...UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME DECOUPLING NATURAL RESOURCE USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM ECONOMIC GROWTH Acknowledgements Editor: International Resource Panel Working Group on Decoupling Lead authors: Marina Fischer-Kowalski, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna, Alpen-Adria University, Austria, with the support of the Lebensministerium, Austria and Mark Swilling, Sustainability Institute, School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Contributing authors: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker (Chairperson of the Decoupling Working Group), Yong Ren, Yuichi Moriguchi, Wendy Crane, Fridolin Krausmann, Nina Eisenmenger, Stefan Giljum, Peter Hennicke, Rene Kemp, Paty Romero Lankao, Anna Bella Siriban Manalang, Sebastian Sewerin Jeff McNeely provided editorial support for the full report and summary brochure. The report went through several rounds of peer-review coordinated in an efficient and constructive way by Jeff McNeely together with the International Resource Panel Secretariat. Valuable comments were received from several anonymous reviewers in this process. The preparation of this report also benefited from discussions with many colleagues at various meetings. Special thanks go to Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Ashok Khosla as Co-Chairs of the International Resource Panel, the members of the International Resource Panel and its Steering Committee for their dedication and commitment. Janet...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the Study The need for Environmental Accounting has become the concern and focus of nations and responsible corporate managements. It became one of the foremost issues on the agenda of nations and businesses earlier in the 1990s and the reasons for this were varied emanating from both within and outside of the firm and particularly at the global level (Okoye and Ngwakwe:2004:220-235). A lot of government enactments, laws and regulations on environmental protection have been made in several nations of the world. In the light of the awakening to environment protection, various laws and regulations such as the Environmental Impact Assessment Act, 1992 have been enacted. These require corporate managements to consider the environmental implications of all internal decisions of their managements. Also, all organizations monitored by environmental policy agencies in Kenya are expected to demonstrate much consideration in decision making. Environmentalists agree that it could be more cost effective and beneficial for companies to acquire pollution prevention or clean technology than those of pollution clean-up. It is also observed that in environmental regulations, there is a shift from the ‘command and control’ approach to market-driven forms in which pollution prevention alternatives are replacing pollution cleaning approach. It follows therefore, that determining the appropriate pollution prevention approach may lead to additional decisions...
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...Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS A TEACHERS’ MANUAL Undergraduate Level By Herminia A. Francisco Bui Dung The Pham Khanh Nam August 2005 1 PREFACE This manual was written to support the teaching of undergraduate environmental economics course in Vietnam Universities. Some time in 2003, a number of senior researchers of the Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia (EEPSEA) requested that EEPSEA offers a 3-week training course for teachers of Environmental Economics in the country. The request in turn was precipitated by the new mandate from the Ministry of Education in Vietnam that makes Environmental Economics a required course in all Bachelors’ Degree in Economics and Management for all colleges and universities. Aware that the capacity of teachers to teach Environmental Economics varies across the country as training of teachers varies also from selfstudy, short-term training, to a formal course in an undergraduate/graduate degree from local universities or abroad, EEPSEA acceded to the request and offered the course in August 2005. The course though can be used also in other colleges and universities in Southeast Asia. The training course was designed to teach both the subject matter contained in an internationally-comparable undergraduate environmental course and to enhance teachers’ skills in teaching this subject. A teachers’ manual was developed to support the teaching of the training ...
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...farming 3.2. Algoa Bay 3.3. Economic Methodology: Cost/Benfit analysis 3. Case Study: Algoa Bay fin fish farming project 4. Analysis and Policy Implications 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction The global level of fish stocks are on an overall decline due to overfishing. Areas within South Africa such as the Eastern Cape Province are considered to be the second greatest producing province of aquaculture commodities. Because of the rich aquaculture within the Eastern Cape, the Departments of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, through various criteria based on a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), have selected Algoa Bay within the Eastern Cape to introduce fin fish farming. The various fin fish that are intended to be farmed in this area are linked fishery exports that contribute approximately R411 million per annum in the Eastern Cape. Thus study intends to investigate the development proposal aimed at increasing the growth of the aquaculture industry within South Africa as well as conducting an investigation into the economic and environmental issues associated with the introduction of aquaculture within areas such as Algoa Bay. The objectives with the introduction of fish farms are to increase job creation within the area and more importantly to manage the dwindling stocks of wild fin fish. A cost and benefit analysis will be applied to the Algoa Bay case study in order to establish the economic costs and benefits, and to establish whether...
