...sarcophagus. Sarcophagus comes from Greek words sarx, means “flesh” and phagein, means “to eat”. Mostly, sarcophagus is made from stone. This is because the artisan wanted it to be last long and be memorable. There are a lot of different kinds of sarcophagus that have been made in before centuries. The shape, size, and what specific stone it used to make the sarcophagus are depends on the culture of where it has been made. In University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, there are two examples of sarcophagus with different style and shapes. Those are the Egyptian sarcophagus and Italian sarcophagus. Egyptian sarcophagus displayed on the museum is made from a limestone. This sarcophagus was crafted around 200 – 190 BC. According to the museum, it came from “Ptolemaic culture”. This sarcophagus was crafted by “Pedibast” to honor the third generation of the king in early 30th century. This Egyptian sarcophagus has about “6.5 feet on height, 2 feet width and about 1.5 feet in depth”. The shape is following human body which will leave only a plenty spot once a corpse is put inside. Beneath the man, there is a square box which made as a base of the sculpture so it can be in standing position. It has dark color, almost black, and finely polished. This sarcophagus is still in good condition. It can be looked by the perfect shape of the lid and there is no crack on the polish. When I tried to touch it, it felt smooth, not like regular stone. It does not look natural for...
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...July has seen Egypt’s revolution take a new, radical, direction – the ArabSpring has only just begun. (Essay written in Summer 2011)Oliver Lewis When historians get around to analysing the Egyptian revolution of 2011, I have no doubt thatthey will mark July as the turning point. In the same way that the June of 1791 marked the birthof radical French republicanism following King Louis’ ill-advised escape attempt, or the waythe October of 1917 ushered in Russian communism following Lenin’s coup; the recent shiftsin revolutionary conduct in Egypt that have occurred over the last month seem to mark a paradigm shift. The passion for change has flared up once again as new forces have come to thefore. The Egyptian Revolution is about to move onto its next stage and, if we’re lucky, it couldherald the beginning of an Arab Summer.The casual observer could be forgiven for thinking that the revolution had ended months ago. Aseemingly unsolvable situation in Libya, a truly unsolvable euro-crisis and the fall of RupertMurdoch have ensured that the gaze of the media has been firmly set away from Cairo (TheBBC’s “Egypt’s Revolution” webpage hasn’t been updated since February). However, just be-cause our media has lost interest, the people of Egypt certainly haven’t given up on their struggle for liberty. Make no mistake, this revolution has not run out of steam – it has onlygrown since it was last the subject of worldwide attention.In the months since Mubarak’s resignation Egypt has continued...
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...Export IKEA furniture products to Egypt Instructor: Bonnie Heineman Wolfe MBA 617: Import Export Management Pinarath Sinluksanathip Munkh Orgil Zorigoo Funmi Ogunwale Nasser Madini Samuel Sandeep Trang Huynh December 3, 2012 CONTENT I. Executive Summary II. Introduction III. Product background analysis IV. Egypt Overview V. Barrier to trade of Egypt VI. Market Analysis VII. Marketing Effort VIII. Logistic and Supply Chain analysis 1. Logistic Strength in Egypt: 2. Egypt Facts from Logistics Perspective 3. Creating a Supply Chain and Logistics Strategy a. Determining the Store Location and Capacity b. Transportation and Storage c. Logistic partnerships d. Logistic Enterprise and Measurement 4. Risk Management Plan for Supply Chain and Logistics IX. IKEA Distribution Process to Egypt X. General document requirement for exporting I. Executive Summary IKEA is a home furnishing company with a fully integrated supply chain, including its own industrial groups – Swedwood and Swedspan. The IKEA Group, directly or indirectly, also owns retail centers, always with an IKEA store as unique anchor tenant. The IKEA Group works in four basic areas: range strategy & product development, production, supply and retail. The parent company of the IKEA Group of Companies, INGKA Holding B.V. is owned by Stichting INGKA Foundation in the Netherlands (The case of IKEA...
