...House arrest which is also called electronic monitoring is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to his or her residence. Offenders on house arrest are monitored by using an electronic sensor strapped to an offender’s ankle and linked by telephone lines to a central computer which emits a continuous signal. If a signal interruption occurs during a period when the parolee should be at home the offender could be subject to arrest. House arrest is a lenient alternative to prison time or juvenile-detention time. Many people support alternatives to incarceration, but do not feel like house arrest is effective enough. I developed a research question which is “Why does the public have negative feelings towards electronic monitoring? And how we can change the way they feel about electronic monitoring?” I found two scholarly articles based on my research question. The first article is called Electronic House Arrest: An Examination of Citizen Attitudes by Michael P. Brown and Preston Elrod. The second article is called Therapy and Comparative Criminology Changing Attitudes Toward House Arrest With Electronic Monitoring: The Impact of a Single Presentation? by Randy R. Gainey and Brian K. Payne. The first scholarly article entitled Electronic House Arrest: An Examination of Citizen Attitudes is very informative. It goes into great detail about the public’s attitude towards electronic monitoring. The article examines important dimensions of citizens’ perceptions...
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...Correctional Theories Amber Eagler Abstract This paper is about working in a senator’s office as a staffer. The latest charges of abuse at the local jail, has caught the attention of the senator. The senator has recently been focusing on the state correctional system which has become a constant target of criticism for an increasingly vocal number of civil libertarian groups. The senator is speaking before the state bar association next week and intends to address the ways in which the correctional system may be improved. This paper is a detailed outline on the correctional theory in general, as well as a series of suggestions on ways to improve some of the nontraditional theories of corrections. Correctional Theories We all know that life is difficult and sometimes with those difficulties come more problems. What you put into life is what you get out. As the famous Isaac Newton once quoted “For every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction.” For this very reason correctional theories were created. These theories are based on two common principles within the corrections; system-punishment and rehabilitation. The criminal justice system’s idea of justice, punishment and correction is made up of a combination of strenuous, criticizing, and practical theories. ...
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...CONDITIONS AND TERMS OF HOME ARREST CONFINEMENT The defendant,______________________ having been fully advised of the alternatives, does hereby acknowledge and agree to the following terms and conditions of .home arrest confinement: 1. The defendant shall be voluntarily confined to his/her agreed upon residence located at _________________________ City of _______________________County of ___________________ State of Ohio, which has an operating telephone number of ___________ for the total duration of his/her confinement, which is _______ days, commencing on or about _____________19____ and ending on or about _______________________, 19_____. 2. The defendant agrees to remain at the above residence at all times, except at those times approved by the Coshocton Municipal Court and the Home Arrest Department. The defendant also agrees not to leave the approved residence, except in the case of a life-threatening emergency. If the defendant has to leave the residence due to a life threatening emergency he/she will contact the Home Arrest Department by calling (740) 622-1052 within twenty-four (24) hours following the emergency. Other circumstances could constitute the offense of escape. The defendant understands that documentation and verification of any emergency will be required by the Court. 3. The defendant acknowledges that the above referenced telephone is a touch-tone line and is not a party tine and does not have an answering machine, call forwarding, call...
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...is a highly structured program that is similar to house arrest where the defendant has to comply with the strict terms of their probation. The standard probation is more lenient with the reporting schedule, usually once a month, and the defendant is not required to stay home. It was established in Cook County, Illinois in 1984 for violent or high-risk criminals(What Is Intensive Supervision, Elizabeth (Lisa) Thompson). It has been implemented in some form in about 40 states and includes about 100,000 offenders. The program involves small caseloads of 15 to 40 defendants that are kept under close watch by the probation officers (p. 472). The IPS program has three primary goals: Decarceration is when the offender would usually be sent to an overcrowded jail or prison without intensive supervision. Control is where the offender can maintained in a community under much closer security than traditional probation efforts provide. Reintegration is where the offender can maintain community ties and be reoriented toward a more productive life, while avoiding the pains of being in prison (p.472). It has been indicated that IPS has been ineffective in as much of 50% of cases it handles. IPS clients have a higher rate of being arrested than other offenders that are on probation. Joan Petersilia found that despite the good intentions of IPS, most of the money spent that was spent, was used for drug tests, electronic monitoring, and parole agent contact rather than enhanced social...
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...Ever since the first prison opened in the United States in 1790, incarceration has been the center of the nation's criminal justice system. Over this 200 year period many creative alternatives to incarceration have been tried, and many at a much lower cost than imprisonment. It wasn't until the late 1980's when our criminal justice systems across the country began experiencing a problem with overcrowding of facilities. This problem forced lawmakers to develop new options for sentencing criminal offenders. Unlike jail or prisons, which create an expensive cycle of violence and crime, these alternatives actually prevent violence and strengthen communities. Community corrections programs provide many communities with local punishment options as an alternative to prison or jail. These sanction programs are lower cost alternatives to the increased prison and jail constructions, based on the cost per offender. These programs provide local courts, state departments of corrections, and state parole boards with a broad range of correctional options for offenders under their jurisdiction. The overall goals of these programs are to fit the appropriate punishment with the crime, the offender is punished and held accountable, and the public safety is protected. There are several programs available as an alternative to incarceration, the earliest being probation. Probation is still widely used for first time offenders. This program allows the offender a sort of second chance in the community...
