...concluding in 1763, the French & Indian War brought about a series of unfavorable financial, social, and exploratory complications to colonial North America. As taxation intensified and British-colonial tensions brewed due to a prolonged military presence and a general clashing of cultures, expansion west of the proclamation line of 1763 became a problematic activity for settlers, as British management over the land westward of the boundary produced a monopoly on the administration and purchase of terrain, ultimately generating yet another source of discontentment for American colonists. Pooled together, these frustrations would later fashion the groundwork for what would become the American Revolutionary War. The French & Indian War rattled the economic framework of Britain so severely that it became forced to alleviate the weight of its debt through taxation upon the colonies. The Crown began to implement harsher policies as well as enforce preexisting ones, so as to quench the costs of war and British military occupation within North America. Products such as potash, wine, and silk became commodities difficult to acquire, as the fee to import them skyrocketed to undesirable heights. The Revenue Act of 1764, dubbed by the colonists as “The Sugar Act”, was a British-led effort to crack down on trade regulations, seeing as how most colonial merchants neglected the procedures and prices on the transacting of products such as molasses, coffee, and pimiento. Nevertheless, outraged...
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...1.,No.1 (1970) Education is a vital weapon of a people striving for economic emancipation, political independence and cultural renaissance. We are such a people. Philippine education therefore must produce Filipinos who are aware of their country's problems, who understand the basic solution to these problems, and who care enough to have courage to work and sacrifice for their country's salvation. Nationalism in Education In recent years, in various sectors of our society, there have been nationalist stirrings which were crystallized and articulated by the late Claro M. Recto, There were jealous demands for the recognition of Philippine sovereignty on the Bases question. There were appeals for the correction of the iniquitous economic relations between the Philippines and the United States. For a time, Filipino businessmen and industrialists rallied around the banner of the FILIPINO FIRST policy, and various scholars and economists proposed economic emancipation as an intermediate goal for the nation. In the field of art, there have been signs of a new appreciation for our own culture. Indeed, there has been much nationalist activity in many areas of endeavor, but we have yet to hear of a wellorganized campaign on the part of our educational leaders for nationalism in education. Although most of our educators are engaged in the lively debate on techniques and tools for the improved instructions, not one major educational leader has come out for a truly nationalist education. Of...
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...XXXWHAT IS THE QUESTION?XXX Europeans did not respect Native Americans, as they were known as savages, and pathetic, yet semi-meaningless footnotes to American history. However, without Indians the Pilgrims would have died in that first winter, they would have not figured out trade specification, various healing medicines, or route passages. If the Caribbean, Central and South America was unpopulated the Spaniards would have not found mines leaving tons of gold and silver un-discovered, along with the knowledge and labor of the Indians would have been almost impossible without the indians labor and knowledge of the land for the mines would have never been discovered.XXXXDOES NOT MAKE SENSE-PLEASE RE-WRITEXXXXXX. The Spanish would have stumbled...
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...was one of the largest popular Rebellion that uprising prior to the American revolution. This large Rebellion had began as a dispute among the English settlers in Virginia Over the Americans Indian policy. The civil war had erupted pitting Anti- American Indian westerns settlers( this include that there were many slaves and servants in the anti-American civil war. Governor William Berkeley and his allies where encouraged more and more policy toward the indigenous people. In 1876 the rebellion had took the name of the Nathaniel Bacon, that who had arrived as the young men in Virginia into the Elite. Most of all the consequence of wars in the Rebellion were profound than the idea and the sing leadership man. When Bacon had migrated to Virginia to search the personal gain that he entered a precarious world where the American Indians had freed and enslaved blacks, and the English colonist (including many contract with the servants) struggle to the coexist. By the late 1670 only four thousands of the American Indians, had divided twenty different tribes, that continued to live in close to the European settlers. Many of the Europeans settlers accepted the dependent status of the English crown. Governor Berkeley had treated equitably and distinguish between American Indians allies and foes. Regardless about the colonists those people that where located on the western frontier, were deeply evil to all the American Indians. All the details to the rebellion are straightforward....