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...A report of environmental cost on high-speed railway Introduction Environment is important to the survival of human; people’s living activities can not be separated from the environment. The purpose of Environmental Engineering is to reduce human damage to the environment, and improve the quality of the environment. Governance environment requires not only technology and management, but also the analysis of the environmental costs. We should also take environmental costs into account appropriately when conducting environmental governance. We should seek the balance of the environmental benefits and economic benefits. Nowadays, the environment of the railway project has drawn increasing attention of many countries. The high-speed rail construction in recent years, make the topic of environmental costs gradually be put on the agenda. The origin of the world's high-speed railway is in 1964, Japan has built the world's first high-speed railway, operating speed at that time is about 210 km / h, and now its speed is 270 km/h. Japan has researched the environmental impact of the high-speed railway, and has got great achievements. United States, Japan, Canada have done many research on environmental impact, and founded a mature system to evaluate the environmental effects of high-speed railway. Evaluating environmental impact is inevitable in the feasibility study stage. High-speed rail construction has produced a series of effects on human living environment. We need to reduce these...
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...Measures and controls which are directed at environmental conservation, the rational and sustainable allocation and utilization of natural resources, the optimization of interrelations between society and the environment and the improvement of human welfare for present and future generations. Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Management Planning Environmental Auditing Socio-Economic Assessment Solid Waste Management Air Quality Monitoring Water Quality Assessment Soil Quality Assessment Water and Wastewater Management Environmental Impact Assessment It's the study undertaken in order to assess the effect on a specified environment of the introduction of any new factor, which may upset the current ecological balance. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is a statutory requirement in all projects that might produce considerable adverse effects. EIA does not involve any decisions about the project, nor does it restrict the citizens' subsequent opportunities to influence the project. The purpose of EIA is to increase the citizens' opportunities of participation and obtaining information at an early stage of the project, and to reveal the environmental impact so that it can be considered in the planning stage. The EIA process has to be completed before the commencement of any project. Environmental Management Planning Environment Management Planning includes the identification of mitigation and compensation measures for all the...
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...Explain the difference between Neoclassical Environmental Economics, Ecological Economics, and Natural Resource Economics. The three approaches originate from three different schools of thought. Broadly, Neoclassical Environmental Economics (NEE) is the opposite of the Ecological Economics (EE), and Natural Resource Economics (NRE) lies somewhere between them. Let’s begin with the opposing views. Field states, ‘Environmental Economics is the application of the principles of economics to the study of how environmental resources are managed. (Field & Field 2013:2). In gist, NEE is an Anthropospheric view of the environment through micro and macro-economic principles and sociopolitical influences that ignores the other spheres of life. The environment, is a subsystem of economics and has no intrinsic value. It is merely a factor of production, and only manufactured goods/services have an intrinsic value. EE, on the other hand, is a holistic approach, broader in scope, concerned with the supply and demand of energy and matter within the biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere - where contrastingly, the Anthroposphere is the subsystem. EE claims that NEE is totally dependent on the environment and that residuals and pollution are disruptive to natural processes and diminishes the earth’s bio-capacity. Environmental Economics’ primary focus is to manage the environment to supply services and goods in exchange for money (MO 2015 quoting Tietenberg 2014:7) whereas...
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...n9734007 CORRECTING EXTERNALITIES IN CONSUMPTION Word count: 1160 Introduction This research essay aims to provide an insight and overview of the economic effects of a plastic bag tax. It is important that this issue is addressed because if it is left unaddressed, the consequences could be dire. The essay will discuss the impact that plastic bags are having on society and why the over consumption of such needs to be corrected. Furthermore, it will explain the economic models that are relevant to the issue along with analysing real world examples of similar policies; discussing the limitations and restrictions associated with such models. Setting the Context Australia’s consumption of plastic grocery bags was estimated to be approximately seven billion per year in 2002 (National Plastic Shopping Bags Working Group, 2002), so we can assume it is in excess of this figure currently. This consumption results in negative externalities, not only impacting the environment, but also reducing the efficiency of other sectors of the economy. As these plastic bags are composed of many non-renewable resources such as crude oil, coal and gases, there is an opportunity cost associated with not recycling them. The fuel consumed by driving a car one kilometre is equivalent to the petroleum content of 8.7 bags (Environment Australia, 2002). As these bags are used once, and disregarded, that means that Australia is wasting enough potential fuel to power a car for over...