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...Three impressive civilizations, from different time periods, have managed to influence each others cultures through the literature works of poetry; from Ancient Egyptian song: “I Am Your Best Girl”, to the glorious Greek love poems of the beautiful Sappho, and the monotheistic Hebrews Song: “I Am the Rose of Sharon.” Over the course of thousands of years, each of these great civilizations had countless views on poetry; all represented inspiration to their own citizens to become successful in life’s endeavors. All forms of literature, art, scripts and artifacts had a wide effect on these societies. By comparing these key examples of poetry, matters of passion for personal integrity, search for eternal love, admiration for greater quality of life and powerful affection towards dear ones, can give us a better understanding towards the emotional and dignifying experiences each culture portrayed. In the first Love Song: “I Am Your Best Girl,” there are many contrasts between the authors theme of powerful affection towards a beloved and the authors self-definition of ones own society. To start, the author sets a personal tone of desire and devotion to ones beloved. She shows ones worth in the first few lines of a simile “I belong to you like an acre of land which I have planted,” here the poet doesn’t mind becoming a part of mans property, she is deeply devoted to him. Nevertheless, it can also bring meaning into a hard days work of maintaining the land and applying that to her...
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...A Review of Judgment of Hunefer Before Osiris By K. Becerra The Egyptian Book of the Dead ignited the imagination of Hollywood moviemakers in the early 1990’s, leading to movies with the book being a critical and fearful aspect of the movies. In some representations, the book raised zombies for the pharaoh’s of Egypt and instilled fear in their subjects. Hollywood misinterpreted the purpose, form and function of this historical scroll of ancient Egypt. In this essay, we will examine the true purpose and artistic design elements of this ancient document. The afterlife weighed heavily on the minds of the ancient Egyptians. Their obsession with death and immortality led to the creation of stunning architecture and artwork, although esthetically pleasing these historical artifacts were created to assist the dead in their afterlife. In an effort to prepare for the afterlife scrolls, later called the book of the dead, were placed next to the bodies of the Egyptian mummies. These scrolls contained spells that would assist the deceased in navigating the perils of the afterlife. Today archeologists have uncovered more than 25,000 copies of the book of the dead, the oldest text dating from 15000 B.C.E. and the most recent dating in the fourth century A.D. The Judgment of Hunefer Before Osiris, A famous example of a Book of the Dead created in the Nineteenth Dynasty, c. 1285 BCE. The scroll was painted on papyrus and standing at a height of 39.8cm. According to Stokstad...
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...roasted, boiled, fried, dried, baked and blended. The ancient egyptians ate green vegetables, lettuce, beans, nuts, peas, celery, onions, lentils, figs, dates, garlic, eggs, cheese, butter and much more. Ancient Egyptians had plenty of flavor to add to...
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...Learning specifics about how a society lived in 2000 B.C gives so much information about how and why they lived. It becomes proof and not just speculation of a way they possibly lived. The Egyptians were very strict to themselves about their god and although that may be shown in other ways the ‘Declaration of Innocence’ shows it in a new perspective. This document shows a way of life that people lived. I believe the author wanted to document how “pure” people wanted to live for their god. It shows that people brought themselves before the gods and stated what they did for the god and what they did not do to be pure in their eyes and the gods eyes. During this time period the different gods they worshipped was one of the most important things...
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...impressed by the on screen appearance of the huge creatures, the dinosaurs, of different variety. The object of appreciation was, of course, the computer generated graphics and animation. But more than that, I was really amazed by the knowledge the people had about these wild monsters, who are the species extinct for almost 65 million years. How do these people come to know how did these creatures look like, what were their food habits, how did they live and how did they evolve? A question came to my mind, ‘CAN PAST TALK TO US?’ . 2. A few years later another movie was released, ‘The Mummy’. This time it was the Egyptian culture that was depicted. Incidentally this culture has also been extinct for thousands of years. It is believed that this culture was in existence some 4500 years ago. Where did the knowledge of the life style of the ancient Egyptians, their religious practices, their culture, their language and their houses, clothes and weapons come from? Could the past possibly have talked to the producers? 3. I am sure these questions must have surfaced in your minds also. If I was to answer these questions, I would say, yes, the past can talk to us. But only through an interpreter. This interpreter is called an ‘ARCHAEOLOGIST’. 4. Good morning lady and gentlemen, today I shall talk briefly on the subject ‘Archaeology’. Although the subject of digging into the past of the planet earth has extremely wide scope, I shall restrict myself to the history...