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...enacting a ritual form of grief. As an example of a mourning war might be “Beavers Wars” (17 century - about 1640). The smallpox brought by Dutch and English killed huge amounts of Indians ( probably more than a half of the population of Iroquois). The lost of such a big amount of people set the Iroquois with other tribes on a warpath and resulted in a war between Huron and Iroquois. Columbian Exchange – when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas it set in motion a movement of people between Old and New World. Europeans got interested in Americas and its goods. Columbian exchange was a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for both sides. The new discovered foods expanded diet for both sides. The quality of Indians' live got better with improved tools and weapons – for example they could defend themselves better against other tribes. Horses allowed them to travel through America easier and faster. However, the Columbian Exchange also had devastating effects on American Indians and their environment. Many diseases...
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...the challenges Native Americans faced in both allying with and waging war against European settlers. Be sure to reference different regions. From the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, Britain was at many wars with France, Netherlands, and Spain. These nations dragged the Native Americans into their power struggles as the wars reached the New World. Native Americans faced challenges to trade, peace, and relations with each other and with European settlers in both allying with and waging war against European settlers. However, a few turned these challenges to their advantage. In allying with one European country and not the other, Native Americans faced hostility and conflicts with the other. During the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain was fighting both France and Spain. It allied with the Creek Indians in the Carolinas to attack Spanish settlements in the New World, specifically Spanish Florida. This alliance with Britain resulted in Spanish aggression towards the Creeks. However, even the alliance with Britain could not stop hostility between the English settlers and the Creeks; the Creeks rebelled against the English settlers after the latter ordered the natives to pay trade debts. Farther up north in the New England region, Mohawk Indians allied with the...
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...between the Americans and the Filipinos upon reading this paper. It is quite intriguing what the main reasons really were for Americans in taking power over the Philippines. Was it for the good of the Filipinos or the Americans’ good? Whatever it was, they succeeded in almost every aspect of conquering the land because they knew the most effective way to subjugate the minds is by controlling their education. They created a new generation of good colonials, the “unFilipino” Filipinos. The indigenous ways of life of Filipinos had been changed to the American way of life. The Americans insisted on creating a “carbon-copy” of themselves in Filipinos through the imposition of their language in their education. I went to elementary and high school in the Philippines, and I know for a fact they used both English and Tagalog as the media of teaching. In the long run, I think this resulted in both positive and negative ways — positively, because I was uprooted to the U.S. and I was able to communicate with others, and negatively, because as I have just realized, I feel the “impediment” in my thought process because I cannot think consistently in one language. NATIONALISM IN EDUCATION To have nationalism, Filipino must understand their Filipino culture on discipline, to have a unity in pursuing well-organized educational leaders that nationalism is important in education. Filipino must practice etiquette in education to pursue a goal. NEW PERSPECTIVE The relation of America...
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...Chapter Summary: The Spanish took over the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru. They also wanted to conquer the Americas. Most of the native people were forced into slavery or they were swept away by the smallpox. Colonies were made in North America. The Europeans were beginning to mix with the indigenous people, even though there were still social and sexual hierarchies. Silver became quite important, so laborers were sent to mine for silver. There were three different labor systems; one came right after the other. Until the free laborer system got set in place. Europeans began settling in Australia, even though there wasn’t much trade going on at the time. Many more people traveled to the Pacific after Magellan and Captain Cook. I. Colliding Worlds...
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...different approaches to colonies followed by the English, French, and Spanish? By Columbus’s discovery, Spain got a religious justification fro conquest and an army of seasoned soldiers, named conquistadores. Also, rulers in Spain developed efficient techniques for controlling new colonies. The conquistadores left a trail of destruction by attacking native villages and killed or captured the inhabitant since they preferred seeking gold and slaves to creating permanent settlements. In 1519, some Spanish soldiers landed on the coast of Mexico. Three years later, these Spanish soldier conquered Aztec empire. The three factors of Spanish victory were technological advantages, division within the Aztec empire, and disease. Later, some other Spanish soldiers conquered a richer empire, Inca empire. By 1550, Spain’s New World empire, which stretched from the Caribbean through Mexico to Peru, was administered from Spain by the Council of the Indies. The council enacted laws for the empire and supervised an elaborate bureaucracy to maintain political control and extract wealth from the land and its people. Then, two expedition went to north America to find gold and silver but they did not find any gold and silver. So Spain stopped to extend its empire and just maintained two precarious footholds in north of Mexico. By a large number of gold and silver flowing into Spain, it became the richest and most powerful state in Europe. However, these American treasure undermined Spanish predominance....
