (Winnicott) * Human beings are shaped in relation to significant others * Struggle is to maintain relations with others while differentiating ourselves from them * Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut) * Self refers to perception of experiences * Brief therapy focuses on issue and therapist is active in keeping the discussion controlled Lec 3: Object Relations Theory: * Object: a person * Relations: interpersonal relationships (including past) * Object Relations: inner images of self and other * Holding Environment “Psychic space between mother and infant (between psychological and physical)” * Theory : “failure of mother to provide a holding environment results in false disorder” * Transitional Object “object chosen by the infant or a living object” * Object cannot be imposed by another person * Functions of transitional objects: * Prevention of catastrophic anxiety due to separation * Assist in maintaining a memory of the object until capacity for memory exist * Help accept reality * Child’s use of transitional object depends on establishment of a good holding environment * When that holding environment fails, the child’s capacity to use the object fails Lec 4: Self Psychology * 3 needs must be fulfilled...
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...broken down into five parts. The first part of Freud’s theory is Dynamics. This level deals with instinctual forces (Rapaport and Gill, 1959). Freud traces all instincts, in a certain sense, therefore all actions, back to two instincts; they are Eros (“sexual instinct” or “libido”) and the “destructive” (aggressive) instinct”. They work together and against each other and have a hand in everything we do. The primary example of this is, sex itself, where of course libido is present, and varying degrees of aggressiveness (or lack of) can lead someone to either be bashful and impotent or a sex murderer and anything in between. Economic Freud’s theory of the instincts is further realized in the “economic” level of his theory. This attempt, in some fashion, to abstractly quantify the power of instincts through the concept of “psychic energy”. This is described through a system in which this energy is invested towards instinctual goals through catharsis, toward maximizing the pleasure for the individual. This, however, is balanced by the concept of anti-catharsises, in which the energy is invested as a force against the instinct, via defense in the ego. Developmental Oral phase begins at birth. Sadistic-Anal Phase is characterized by satisfaction being sought in aggression and in excretory function. Phallic Phase, male genitals take center stage. Followed by “Oedipal Stage” and begins touching his genitals and fantasizes about his mother, until he realizes females do not have a...
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... Human development covers a large selection of human behaviors that have been studied since the beginning of psychology in order to understand the full potential of humans and the way that they think, learn, and behave. Sigmund Freud has been predominantly influential in the study of human development and is the father of psychodynamics and the first to study human development and the inner working of the mind and since then child development has become a crucial aspect in virtually every field of psychology due to several influencing factors on childhood growth and experience (DeVitis, 2011). The stage theories are significant tools in understanding the psychology of human development. Each theorist offers logically uncomplicated justifications of human behavior. However, unanswered questions still arise as to how accurate a theory based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular individual. This paper will discuss and compare the evolutionary/Sociobiological, learning, and psychoanalytical theories and their similarities and differences in the overall development of the child (Savania, & all). Sigmund Freud who is often the most well-known person in the field of Psychology introduced the psychoanalytical theory. Freud believed that our subconscious and ego controlled much of our behavior. The learning theory, that was introduced, by Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John B. Watson, is that theory...
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...development. Define personality In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. These are many frames of reference and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), in which the author's state personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics. The authors go on to say within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics. Traits provide for individual differences in conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a person who embodies such virtues as, temperament, physique, and intelligence (p. 4). Noted psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud's knowledge of personality was greatly known and share with the world. Freud states that these elements can be broken down into three parts the id, ego, and superego. The id is the primitive part of the personality who wants only gratification and instant pleasure; one would say this is the selfish part of the mind. The ego...
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...analyze factors that might have an influence on an individual’s own personality development. In defining personality one must understand that many in psychology cannot agree on a solitary definition. This is because there are many frames of references and influences. The practitioner’s frame of reference and influences extend largely from their geographical areas in which each person has lived. The practitioner's experiences are as diverse as sands of a beach. However, the one definition extracted comes from Feist & Feist (2009), where the author states that personality is a pattern of permanent and unique traits and characteristics. The author states that within personality, there are two elements, traits, and characteristics that can truly define ones personality. This is important because traits that are provided show individual differences that conduct regularity of behavior over time and steadiness of behavior across circumstances. Traits are unique, or common to some group; however, each pattern is solitary to the person. Characteristics are singular aspects of a person who embodies such virtues as, temperament, physique, and intelligence (p. 4). Noted psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud's knowledge of personality was greatly known and share with the world. According to Freud the three parts of characteristic elements are the id, ego and the superego. The id is the primitive part of the personality who wants only gratification and instant pleasure; one would...
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...Part 1 By looking at the psychosocial theory of identity and social identity theory we realize that there is many similarities and differences in how they conceptualise identity. Both theories agree that identity has personal and social aspects. The most noticeable difference is that the psychosocial theory looks at how we achieve our individual identities, whereas Tajfel focuses on how we develop group identities (as cited in Phoenix, 2007, p. 62). Looking at each of the theorists’ biographies shows us how each person’s past has influenced their interests. Erikson’s interest is on core identity and lifelong development whereas the Tajfel’s main interest was on how prejudice is produced through group identity. The two theories have different research methods where Tafel uses an experimental research method to gain objectivity in contrast with Erikson seeking a subjective or insider viewpoint. As a result both theories gather different types of data. We then look at how differently our identities is said to develop in each theory and whether the theories view our identities are fixed or allow for change. Our identity is what makes us unique, it is understood to be our own theory of ourselves and it includes the characteristics and relationships we have with other people (as cited in Phoenix, 2007, p. 47). Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a psychoanalyst and defined identity as ‘a conscious sense of individual uniqueness, an unconscious striving for continuity and having solidarity...
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...Difference! Human development covers a large selection of human behaviors that have been studied since the beginning of psychology in order to understand the full potential of humans and the way that they think, learn, and behave. Sigmund Freud has been predominantly influential in the study of human development and is the father of psychodynamics and the first to study human development and the inner working of the mind and since then child development has become a crucial aspect in virtually every field of psychology due to several influencing factors on childhood growth and experience (DeVitis, 2011). The stage theories are significant tools in understanding the psychology of human development. Each theorist offers logically uncomplicated justifications of human behavior. However, unanswered questions still arise as to how accurate a theory based on characterizing human behavior in general can be when applied to one particular individual. This paper will discuss and compare the evolutionary/Sociobiological, learning, and psychoanalytical theories and their similarities and differences in the overall development of the child (Savania, & all). Sigmund Freud who is often the most well-known person in the field of Psychology introduced the psychoanalytical theory. Freud believed that our subconscious and ego controlled much of our behavior. The learning theory, that was introduced, by Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, and John B. Watson, is that theory...
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...contrasted. The first theory was authored by Sigmund Freud and is the most popular. However, it seems most people have a distinct opinion of him. They either love or hate him. Freud’s personality theory seems to be ingrained in many people’s minds, whether they are informed about psychology or not. The author of the second personality theory is Alfred Adler. At one time, Adler was an invited guest to Freud’s house on Wednesday evenings. Adler and Freud, along with other respected colleagues, discussed their theories during these gatherings. Adler did not like the idea of people considering him a Freudian follower. He continually stated that his theory was very different from Freud’s studies. When comparing the two theories, the underlying assumptions each will be reviewed: deterministic vs. free will and awareness of self (conscious and unconscious). In addition, this paper will show that the two men were very different in their concept of humanity. Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic theory. The psychoanalytic theory states that a person’s unconscious mind motivates and influences his personality development. According to Freud’s theory, there are three areas of concern in the unconscious mind: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id is a pleasure seeker. The id wants...
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