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El Tata Nano

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El Tata Nano: El auto del pueblo
El segmento de mercado en el que Tata buscaba entrar con su modelo de vehículo el Tata Nano, estaba orientado a cubrir las necesidades de las personas que no tenían vehículo y que por su nivel de ingresos era muy difícil tener acceso a la compra, lo máximo que podían llegar a comprar este segmento eran vehículos de dos ruedas o de tres o ninguno, que finalmente no era un medio cómodo de transporte.
Tata entiende esta necesidad y crea el Tata Nano, un vehículo de cuatro ruedas con un diseño amplio en el interior capaz de transportar hasta cuatro personas, equipado con un motor de dos cilindros de 600cc, todo esto por un precio de 2500 dólares. Por este precio los usuarios podían tener la comodidad de transportarse en un vehículo cerrado que frente a los vehículos de dos o tres ruedas era una muy buena alternativa por la funcionalidad que brindaba y por su bajo costo.
En este segmento Tata conocía de la competencia que podía enfrentar, pues el segmento en el que incursionaba Tata estaba liderado por Maruti con un vehículo de cuatro ruedas con un costo de 5.00usd, líder en el mercado de vehículos con una participación de 52,2% del total del mercado Indio, sin embargo había analizado my bien las necesidades del mercado Indio , donde una típica familia India estaba compuesta por cuatro miembros que querían evitar el polvo y la lluvia, esto haría que se abra las puertas para el Tata Nao según esta segmentación socioeconómica del mercado Indio.
El mercado Indio en franca expansión, con una gran oportunidad de desarrollo y crecimiento puesto contaba con una media de 12 unidades por cada mil habitantes, lo que quería decir que había una gran oportunidad para incrementar las ventas de vehículos de pasajeros, EEUU había había alcanzado los 765 vehículos por cada mil habitantes y en India l el gran crecimiento de la clase media volvía prometedor la posibilidad e incrementar la cantidad de vehículos en el mercado, adicionalmente a esto TATA contaba con un honroso tercer lugar en la línea de vehículos para pasajeros con una participación del mercado indio del 16,6% la cual podría incrementar significativamente y subir posiciones en la participación de mercado con su nuevo modelo, el TaTa Nano.
Tata contaba con una red de distribuidores importante, pues tenía alrededor de 200 distribuidores con una capacidad de venta de 1000 unidades por cada uno de ellos, pese a esto TATA para su nuevo modelo debía incrementar de forma significativa su red de distribuidores y ensamblaje para el TATA Nano, pues era necesario para lograr ventas de gran volumen, al ser un producto barato tenía que conseguir elevar el volumen para generar niveles de rentabilidad considerables.
En el primer año Tata Group solo llegaron a producir 10.000 unidades por mes debido a los problemas que se le presentaron en la construcción de sus planta en Singur, esto hizo que se desplazara la producción a otra planta poniendo en el mercado únicamente 10.000 unidades de las 40.000 que se había estimado inicialmente, adicionalmente tuvo que enfrentar otros problemas como el incremento de las materias primas, pues habían experimentado un incremento desde el 2003 al 2008 del 13% al 23%, un incremento considerable para el segmento al que se apuntalaba y esto se da por el tiempo que tomo toda la planificación y preparación de la infraestructura para el arranque ( 2008 ).
Algunos de los inconvenientes que este vehículo podía presentar en otras regiones, se centra en la parte social por ejemplo, donde habría que preguntarse que tan dispuestos están los consumidores de ese país en adquirir un vehículo de esas características y a ese precios, podría pensarse que se trata de un vehículo de muy mala calidad; otro factor importante es la potencia del motor probablemente no es el adecuado para países donde geográficamente requieren de un motor mas fuerte por lo irregular de su geografía, otro factor importantes es la durabilidad de sus partes y piezas, la precepción en muchos mercado es que mientras más barato es el producto este es de muy mala calidad, por lo que se convierte en una barrera de entrada, estos factores son aspectos importantes que deben ser analizados pro Tata para buscar penetrar en nuevos mercados.
Desde el punto de vista político, puede plantearse como una amenaza que un vehículo tan barato inunde las calles, produciendo un problema serio de movilización por lo que probablemente mucho gobiernos podrían barreras de entrada a este producto colocando aranceles o especificaciones técnicas mínimas para permitir la entrada del TATA Nano.
Tecnológicamente es un vehículo con muchas limitaciones, pues su estructura es bastante limitada con el objeto de reducir drásticamente el precio del vehículo, para lo cual se tuvo que castigar en tecnología.
Para la entrada en otros países del Tata Nano considero que debería entrar a analizarse aspectos de sociedad, economía, tecnología y política, de tal forma que pueda adaptar el producto a las necesidades de los consumidores de las fronteras a las cuales quiere entrar ser un actor, no me parece probable que el TATA Nano tenga éxito en todas las geografías puesto que cada sociedad es diferente y requieren de un análisis socioeconómico, cultural y político diferente. El análisis que TATA Group hizo fue para el mercado Indio, donde probablemente alcance los objetivos y metas deseados en otros mercado está por verse.

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