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...Many years after its development, electronic monitoring, has led to a numerous amount of enhancements within the criminal justice system. Particularly within law enforcement and justice systems, this technology has become a growing, supplemental tool. Historically, the use of electronics in the justice system has helped in creating alternative arrangements for sentencing offenders. In the 1960’s Harvard Psychologist, Robert Schwitzgebel, wanted to establish a more cost-effective alternative to incarceration of people within the justice system. Dr. Schwitzgebel established a transmitter that produced signals, those signals were then sent to a receiver they were then processed and received within a certain range. Although the device existed in the 60’s, it was not until the 80’s when the device was implemented. Since then a lot has changed with technology and the courts. More than ever, there has been a need to lessen prison populations. Today, Intermediate sanctions have been popular in attempting to help reduce overcrowded facilities. House arrest, electronic monitoring, and many other sanctions have become more popular methods over jail or prison sentences. Giving offenders these intermediate sanctions can give them options for treatment and offer services to help them....
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...Electronic Monitoring in the Netherlands EM Conference/CEP/speech Sjef van Gennip/7 mei 2009 The results of the evaluation report from the Scientific Research and Documentation Centre show that “Electronic Monitoring is seen as a punishment by the convicted”. According to the participants the intervention is definitely a punishment: it is very difficult and is a big test of your self-discipline and responsibility. Electronic Monitoring, also known as EM, with radio frequency identification equipment started as an experiment in the North of the Netherlands in 1995. The experiment lasted 2 years. A suspect or a convict would have a receiver placed in their home and would have to wear a transmitter. The evaluation of the Scientific Research and Documentation Centre was clear: “EM is a feasible alternative for the implementation of an unconditional prison sentence”. The researchers at the SRDC write: “This is true for both the application for community service and for detention sentences.” The report also shows that Electronic Monitoring is used more in cases of detention sentences than in the area of judicial verdicts. Judges seem to be reluctant to choose to use Electronic Monitoring as an instrument to keep track of the people. And to make sure their parole officer can check up on them. I believe this is disappointing, but we - as an organisation - are going to work hard on this. I will get back to this in a minute while I speak about the developments over the last few years...
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...Intermediate sanctions are criminal penalties that do not include jail time or probation. Intermediate sanctions fall in the middle of these types of punishments and offer an alternative to them. Intermediate sanctions are sanctions that restrict the offender more than does simple probation and that constitute actual punishment for more serious offenders. Intermediate sanctions are intended to provide judges with more flexibility when directing sentences. There are several sanctions programs for offenders to participate in. House arrest involves the offender being confined to his or her home. The offender cannot leave unless traveling to and from court, work or school may sometimes be allowed. Community service involves the offender to do different types of volunteer work, such as street cleaning, helping in a soup kitchen, or volunteering in a hospital setting. More than $1 million in fines is collected annually in the United States from offenders. Restitution is a sum of money that the...
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...Unit 3: Theory and Practice in Courts Stacey Pedroza CRJS300-1203A-04: Proseminar in Criminal Justice Professor Samantha Carlo AIU Online University June 24, 2012 Theory and Practice in Courts In reviewing the court system of the United States there is a definite hierarchy between the trial courts, appellate courts and the supreme courts of both the state and federal levels. However, the actions of the court systems move at such a slow and hindered pace because of the bureaucracy of motions and objections among many others. The following is a review of the type of court system the United States has and why. Along with judges sentencing goals and philosophy; and sentencing innovations. Dual Court System The United States has a dual court system, comprised of the State Courts and the Federal Court Systems. Within both the State and Federal court systems there are several levels of jurisdictions. The state courts have trial courts where there is specific jurisdiction and courts of general jurisdiction, then the appellate courts and finally the state supreme court. The federal court system is similar to the state courts in that there are trial courts, courts of appeals and finally the highest court in the nation is the Supreme Court of the United States. Another piece of the federal court system is the Military trial courts, the Military appellate courts and then they will also report to the Supreme Court of the United States. Why does the U.S. have a Dual...
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...Abstract This essay will focus on the application of Correctional Theory and the effective assessment of the correctional institutions. Criminal Justice System Introduction To comprehend the definition of corrections a person must examine the reasons of correctional punishments in addition to discovering how criminals have been punished during the course of history. Correctional theories distinguish the rationale for what the correctional system should be and how it should be applied (highered.mcgraw-hill.com, 2005). Theories of Correction Theories of corrections consist of three factors. First, there’s the objective or purpose of corrections. These have a tendency to highlight both restraining the offenders and restructuring the lives of the offenders (Cullen, Jonson, 2012). Secondly, each theory has an unreserved or obvious outline of exactly how the correctional system should be organized, together with policies, practices, and organizational structure. Theories also generate opposition for the reason that everyone requires that the correctional system be structured in a different way. Third, theories make a claim of effectiveness. Supporters declare not only that a theory’s goal is moral but that their theory can also be executed successfully (Cullen, Jonson, 2012). Main Theories of Corrections Incapacitation Deterrence Rehabilitation Community Restraints Structure, Discipline and Challenge ...
