...today’s world is the social and economic inequalities leading up to the American Revolution. The cause of the Revolution was due to many of the grievances that colonists had for the British. Knowing this fact, we can better understand how this is useful and relevant in understanding the economic inequalities in Egypt which led to the Revolution in 2011. The American Revolution was fought because of numerous unresolved conflicts that the colonists had with the British. Even after the war, there were problems still lingering. Some of these issues included freedom of expression, voting rights and political participation, and the Inflation of goods. Many of these disagreements resulted in rioting and protests, as well as boycotting of goods and such. Let’s start with freedom of expression. Speech was limited in Britain, but if referring to the boundary outside of Parliament, then there was no legal protection for freedom of speech. Moreover, an individual could be beheaded for criticizing the king and the government. Even before the Revolution, voting rights and the political participation was very limited when electing government officials. There were property qualifications in order to vote in America. For example, “nearly every adult male could meet the voting qualification of fifty acres of land”. This meant that only the rich or middle class had any say in politics during this time. After the Revolution, the states became more lenient in the voting rights by allowing all men to...
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...Amr Amr 12/10/2013 Egypt Burning: How one Egyptian revolutionary movement overthrew a dictator while one another overthrew a democracy. On the 17th of December, 2011 a vegetable vendor lit himself on fire in response to the corrupt and inefficient bureaucratic system in Tunisia. This small event by an unknown vendor led to the biggest and fastest spread of social movements in the history of the Arab world known as the Arab spring. Yet while the Tunisian example has been seen as relatively successful, in Egypt things seems to be more complicated and difficult especially with two different social movements, the first mobilized on the 25th of January and overthrew the long time autocratic ruler Hosni Mubarak, while the second had its beginnings in December of 2012 led to the overthrow of the first democratically elected president on June 30th of the following year was able to rally the biggest protest in modern history. This research paper’s goal will be to analyze the two social movements, their origins, make-up, organizational structure, their image abroad and finally their conclusion. For example why did the January 25th movement, which had clear goals from the onset and an extremely diverse make up ranging from secular liberals to conservative Islamists get sidelined and collapsed after achieving their first goal? And why did the Tamarod movement (rebel in Arabic) which had its origin in a petition form and was able to garner more active support, including...
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...Social media’s role in 2011 Egyptian revolution Egyptian revolution in 2011 was part of Arab Spring, a series of demonstrations, protests and revolutions. All of those revolts have one thing in common and it is the important role of social media. This essay is going to investigate the social media’s effect on Arab Spring, particularly on the revolution in Egypt. Social media have a great power, because thanks to them, people can share their thoughts in every single minute of their life. Even though there are other ways of communication, social media, such as blogs, Twitter or Facebook, had a great impact on Egyptian revolution in 2011 because people could organize their dissidence fast and could easily share their ideas of the free Egypt. When Hosni Mubarak became a president in 1981, he became suppressing all his opponents. People were not happy, but they were not united in order to oppose Mubarak. Everyone trying to oppose Mubarak without the support of the people put his life and lives of his family into the risk. There was no simple nor easy way to connect with people who shared the same opinion about the government, because having such a discussion at any public place was dangerous at that time. Although it was possible to find people with the same political views, the idea of making any non-violent protest was unrealistic. To make such a protest many people need to join the demonstration, but without internet, people couldn’t share the information about the demonstration...
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...an Egyptian leader who made a lot of achievements for Egypt, the Middle East and Africa. Nasser was an important figure in the recent history of Egypt and had a great role in 23 July revolution; he was one of the leaders of the free officers’ movement. Gamal Adel Nasser was a brave solider who fought against Israel. Nasser was a significant leader who had revolutionary ideas that supported the free officers’ movement. Nasser was the most popular Arabic leader in his era and had a big role in all Arabs’ revolutions and also made an Arabian nationalism, which included a short period of unity between Egypt and Syria (The painful presidency of Egypt's Nasser, 1969). Nasser also encouraged a number of revolutions in the Arab countries and a number of other countries. Nasser as a magnificent leader had an affective role in the political and social life during his judgment and after his death. (Nowaira, 2010) In July 26 1956 Gamal Abdel Nasser took a great political decision. Nasser announced nationalizing the Suez Canal Company SAE to finance the Aswan high dam after the World Bank refused to finance the construction of the high dam. Nasser took that decision several years before the end of Britain’s contract of benefiting from the canal, which led to tension and escalation and bring hostility to Egypt. Nasser also increased tensions with France due to his support for the Algerian revolution. Meanwhile, Israel began launching its attacks against...