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...Rafael / Mis-education, Translation and the Barkada of Languages 1 MIS-EDUCATION, TRANSLATION AND THE BARKADA OF LANGUAGES: READING RENATO CONSTANTINO WITH NICK JOAQUIN Vicente L. Rafael University of Washington, Seattle vrafael@uw.edu This paper re-visits the classic piece by Renato Constantino, “The Mis-education of the Filipino” (1959/1966), inquiring into the colonial basis of his anti-colonial critique of American English. It explores the affinity between his view of language and those of American colonial officials, especially around the relationship between English and the vernacular languages. Both conceived of that relationship in terms of a war of and on translation. It then turns to an important but overlooked essay by Nick Joaquin published around the same time as Constantino’s, “The Language of the Streets” (1963). By closely considering Joaquin’s views on “Tagalog slang” as the basis for a national language, we can see a different politics of language at work, one based not on translation as war but as play. Whereas Constantino was concerned with language as the medium for revealing the historical truth of nationhood that would lead to democratizing society, Joaquin was more interested in the conversion of history into language as a way of expanding literary democracy. Abstract Vicente L. Rafael is Professor of History at the University of Washington in Seattle. He grew up in Manila and graduated from the Ateneo in 1977. His books include Contracting...
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...Produces Puritanism Martin Luther created doctrines for Protestantism and changed the religious world as we know it He ignited a fire of religious reform (the “Protestant Reformation”) that licked its way across Europe for more than a century, dividing peoples, toppling sovereigns, and kindling the spiritual fervor of millions of men and women Some of whom migrated to America John Calvin, inspired by Luther, created Calvinism and influenced many future American settlers Predestination, the “elect,” and the...
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...significant areas of influence. Nevertheless, technological developments were far more significant for the Natives, as the Europeans had prior been exposed to these technologies. It is clear to a great extent that America was a ‘New...
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...The author explains the accusation of premeditation with the reasoning that the natives did wait until as soon as the Spanish were divided to unleash an attack. Analyze: The speaker’s audience would likely be other Europeans who spoke his Spanish language. This led to his choice of highlighting the details that made the Spanish sound defenseless and the natives to sound like bloodthirsty savages, though there clearly had to be more to the story that the author chose to leave out. Evaluate: The speaker may have left out details that showed the Spanish causing fair reason for the natives’ attacking them, such as unreasonable behavior or provocation. He either overlooked details of his own sides’ faults, or chose to exclude them merely for self-preservation. Document 1.11 Voyage to the St. Lawrence Identify: Cartier emphasized how joyous and welcoming the natives were towards the Europeans. He went into detail of how they danced and sang for their visitors, and strived to build a positive relationship with one...
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...disagreement between the American colonists and the British policymakers that developed during the period 1763 to 1776? “That these are the acts of power assumed by a body of men foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; against which we do, on behalf of the inhabitants of British America, enter this our solemn and determined protest” (Jefferson). In the years leading up to the American Revolution it was perhaps the case that the paper, not the pen, was mightier than the sword. In affirmation of the law of unintended consequences, the English imposed Stamp Act, which did what the colonists could not do for themselves: It united them. The new peace in Europe caused a fundamental shift in the...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix A Clash of Cultures Complete the grid by describing the characteristics listed in the left-side column for the five groups named. | |Native Americans |Northern Colonists |Mid-Atlantic Colonists |Southern Colonists |West Africans | |Political Structure|There’s a chief of the tribe, who |More involved with trade and |Make money and establish trade |Had their own government. The |Had well-developed system of | | |would have consultants. |industry |zones. |colonists had meetings they wanted|religious beliefs | | | | | |to talk about issues, interests, | | | | | | |or laws. | | |Social System |The elders are the wisest and most| well-drawn social lines; birth |Had varied lifestyles and |Rested on the great planters and |There were 230,000 people working | | |respected. |and pedigree counted for less |participated in many different |the yeoman...
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