...energy distribution based on on-peak and off-peak consumption. The benefits of Smart meters are well recognised by many counties with world-wide deployment of digital meters expected to reach 212 million units by 2014, perceived benefits include; energy efficiency, environmental benefits, more consumer choice, better services and greater market competition. (Gerwen, Jaarsma & Wilhite R 2009, Filippini, Hrovatin & Zoric 2004, Victorian Auditor General 2009) About United Energy United Energy is an energy distributor responsible for the infrastructure required to distribute energy from the power station to the consumer. There are currently 16 major distribution networks in Australia with each energy distributor maintaining a monopoly over its designated area. (AEC 2009) Energy distributors own, operate and maintain the network of infrastructure that transports electricity from the generator to the consumer. They do not work directly with the consumer and instead work with energy retailers who are responsible for managing the relationship with the consumer. Energy retailers will bulk purchase energy from an energy generator and will then work with the distributor to ensure the reliable, safe, and efficient transportation of that energy to the consumer. (United Energy & Multi Gas 2014) As a natural monopoly United Energy does not compete for market share, instead it competes in the energy market by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of its distribution network...
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...SYESTEM Presented To: Prof. Hammad Mushtaq Presented By: Syed Kafait Hussain ID No: 14021034013 Q No.1: How do smart grids differ from the current electricity infrastructure in the United States? Ans: Difference between current electricity infrastructures in the United States Current Electricity Grid: Current electricity grid was conceived more than 100 year ago. Power generation was localized and built around the communities. The grid was designed for utilities to deliver electricity to consumer’s home and bill them once a month. This limited one way interaction makes difficult for the grid to respond to the ever changing and rising energy demand of the current century therefore Smart Grid is a better technology. Smart Grid: These are basic function of Smart Grid: The digital technology that allows for two-way communication between the utility and its customers, and the sensing along the transmission lines is what makes the grid smart. Like the Internet, the Smart Grid will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment working together, but in this case, these technologies will work with the electrical grid to respond digitally to our quickly changing electric demand * Two way interaction : Smart Grid introduces a Two way interaction (dialogue) where electricity and information can be exchanged between the utility and its consumers. * Developing networking: It’s a developing networking of communication, controls...
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...future P. Favre-Perrod, Member, IEEE, R. Critchley, E. Catz & M. Bazargan electricity networks. Abstract – Different concepts for the long term evolution of electricity networks have been proposed. Visions of large scale, continent-wide interconnections, local scale independent distribution network cells and networks integrating other forms of energy have emerged. The inclusion of new classes of network participants, e.g. prosumers, services providers, transportation applications, regulators and the increase of the number of distributed generators is a common feature of all these frameworks. A series of challenges result from this evolution: the need to coordinate distributed participants, the need to harmonize standards and procedures, as well as the need to overcome a series of obstacles to change. This contribution reviews emerging network concepts and the associated challenges. Series compensation, reconfigurable power electronic systems and wide-scale use of phasor measurement units are early examples for these emerging solutions. Index terms – Power transmission, Power transmission planning II. CONCEPTS FOR FUTURE ELECTRICITY NETWORKS A. Microgrids In a system comprising distributed electricity generation, consumers and producers may be located within the same distribution system, reducing the need for long distance transmission. Therefore, the concept of microgrids, i.e. small distribution networks with energy sources and sinks of similar magnitudes has been proposed...
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...1.3 GOAL AND OBJECTIVE GOAL To study about various PLCs, programming of PLCs, study of SCADA software and designing and scripting of process in SCADA and to study about communication of SCADA software and PLC using KEP server software. In this project solve power theft in power system distribution and save time in electricity billing system by using SCADA system and save energy. Solving problem in power system transmission and distribution. OBJECTIVE Following are the objectives achieved by the completion of work. 1. PLC based programming using WPL SOFT software for Delta plc. 2. Designing in SCADA using Wonder ware’s INTOUCH software. 3. interfacing...