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...The consequences of the Egyptian and Tunisian Revolution Inspired by the successful revolution in Tunisia, the Egyptian Revolution started on January. Thousands of people demonstrated in the streets to protest against poverty, rampant unemployment, government corruption and autocratic governance of President Hosni Mubarak. After 18 days of protest, President Mubarak resigned. After the turmoil in Egypt, a question still remains: do we have to fear some impacts on the global economy? Is there a threat for the rest of the world? To answer to these questions, it is important to keep in mind the different arguments. Even if Egypt is not well integrated into the international financial system and Cairo is not a significant financial hub, the Egyptian Revolution can have major economic and financial implications. Although the country is not a major oil producer, the main way Egypt can impact the global economy is through oil. It is interesting to see that oil markets overreacted to the Egyptian uprising. Oil prices have risen around $100 U.S. per barrel. First with the Suez Canal which runs through Egypt, the country plays a key role for transporting oil from the Persian Gulf to Europe and elsewhere. The Egyptian crisis could create some disruptions in the operation of the canal and that might cause a rise in oil prices. That could have negative effects for oil-importing countries and bring inflationary pressures. After the 2008 crisis, the world has been weakened. Today, it...
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... share interests, activities, backgrounds, or real-life connections. Its service consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks. Like Facebook, twitter and their role in the Egyptian revolution. We will start by introducing Facebook one of the most important social networks all over the world. Facebook is a social networking website launched in February 2004, operated and privately owned by Facebook Inc. May 2012. It reached more than 900 million users; more than half of them using cell phones, iPod, iPhones & tablets Users cannot access the site unless you register, after having a Facebook account, add and search for new friends, and send messages, including notifications when they update their profile. Moreover, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as "People from Work" or "Close Friends". Good thing...
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...“The Facebook Revolution”: Social Networking Sites and the correlation with The January 25 Revolution. 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Information and communication technology increasing with the growing variety of Internet based applications. This new media is not only "library information" to facilitate the dissemination of information to a universal audience, but even more than that. This media is also a powerful tool for communication activities. Furthermore, with Web 2.0 technology, design and use of the Internet has changed much work to do with this new media that Levinson (2009) call this "new new media"- more new than the new media- which shows variances against the classic new media such as e-mail and websites. This media is not merely a tool to facilitate distribution, archiving and text-based, but has become a tool for social media who have the capability delivering media content and providing interaction facilities between readers and writers. Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein (2010) define social media as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content (photos, videos, links, etc.)." In addition, it is also one of the latest communication channels that enable dissemination and sharing of information can be done quickly and widely through the new media. Undeniably, the year 2008 is seen as...
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...Foreign Aid to Egypt Prior and Post the 2011 Revolution Mona El-Sholkamy Misr International University [pic] Abstract Foreign aid is one of those topics that have provided ample room for discussion and controversy over the years. The world has had more than fifty years of experience of aid giving and receiving in the post-war era. This experience has enriched our knowledge not only about aid -- a broad subject with numerous interrelated issues -- but also about the entire development process foreign aid supposedly seeks to accelerate. Hundreds of billions of foreign aid dollars have been designated to developing countries and hundreds of billions more will be provided in the next few years. For the past years, U.S. foreign aid has been judged by its intentions, not its results. Foreign aid programs have been perpetuated and expanded not because they have succeeded, but because giving foreign aid still seems like a good idea. But foreign aid has rarely done anything that countries could not have done for themselves. Furthermore, it has often encouraged the recipient governments' worst tendencies--helping to underwrite programs and policies that have starved thousands of people and derailed struggling economies. Given this, the question now is how much foreign aid is enough. How much do we really need as an economy at this stage of our development? What type of aid is most effective? Is more aid necessarily better? Implied in these questions is that the amount...
