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Golden Age in Spain

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¿Silencio o Acción? El Siglo de Oro en España no fue tan agradable para las mujeres de la época. Los hombres tenían una inmensa cantidad de poder sexual sobre la mujer, y había poco que la mujer puede hacer para protegerse contra este abuso sexual. Aunque un sistema judicial en el país estaba instaurado para tratar de permitir a las mujeres a presentar demandas contra sus abusadores, este desahogo rara vez se utilizó puesto que admitiendo ser una víctima de abuso sexual habría traído deshonra y vergüenza a la mujer en la esfera pública. Tanto en La fuerza de la sangre por Miguel de Cervantes como La inocencia castigada por María de Zayas, hay mujeres jóvenes inocentes que son víctimas de hombres obsesionados por el sexo. En La fuerza de la sangre, la familia de la víctima opta por el silencio y en La inocencia castigada la familia actúa para obtener venganza no sólo de abusador de su hija sino de la hija ella misma. Al final de las dos historias, es evidente que ambos autores tienen la misma opinión sobre esta cuestión: no importa qué táctica siguen una víctima y su familia después del estupro, porque últimamente nunca hay una resolución completamente óptima, y las mujeres eventualmente se ponen infelices de un modo u otro. La opción del silencio es demostrada en el caso de Leocadia, la hija de un hidalgo, la cual tiene sólo diecisiete años al comienzo de La fuerza de la sangre. Justo antes del encuentro entre la familia y Rodolfo, existe una peculiar descripción: “encontráronse los dos escuadrones, el de las ovejas con el de los lobos” (148). La referencia a la familia indefensa como “ovejas” prefigura la naturaleza de la familia

después de que su hija es violada; al igual que "ovejas al sacrificio", la familia no ofrece ninguna resistencia y toma un planteamiento pacifista al calvario. Tras la captura y la violación de Leocadia, sus padres no se piensan dos veces a perseguir judicialmente y responsabilizar al autor por sus acciones. En vez de esto, explica el padre de Leocadia, “sin saber si sería bien dar noticia de su desgracia a la justicia, temeroso no fuesen ellos el principal instrumento de publicar su deshonra” (149). Aquí, Cervantes trata de hacer una declaración acerca de cómo increíble esta mentalidad es. A los lectores hoy en día, el pensamiento de encubrir otro crimen cometido en la hija suena ridículo, pero para las familias en esa época, el mayor problema era mantener una imagen pública fuerte. Quizás el uso de “ovejas” por Cervantes pone en tela de juicio de Cervantes a la familia de Leocadia en su incapacidad para proteger a su hija. Eso no es decir que Leocadia y su familia no quieren enjuiciar a su agresor como se describe que “desearon milagros castigos” para Rodolfo (155). La cuestión es que están dependiendo de milagros de alguna manera encontrar una forma de castigar a Rodolfo en lugar de utilizar el sistema judicial establecido que fue implementado especialmente para temas como esto. Es aún más terrible que Leocadia no responsabiliza a Rodolfo de sus acciones cuando ella indica su estipulación para perdonarlo: “te perdono la ofensa que me has hecho con sólo que me prometas y jures que la cubrirás con un perpetuo silencio sin decir a nadie” (151). No pide una disculpa por lo que hizo con ella, pero más bien quiere garantías de que la palabra no va a salir de su calvario. Es casi risible que Rodolfo se conceda tanta clemencia para su asalto sexual, algo que hoy es impensable. Sin embargo, Leocadia no tiene la culpa de esta filosofía retorcida