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...Ancient Art The pieces of art that will be compared comes from the Egyptian art collection; one from the Old Kingdom of the 4th Dynasty, the other from the New Kingdom of the 19th Dynasty. The works from the 4th Dynasty is called Princess Nefertiabet and her food, dating between 2590-2565 b.c. and the works for the 19th Dynasty is called The Goddess Hathor Welcomes Sethos I, dated between 1290-1179 b.c.. Both paintings reflect the lifestyle of the Egyptian beliefs through the use of hieroglyphics. The Egyptians were strong believers in the sun god Ka, and that there was life after death and “that part of human being that defines personality and that survives life on earth after death”(A World of Art,6th ed., 2009). A lot of the paintings created are about the afterlife. Priness Neferiabet was the daughter of Snefru and the best artists of their times were commissioned to create a painting depicting all the riches the princess would have in the afterlife. The stele is 37.5 cm in height and 52.5 cm in width and painted on limestone, with vibrant colors of red, yellow, black and green. The various inscriptions tell the onlooker about the various items such as food and clothing that were taken with the princess. They are also deliberately placed on the limestone in various ways. For instance, the pictorial for libation is placed in front of her face possibly meaning the importance of food. The painting of Hathor and Sethos I carries a different story of the...
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...Orthodox Christianity started in Egypt but has become worldwide and has become a common faith around the world. Egypt is identified in the Bible as the place of refuge that the Holy Family sought in its flight from Judea: "When he [Joseph] arose, he took the young Child and His mother by night and departed for Egypt, and was there until the death of Herod the Great, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt I called My Son" (Matthew 2:12–23). The word Copt is derived from the Greek word Aigyptos, which was, in turn, derived from "Hikaptah", one of the names for Memphis, the first capital of Ancient Egypt. The modern use of the term "Coptic" describes Egyptian Christians, as well as the last stage of the ancient Egyptian language script. The word ‘orthodox’ literally means ‘straight opinion.' The Coptic church is based on the teachings of Saint Mark , he brought Christianity into Egypt during the roman era when Nero was emperor. Christianity spread throughout Egypt within a half century of Saint Marks arrival in Alexandria. According to the tradition when Saint Mark arrived on his missionary journey to Egypt...
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...actions, as these two aspects of life are the ones that tell us most about the needs and beliefs of a culture. Learning about the needs and beliefs of ancient Egyptian culture brings up these barriers. In order to get an idea of the events and actions that pertained to the needs and beliefs of ancient Egyptians, we can look at certain physical artifacts from the time. Art and everyday objects can explain a lot about the daily events and actions of ancient Egyptians. However, these objects cannot give a thorough explanation about aspects of the culture on their own. In order to make the most out of the interpretation of ancient artifacts, they must be compared to similar artifacts from a culture that is known by the individual conducting the comparison. Finding the similarities and differences between the objects’ appearance and usage can lead to conclusions about the culture as a whole. One aspect of Egyptian culture that can be learned about and analyzed through certain artifacts is the depiction of women, and how women were viewed by other members of ancient Egyptian society. The way women are depicted in art during the times of ancient Egypt, can help show how they perceived in Egyptian culture. In order to gage this perception two similar representations of women from different cultures (one from ancient Egyptian society, and one from Western society that most are familiar with) must be compared. The two objects that will be compared are both statues of couples. These statues...