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...Khan 15020568 Professor Erum Haider Pol 320 6 May 2014 How do social media shape the social movements in modern times? A comparative study of Ukraine Crimea crisis and Egyptian revolution for democracy! A social movement can look like and be called many things. Whatever their appearance or name, the goal of all social movements is presumably the same: a change for the better. If this is indeed the ultimate objective of a social movement, it is well worth considering how successfully a movement achieves that objective. In the past ten years, several social movements have grabbed the world’s attention for the change they promised. Deemed successful for achieving their goal of change, though not necessarily change for the better, further evaluations have been sparsely performed. However, in judging social movements, what happens is shaped to a greater degree by the media, specifically. We shall look at modern day Egypt and Ukraine in our analysis. The effect of social media—and the Internet more generally—in both sets of protests is undeniable yet also distracting. Like most historic events, these protests and revolutions were in part possible due to a new technology. Flipping through the pages of history we see that The Reformation in Europe was aided by the invention of the printing press; the revolutions of 1848 occurred in some respect thanks to the invention of the telegraph which transmitted news across Europe of one set of protests overnight; the age of modern terrorism, from...
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...establishing a successful democratic system in the Islamic World, with specific reference to the recent Arab Spring uprisings in Egypt and Algeria. These modern revolutions implement a series of unique tactics, (provoked by the triumph of the Egyptian rebellion in 2010), and provide a unique prospect for establishing a permanent democracy. However, with existing traditions practiced in the Islamic World that often run contrary to democratic ideals, the unanimous acceptance of democracy and its accompanying social values will indeed be a slow and challenging process in these relatively conservative states. The “lens” through which this essay will be examined is in a critical manner of the Arab Spring events. Although the media deemed the revolutions an overnight success during the time period in which they occurred, the accompanying affects and challenges were blatantly ignored. Indeed, while it is a commendable feat that dictator-like institutions were overthrown in a relatively short period of time (and disputably with little violence), the ability for these democratic institutions to successfully practice political norms modeled after centuries-old democratic states is an immense challenge. The thesis statement will essentially argue that although the Arab Spring revolutions provided the essential platform for institutionalizing democracy in Egypt and Algeria, it is only the first step of an extremely long process to come. The presence of Islamic culture in society is still...
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...Universal Declaration of Human Rights written up by the United Nations, its states that, “Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people” (UN, 1948). Articles 19 to 21 specifically target the freedom of thought, conscience and belief of human rights that a Democratic government must abide by and Egypt is no exception. Arab Spring Turmoil has been brewing in Egypt, causing great pain to its inhabitants, destroying homes and families and creating complete mayhem in the process. The first marked incident according to The Guardian is on the 1st of January 2011; a suicide bombing attempt took place outside a Coptic Church in Alexandria. By the 25th of January Egypt finally joined the Arab Spring alongside Tunisia, Yemen and Algeria. The ‘Arab Spring’ was an activist movement by several Middle-Eastern countries in an attempt at freedom from political and religious oppression and authoritarian governments. A major role in political and social affairs, which had been in play over the years, is media. From the traditional forms such as newspapers and radio to the modern day social platforms, it is very clear how influential such resources are and how influential controlling them can get an entity. It can be said that almost...