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...Smart Grid: It’s a network that is linked with digital communication to detect and react to changes in usage to provide electricity is called smart grid. This modern technology made efficiency, reliability sustainability of the production and the distribution of electricity a lot easier. Electric utilities have found themselves making three classes of transformation: improvement of infrastructure, called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the main priority of smart grid; and business process of modernization that has been going on in the modernization of the electric grid, the substation and the distribution automation now included in the general concept of the smart grid, but it is evolving as well. The demand...
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...Grid: Focus Areas Smart Grid The current electric grid was conceived more than 100 years ago when electricity needs were simple. Power generation was localized and built around communities. Most homes had only small energy demands such as few light-bulbs and a radio. The grid was designed for utilities to deliver electricity to consumer's home and then bill them once a month which is a one-way communication which is illustrated in figure 1; Before smart Grid. Figure 1: Pre and Post Smart Grid communication This limited one-way interaction makes it difficult for the grid to respond to the ever changing and rising energy demands of the 21st century. The smart grid introduces the two-way dialogue where electricity and information can be exchanged between utility and its customers shown in figure 1; After smart grid . Its a developing network of communications, controls, computers and automation, and new technology and tools working together to make the grid more efficient, more reliable, more secure, and more greener. The smart grid enables newer technologies to be integrated such as wind and solar energy production and plug-in vehicle charging. With our participation as informed consumers, the smart grid will replace the old infrastructure of today's grid. And utilities can better communicate with us to help manage our electricity needs. Grid Situational awareness Situational awareness in the context of power grid operation is the understanding...
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...Executive Summary For three months from march 2016 till in the middle of may 2016, I did an internship at Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) , an energy distribution company which covers large areas in the Malaysia. TNB core business involves distributing and providing gas and electricity to a huge amount of customers which is about nearly a third of the malaysia’s population. This internship project is a part of my 2- year degree program which I conduct at University Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) , which one of TNB subsidiary company. I was assigned to work in ICT division which is one of the none core business in TNB department that provide network infrastructure , data collection and producing intelligence system for tnb operation .the main client of ict division is distribution ,transmission ,and power generation .hence , the position of ict devision is like the hub of the TNB devisions since they have to corporate with every TNB department in order to ensure their business is running efficiently and running smoothly. I worked on an assignment project to investigate the development of Distribution Operation Management System (DOMS) that was developed by one of TNB primary vendor PSI IN control SDN BHD . the system was requested by Distribution System Operation (DSO) in TNB for the purpose of improving operation efficiency and eliminating manual process of managing planned outage. Besides that, I was also given the opportunity to join MFFA team to perform maintenance...
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...sophisticated, digitally enhanced power systems where the use of modern communications and control technologies allows much greater robustness, efficiency and flexibility than today’s power systems. The American Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), an advocator of building the smart grid, gave this grid a definition with self-healing, security, integration, collaborative, forecast, optimization and interaction. While European commission define it as : A grid which could support distributed and renewable energy access, supply more reliable and secure electricity, have a service-oriented architecture and flexible grid applications, possess an advanced automation and distributed intelligent, be able to local interact the load and the power, adhere to customer centric. Obviously, these definitions has been formulated for the future of power industry mainly focusing on world today’s energy generation, transmission, distribution limitation & changing consumer trends. Recently world has observed a series of blackout, partial power failure and this compelled the world’s nations to go for an ideal grid system that is smart enough to face such kind of challenges. This has resulted the unification of power system with the information technology & modren telecommunition setup. And SELF HEALING become the key component of smart grid, as smart grid should possess an intelligent control funtion, which could rapidly isolate and self recover the fault, prevent the occurance of balckout...