Leocadia. Ella ha sido adoctrinada por sus padres durante varios años, escuchando las afirmaciones de su padre, como “más lastima una onza de deshonra pública que una arroba de infamia secreta” (156). Con la voz de su padre en su oreja, Leocadia tiene que vivir con esta carga aunque su padre nunca consulta con ella sobre su deseos de ocuparse de la situación. Al final, la decisión de guardar el secreto no sale como les habría gustado para Leocadia. Se coloca en una posición donde casi tiene que casarse con Rodolfo sin ninguna onza de contrición de él o de sus padres para su acción atroz muchos años antes. Como lo demuestra al final de la historia, a pesar de lo que parece como felicidad forzada durante la boda, Leocadia se da cuenta que ella no está satisfecha de cómo pasa los eventos: “comenzaron a enflaquecerse en su alma las esperanzas que de ser su esposo se madre le había dado temiendo que a la cortedad de su ventura habían de corresponder las promesas de su madre” (167). ¿Quien realmente se beneficia del silencio? Rodolfo, no Leocadia, quien no recibe ningún castigo para su indiscreción y además es proporcionado una bella esposa gratis. Quizás Cervantes intenta a mostrar que tragarse el orgullo por honor sólo se hace daño, no la persona que se le duele. Reputaciones pueden mejorarse con tiempo, pero experiencias personales malas pueden permanecer con una persona para siempre y sólo remordimiento por la pasividad permanece. En contraste directo con la estrategia de Leocadia y su familia, en La inocencia castigada, el padre y hermano, Francisco, de Doña Inés se toman muchas molestias de corregir el mal que se ha producido en la situación. Después de que Francisco agarra a Inés, cuyo marido está afuera de la ciudad para negocios, durmiendo con Don Diego e informa a su padre lo que él ha observado, se presentan

con un dilema. Pueden intentar remediar la situación por sí mismos, usar las autoridades, o hacer la vista gorda como la familia de Leocadia. El tándem elige la primera opción porque no puede soportar la vergüenza que toda la situación ha provocado. Por lo tanto, toman a sí mismos para matar a Don Diego sin pasar por el proceso legal. Se trata de un contraste de familia de Leocadia que únicamente quiere mantener el statu quo y pasar al capitulo nuevo en sus vidas. Evidentemente, el padre y Francisco tienen demasiado orgullo para permitir a hombre pervertido a salirse con la suya sin permiso e irse de este crimen un hombre libre, una posibilidad si el caso pasaría en el Corte. A la familia de Leocadia le preocupa intentar a proteger a su hija internamente y a la familia de Inés le preocupa tratar de protegerla externamente (físicamente). Sin embargo, se debe plantear la cuestión a si el padre y Francisco se ponen a hacer remediar la situación en la manera más adecuada.

Para hacer las cosas un poco más complejas que en La fuerza de la sangre, el

padre y Francisco castigan a Inés por su papel en la controversia, aunque ella no era cómplice, colocándole en una chimenea confinada en condiciones tortuoso para que ella pudra y muera. Una vez más, el dúo trata de resolver la situación con una postura extrema que es bastante poco convencional. Sin embargo, debido a que ambos de sus actos se cumplen en secreto, inicialmente permanecen impunes. Todavía, cuando la vecina viuda encuentra a Inés y le recupera, el tándem son detenidos y finalmente colgados. Zayas quizás demuestra su opinión de que la estrategia que hacen los dos para mejorar la situación tuvo éxito en el corto plazo por no era sostenible a largo plazo. Zayas muestra cómo fácilmente uno puede

pensar en retribución que aparece simple en el momento, cuando realmente no es viable en una sociedad moral sin la amenaza probable de ser atrapado. No hay nada en el texto para indicar que ella cree que sus acciones no son bien intencionados, pero la conclusión, un ciego Inés y cadáveres por todas partes, transmite un mensaje que trata de hacer demasiado sólo perjudica a uno mismo y quienes les rodean. Uno puede hacer la afirmación de que hay un final feliz dado que Inés, inocente desde el principio, está viva y recobra su belleza, y los criminales están muertos, pero la felicidad de Inés está empañada por su ceguera. Esta inserción sutil por Zayas demuestra que respuestas malas calculadas a la violación sexual de la mujer puede tener repercusiones perjudiciales para todos, incluso para los inocentes. Ambas obras consisten en un acto de violación sexual y la subsiguiente falta de respuesta en el caso de Leocadia y una subsiguiente respuesta extrema en el caso de Inés. Ambos grupos creen que están actuando en el mejor interés de todos los involucrados a pesar de que nunca se llegue a una resolución perfecta. Parece que los dos autores tienen una perspectiva convergente: sin pasar por el proceso legal para reparar los daños causados por la violación sexual, habrá un resultado desagradable de una manera u otra. En lugar de ir a los extremos de no hacer nada o ir demasiado lejos para tratar de recuperar la tranquilidad de espíritu, a menudo es aconsejable permanecer moderado e ecuánime, lo que puede producir la mejor dividendos para las personas involucradas.

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