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...y 1. Introduction Social media is gaining more and more acceptance and popularity as a practical and strategic method for communication and organization among wider group of people, making it an ideal platform for popular use. This paper attempts to stress the role of social media in shaping opinions and motivating collective actions. It draws example from the recent Arab revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt. In this regard, the paper will debate the arguments made by Malcolm T. Gladwell, is a Canadian journalist, bestselling author, peaker and a staff writer for The New Yorker since 1996. Malcolm was critisized by many Arab activists because of his contradictory views regarding the role of social media in the Arab Springas he made it clearly that he doesn’t think such tools amount to much. In an online chat that Malcolm Gladwell did for the New Yorker's website , he explicitly stated that the internet can be an effective tool for political change when used by grassroots organisations as opposed to a core crop of activated individuals. Thus, simply showing that the internet was used to publicize, and even organise protests in the Middle East does nothing to counter his argument. The paper would argue that social media could be very strong and powerful communications tool for a particular group of audiences as well as the general public. One value of using social media is that it is simple and can easily be used by various channels to deliver messages that are unique to...
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...deals with the reactions of different characters that stand for various layers of the Egyptian society towards the 1952 revolution, talked about the adventure between cultures and historically based that was happening in Alexandria at the time. Naguib made his characters all come from different political backgrounds and they all believed in different things because of their area and culturally environment. Egypt was having a lot of politically governments and high standards ideals in the 1900’s throughout the 1960’s. Egypt has gone through ups and downs because of this, which made it grow from generation to generation. But this has caused major problem in the society and the way the Egyptians live, it made it corrupt and cause conflict between other people. Now most Egyptians thrive to become like these political governors to have some sort of power in their country because without that they mean nothing and people will think less of them which is very stereotypical. In this essay I will focus on two major characters from the book and talk about their background and how they are being treated in the country and by the people from a history stand point and a political one as well and how Egypt was and the way it treats different types of people. The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 was a countrywide non-violent revolution against the British occupation of Egypt. It was carried out by Egyptians but then British-ordered exile of revolutionary leader Saad...
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...opinions and not necessarily those of the University. Signed __________________ Date _________________ ABSTRACT This research is focused on analysing the role played by Social media in the Arab Uprisings. During l8-day period, the Egyptian protesters succeeded to a large extent in achieving maximum publicity and attracting the attention of the world by mobilizing news media coverage of their protests. The role of media is to provide information and communicate messages to others. Media played a significant role in ringing political changes to the countries belonging to Arab region. Since a long time, the people of Egypt, Tunisia, Libya and other countries were facing problems due to the unequal and biased policies developed in the country by the leaders. These riots turned out to be an outcome of the frustrations and annoyance which were filling up the people of Egypt and Tunisia. With the incident when Mohamed Bouazizi set himself ablaze in Tunisia due to the injustice and unequal behaviour, a wave of frustration, riots and protests ran through the citizen of Arab. This research provides an overview of how media is represented as a medium fo communication. It has described the reasons and factors which led the people to come on streets and bring...
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...has seen Egypt’s revolution take a new, radical, direction – the ArabSpring has only just begun. (Essay written in Summer 2011)Oliver Lewis When historians get around to analysing the Egyptian revolution of 2011, I have no doubt thatthey will mark July as the turning point. In the same way that the June of 1791 marked the birthof radical French republicanism following King Louis’ ill-advised escape attempt, or the waythe October of 1917 ushered in Russian communism following Lenin’s coup; the recent shiftsin revolutionary conduct in Egypt that have occurred over the last month seem to mark a paradigm shift. The passion for change has flared up once again as new forces have come to thefore. The Egyptian Revolution is about to move onto its next stage and, if we’re lucky, it couldherald the beginning of an Arab Summer.The casual observer could be forgiven for thinking that the revolution had ended months ago. Aseemingly unsolvable situation in Libya, a truly unsolvable euro-crisis and the fall of RupertMurdoch have ensured that the gaze of the media has been firmly set away from Cairo (TheBBC’s “Egypt’s Revolution” webpage hasn’t been updated since February). However, just be-cause our media has lost interest, the people of Egypt certainly haven’t given up on their struggle for liberty. Make no mistake, this revolution has not run out of steam – it has onlygrown since it was last the subject of worldwide attention.In the months since Mubarak’s resignation Egypt has continued to...
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