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...power system located at Pilgrim Furniture City, 1755 Boston Post Road, Milford CT is interconnected to the local electrical distribution grid using a ‘behind the meter’ 480V 3 phase interconnection. As such, electricity that is generated by the solar PV system is used by the Pilgrim Furniture facility, effectively reducing the demand on the local electricity distribution grid. During periods when the solar PV system produces more electricity than is needed by the Pilgrim Furniture facility, the excess electricity is delivered back to the distribution grid via the utility company’s transformer. The solar PV system electrical layout and interconnection arrangement are detailed in the attached drawings. There are two solar PV inverters that control the electrical interconnection between the solar PV system and the local distribution grid. These are a Satcon 225kW inverter (model AE-225-60-PV-A) and a Satcon 100kW inverter (model AE-1 00-60-P V-A). These inverters are designed, manufactured and certified in full accordance with UL 1741. lnverter cutsheets are attached. The electricity production from the Solar PV system is measured by means of a revenuegrade metering system, this incorporating the following primary components: • Two “Shark 100” revenue-grade meters (manufactured by Electro Industries), with each meter measuring the electricity output from one of the inverters. • A Draker Laboratories “Sentalis 1000” monitoring system, enabling the output of these...
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...11h31 [3] National Smart Grid Policy: Moving Toward a National Modernized Electrical Grid through Current Pilot and Demonstration Programs <http://pip.collegethink.com/media/files/papers/Scott_09_r.pdf> acessado em 23.7.2011 às 11h46 "O que foi projetado para atender a uma realidade do século XX, seguramente não conseguirá acompanhar satisfatoriamente as tendências de demanda do século XXI, onde o consumo de energia elétrica insiste em crescer a taxas sempre mais elevadas que o próprio PIB dos países."[1] "The Department of Energy (of USA) has identified three major problems of the electric grid: unreliability, inefficiency and enormous greenhouse gas emissions during electricity generation." [3] "As Americans use more and more electricity via electric vehicles, computers or iPods, the demand is surely out weighing the supply. This causes strain and congestion on the electric grid." [3] "the grid lacks efficiency. Most of the energy that is lost within the electrical grid is in the form of heat. However, if a five percent increase in the efficiency occurred, it would eliminate the fuel and green house gas emissions from approximately 53 million cars (U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 2008)."[3] "The effects to the economy are almost just as devastating: “It is estimated that power outages and power quality disturbances cost the economy from $75 to $180 billion annually (Amin & Stringer, 2008)."[3] "The goal is to use...
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...LARGE POWER TRANSFORMERS AND THE U.S. ELECTRIC GRID Infrastructure Security and Energy Restoration Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability U.S. Department of Energy April 2014 Update Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid This page intentionally left blank. DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 ii Large Power Transformers and the U.S. Electric Grid FOR FURTHER INFORMATION This report was prepared by the Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability under the direction of Patricia Hoffman, Assistant Secretary, and William Bryan, Deputy Assistant Secretary. Specific questions about information in this report may be directed to Dr. Kenneth Friedman, Senior Policy Advisor (kenneth.friedman@hq.doe.gov). Tiffany Y. Choi of ICF International contributed to this report. The U.S. Department of Energy would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their contribution to this report: ABB American Transmission Company Bartley, William H., Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, A member of the Munich Reinsurance Company North American Electrical Reliability Corporation Ontario Power Generation Scott, Daniel U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Department of Homeland Security U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Cover photo sources: Large power transformer photo: Siemens.com High-voltage transmission lines photo: Utilities-me.com DOE / OE / ISER April 2014 iii Large Power Transformers...