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...chosen is intensive probation supervision. This is defined as a type of intermediate sanction that involves small probation caseloads and severe monitoring on a regular basis ir weekly basis. (Worrall, Pg. 499). This particular program is implemented in approximately 40 states and to date approximately 100,000 clients. This particular program is associated with small caseloads of 15 to 40 individuals who are kept under close supervision by probation officers. The intensive probation supervision program (IPS) has three main purposes: decarceration, control, and reintegration. This program basically depends on a great degree of client contact to complete the purpose of decarceration, control and reintegration. This program is also applied in many ways. IPS in some states is directly sentenced by a judge while others it is a sentencing after the alternative use to divert offender from the correctional system. Another method to use IPS is as a case management tool in order to give the local probation staff the flexibility on order to deal with clients. There are other domains that use the IPS system in three ways that may be in addition to applying it to the probation violators in order to being them back halfway into the community without winding up into a prison term. My second choice is electronic monitoring. Electronic monitoring defined...
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...crime there are options available to them that does not include jail time. One option is community-based treatments, community-based treatments refers to efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles that are in need. The two community-based treatments that I will focus on are probation and electronic monitoring. Probation is non-punitive legal dispositions for delinquent youths, emphasizing treatment without incarceration. Probation can be assigned to a youth as a sentence for a crime. What happens with probation is the youth is assigned a probation officer and are given specific rules they must follow while on probation. They may also be assigned to participate in other specific treatment programs as well. The juvenile has certain times a month that they meet with an officer and the officer makes sure that the juvenile is keeping up with any other assigned treatment, and following all the rules that were assigned by the court. They must also follow all of the conditions of their parole, which can include maintaining a residence, leading law-abiding lives, and not associating with certain individuals. Electronic monitoring, also known as house arrest, is a program that allows offenders sentenced to probation to remain in the community on condition that they stay at home during specific periods. Usually they have a device attached to their ankles that corresponds with a box in the home that is linked to the local police department. This device tracks their...
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...to incarcerate. A few of these community-based treatments are: House arrest, residential programs, and balanced probation. House arrest is conducted through an electronic GPS monitoring system that uses an ankle bracelet to send signals directly to the police department. Individuals offered this form of punishment are forced to remain within a specified range of the receiver located at the individual's residence. When the individual moves out of range, the tracking device immediately contacts the police department displaying a violation and officers are sent to apprehend the violator. Residential programs on the other hand, consist of group homes, foster homes, boarding schools, and an apartment-type environment. Juveniles involved in these programs may be provided with counseling, educational-job training opportunities and are usually placed with other juveniles in a family structured setting guided by professional staff members. The balanced probation treatment focuses on teaching the juvenile to take responsibility for his, or her, actions through community-based corrections. Furthermore, each community-based correction is tailored specifically for the individuals needs and the type of offense committed. House arrest allows the juvenile to remain within the community, family members, and continue with any educational and employment the juvenile may be involved with at the present time. Moreover, house arrest is far less expensive than incarceration and those giving this...
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...much more restrictive, along with being more intensive than the standard probation; yet it falls short of a secure long term incarceration. For the youths whom fall short to respond to informal sanctions by re-offending and for some violent or drug-involved who need constant supervision, plenty of structure in their day, and monitoring but not necessarily meaning being institutionalized either. There are alternatives which can be a bit more restrictive of intermediate sanctions, for example; Training schools and Boot camps they are most often considered to be equivalent to incarceration in the terms of being harsh and severe towards punishment. Meanwhile with being known as conglomerate-care facilities; the training schools and boot camps are very much long term choices for confinement fit for juveniles in a correctional system layout....
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...Alternatives to Imprisonment 1 Alternatives to Imprisonment Brandi Phillips-Moorhead Corrections and Penology Professor Jordan September 30, 2012 Alternatives to Imprisonment 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………….2 Abstract…….....................................................................................3 A look at why we Imprison Convicts………………………………………….4 Drug Courts and Drug Treatment Programs………………………………4 - 5 Probation…………………………………………………………………………………5 - 6 Fines and Restitution……………………………………………………………….6 -7 Community Service………………………………………………………………….7 Home Confinement…………………………………………………………………7 – 8 Works Cited……………………………………………………………………………9 - 10 Alternatives to Imprisonment 3 Abstract In the following research paper we are going to discuss imprisonment. We are going to discuss why people are incarcerated as well as talk about different alternatives to imprisonment. We will then touch on benefits of each alternative as well as the negative aspects. ...
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