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...the lord’s central council. Record keeping was aimed at maintaining integrity and discovering misappropriation. For example, auditors gathered to physically check harvest against volumes harvested. Some of the most ancient records are on clay tablets dating from 2500BC relating to the Sumerian civilisation showing a series of transaction involving grain. The Code of Manu, which reflected Hindu thought, provided for a periodical audit of trade relating to Kayasthas castle in Bengal. A number of chapters in the Quran recommends the need for orderly accounts regarding transactions involving debt. The clay tablets with signatures by sealing dating from 2400BC to 700AD in Mesopotamia indicate attachment to written record keeping. In Egypt, Egyptians used papyrus (paper) to record transaction. Pharaohs operated stores accounting recording receipts and disbursements which was regularly audited. That time, scribes, acting as bookkeepers, must behave wisely because if any irregularities disclosed by royal audits, they would be punished. The records recorded by the scribes were important as they reminded owners of the quantities of stores held and enabled them to control the activities of their stewards. In Greece, ‘public accountant’ was allowed to maintain real authority and control over the government’s finances. There was an Athens Popular Assembly that legislated all financial matters and controlled public receipt and expenditure. The most important Greek contribution to accounting...
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...My name is John, and I am a kissy princess. The Hyksos, a controversial topic of who are they and what really happened, were they freed slaves or were the invaders that were driven out by the Egyptians? In this paper, I will <………> who were the Hyksos and highlight their impact on history. We know that the Hyksos attacked Egypt from the East, they spoke a western semantic language and that we can link them to the Levant area. Based on Manetho’s writing in Aegyptiaca., frag. 42, 1.75-79.2 we know the Hyksos invaded Egypt as Manetho states “Tutimaeus [0]. In his reign, for what cause I know not, a blast of God smote us; and unexpectedly, from the regions of the East, invaders of obscure race marched in confidence of victory against our land. By main force they easily overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods, and treated all the natives with a cruel hostility, massacring some and leading into slavery the wives and children of others.” Based on the aforementioned excerpt the Hyksos didn’t come to Egypt in peace. Egypt was disunited during this time so the Hyksos gradually conquered more and more of Egypt. Further evidence that the Hyksos weren’t slaves and that they were conquerors can be shown in their name since we now know the meaning of the word “Hyksos.” Hyksos was thought to mean “Shepard Kings” is more accurately translated to “the rulers of foreign countries”[1] which highly...
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...economies, is beginning its transition to a market economy. As a developing nation, Egypt has witnessed several changes in its accounting system during last two decades. This case provides an analysis of the Egyptian accounting system with emphasis on the development of the Egyptian Accounting Standards. In addition, this case makes recommendations for the reformation of the Egyptian accounting system. Keywords: Egypt, International accounting standards, Egyptian accounting standards, Egyptian accounting system, Privatization, Culture The state of accounting, Page 1 Journal of Business Cases and Applications 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this case is twofold. The first goal is to present an analysis of the development of the Egyptian accounting system. The second goal is to provide several recommendations to facilitate the Egyptian accounting reformation. Once accounting reformation occurs, Egyptian companies can prepare financial reports that will be of greater benefit than those at present. To Egyptian companies the result will be an increase in foreign investment and funds raised from external sources. With these goals as the objective, Egyptians need to comprehend successful accounting systems and extract that which may be applied to the Egyptian system. The process of accounting reformation in Egypt and the politics of setting standards are the main issues discussed within this case. This case may be used in international accounting courses at both...
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... Envision a life where your son is found drowning in a pool of his blood after attempting to go home, the streets flowing with the remains of your lost loved one. Bodies trampled by the ruined remains of the buildings that once stood tall, families torn apart and are forever in loss. Life under a regime is full of hardships, loss, devastation, and hopelessness that no one should ever have to face in their life. For over 30 years, Egypt has been ruled by Hosni Mubarak, and for many, these are the challenges they endure on a regular basis, the daily struggle of surviving. For activist Gigi Ibrahim, she has had enough of this problem and are finally speaking up as well as many other countless freedom seekers. Like many journeys, there is always road bumps trying to steer you away from achieving your goal, Gigi is no exception. Gigi faced backlash from her own family, trying to convince her otherwise that this revolution is not worth it but that didn’t stop her. Just like her family, Gigi also faced many ignorant people, who refused to open their minds and let new ideas simmer. Life isn't comfortable for anyone; there are many obstacles that we all face, trying to stop us from achieving what we desire. In this essay, I will be describing the adversity that Gigi Ibrahim faces during her quest for freedom and justice. Life isn't easy for anyone, we all have faced adversity at some point in our lives that we couldn't get past, but just like Gigi, we all must stand up and face the issues...
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