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...Power Systems 1 Chandan Kumar Ghosh dhuls28kilo@yahoo.com B.E. (KU), 1998 M.E. (Electrical Power), NORAD/ KU, 2006 1998-2000 Lotus Energy 2000- Present Nepal Electricity Authority Distribution and Consumer Services 4/4/2007 1 Introduction OBJECTIVE OF COEG 303 Introduce Power Systems Modeling a Transmission Line Introduce a Distribution System Introduce Insulation requirements Mechanical Design of Transmission Line High Voltage DC Transmission Cables Corona Discharges 4/4/2007 2 Introduction to Power Systems Electrical power is a little bit like the air you breathe: You don't really think about it until it is missing. You use it for heating, cooling, cooking, refrigeration, light, sound, computation, entertainment... Without it, life can get somewhat cumbersome. 4/4/2007 3 Generation Transmission and Distribution Power travels from the power plant to your house through an amazing system called the power distribution grid. 4/4/2007 4 Generation The Power Plant Electrical power starts at the power plant. In almost all cases, the power plant consists of a spinning electrical generator. Mechanical Force: a water wheel in a hydropower a large diesel engine a gas turbine a steam turbine by burning coal, oil or natural gas or nuclear No matter what it is that spins the generator, commercial electrical generators of any size generate what is called 3-phase AC power. To understand 3-phase AC power, it is helpful to understand single-phase power first. ...
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...IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition Latin America, Venezuela Evaluating the Effects of High Penetrations of Roof-Top Wind Turbines on Secondary Distribution Circuits Petros P. Kritharas, Luis F. Ochoa, Student Member, IEEE, Konstantinos D. Papastergiou, Student Member, IEEE, and Gareth P. Harrison, Member, IEEE Results are presented and discussed remarking the timevariant benefits and drawbacks of roof-top wind power generation taking into account critical scenarios of such generation. II. TECHNICAL DATA In this section the data required for performing the simulations of high penetrations of roof-top wind turbines in secondary distribution circuits is presented. This includes wind turbine power curves, wind speeds, load demand and secondary circuit details. A. Wind Turbines and Wind Speed Data In order to consider real-life roof-top wind turbines, five types that can easily be found in the market were chosen, as shown in Table I. TABLE I SELECTED COMMERCIAL WIND TURBINES Type AIR-X 1 2 Index Terms— distributed generation, roof-top wind turbines, distribution networks, power flow, line losses. I. INTRODUCTION C URRENT energy policies are encouraging the connection of small-scale power generating plants to distribution networks, mainly in response to environmental concerns as well diversification of the energy mix. As such, Distributed Generation (DG) [1], electric power generation located within distribution networks or on the customer...
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...SOURCES AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES The sources of air pollution and their control measures are as follows: Table 2: Air Pollution Sources and Their Control Measures Sl. No. Air Pollution Sources Type of Fuel used Air pollution control system 1 Induction furnace Electricity suitable hood and duct 2 Shot Blasting Machine Electricity Bag filters and exhaust immersed in the water tank 3 Sand Plant Electricity Cyclone Separator followed by Bag Filters and exhaust immersed in the water tank 4 Core Oven Electricity Closed System 5 Spray Painting Booth Electricity exhaust with filters LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 FOUNDRY Foundry is a factory which produces metal castings from either ferrous or non- non-ferrous alloys. Metals are turned into parts by melting the metal into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mould, and then removing the mould material or casting. The most common metal alloys processed are aluminium and cast iron. However, other metals, such as steel, magnesium, copper, tin, and zinc, can be processed. [3] Figure 1: Process flow diagram of a Foundry Industry Melting of metal in cupola furnaces is the most energy intensive operation in a foundry unit. The table below provides an estimate of the distribution of energy consumption in the foundry process. REVISED NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) announce the notification of the revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards on 18th November 2009. The revised ambient air...
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...generators and a total installed capacity of 5275 MW. The maximum demand of BPS is about 5000 MW. The relevant data of the generators and hourly load profiles are collected from the National Load Dispatch Center (NLDC) of Bangladesh and reliability index ‘LOLP’ is assessed. The simulation results show that the LOLP of BPS is 2.06%. Keywords—cumulant method, convolution, LOLP, forced outage rate, Gram-Charlier series Introduction An electric utility’s main concern is to plan, design, operate and maintain its power supply to provide an acceptable level of reliability to its users. This clearly requires that standards of reliability be specified and used in all three sectors of the power system, i.e., generation, transmission and distribution....
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