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...or production. External costs of production occur when a factory emissions cause excessive pollution levels that create breathing difficulties for some members of society. Moreover, external costs of consumption arise when people use their vehicles, affecting others negatively through exhausts emissions. (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2001), (Donohue, et al, 2008:RB2). On the bright side, externalities are not always negative and can often benefit the society; Toyota’s corporate responsibility programs act as examples of this. They train their employees to minimise waste production in the workplace as part of their “Think Green! Program”, there is an inherent external benefit to society as they help to reduce environmental impact and there is a potential that such employees will pass their knowledge on to other members of society at a later date, this creates a positive externality. Furthermore, external benefits of consumption arise when employees carpool to commute to their workplace, as a result, fewer emissions are exhausted in the air and less people are harmed by it. (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2001), (Toyota, 2007), (Donohue, et al, 2008:RB2). In a free-market economy and with the absence of government regulations and...
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...Competitive Strategies and Government Policies ECO3665 Externalities When looking at economics we have learned the invisible hand always pushes the market to arrive at the best outcome for society as a whole. However sometimes what is good for a market or in this case WalMart may not be good for society. WalMart has a global presence which creates negative and positive externalities. WalMart does business with suppliers all over the world and has to obey a variety of government regulations in different countries. A negative externality WalMart is accused of is Pollution. The pollution is created by manufacturers who supply products to WalMart. WalMart has taken the approach not only to comply with regulations set by the governments, they go above and beyond regulations leading other businesses and setting a higher standard than required. WalMart insures their suppliers are also complying with government regulations, if suppliers do not comply they will no longer conduct business with them. WalMart’s model is responsible sourcing; they conduct audits verifying compliance of worker safety, well being and insuring environment friendly programs are enforced. In 2009, WalMart launched the Sustainability Index in collaboration with The Sustainability Consortium which will help WalMart and its suppliers reduce waste in the supply chain and create synergy so that waste can be recycled and eliminated and improve buying and selling of products. WalMart currently has three sustainability...
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...AP ECONOMICS CHAPTER 5 QUIZ 1. The functional distribution of income refers to the: A. division of income between personal taxes, consumption expenditures, and saving. B. division of income on the basis of industry sources, for example, agriculture, transportation, mining, etc. C. distribution of income to basic resource classes, that is, wages, rents, interest, and profits. D. way income is distributed among specific households or spending units. 2. Listed in descending order of relative size, households divide their total incomes among: A. consumption expenditures, saving, and taxes. B. saving, consumption expenditures, and taxes. C. consumption expenditures, taxes, and saving. D. taxes, consumption expenditures, and saving. 3. Listed in descending order of relative size, total consumption spending is comprised of: A. nondurable goods, durable goods, and services. B. services, nondurable goods, and durable goods. C. services, durable goods, and nondurable goods. D. durable goods, nondurable goods, and services 4. Ebenezer likes to decorate the exterior of his house for the Christmas holidays. If his neighbors enjoy the display then it has created: A. a negative externality, and government should respond by subsidizing holiday displays. B. a negative externality, and government should respond by taxing holiday displays. C. a positive externality, and government should respond by subsidizing holiday displays. D. a positive externality and government...
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...《 》 2010 1 —— — ： 。 ， ， “ ， ， “ ， 。 ： ； ； ， ” ， ， ” 。 1985-2007 GDP （EKC ）， 。 Eviews6.0 EXCELE ， ， 、 ， 。 。 ； 。 。 （ ： （EKC ） ， ）。 ， GDP ， ， ， 。 ， ， 。 ， 1 ， ， ， ” 。 。 “ ， ， ， ， [ ； ： “ ， ， ” 。 U ， 1985-2007 、 1 EKC ， 。 （ ： — —— ] ： 08XNG020 ） 。 08 08 。 ： zhouyamin2007@yahoo.com.cn ； ： - 80 - 《 》 2010 1 、 ， 20 60 Chenery Syrquin （1975） ， 。 、 ， （Chenery et al. ， 1986）。 ： ； ， ， ， ， （Grossman & Krueger ， 1995）。 。 ， 。 ， “ ” （ （Threshold Point ） 。 ， ， ， 、 ， ）。 、 、 、 ： 。 ， “ ）， （ ， （Berkerman ， 1992）。 （EKC ）。 ” ： “ ）。 ” ， ， （ Turning Point ） ： 、 ， ； ， ， ， ， Grossman ， Krueger 42 U ， EKC EKC 。 20 90 ， EKC 。 EKC （Stern ， 1998； Ekins ， 1997； Dinda ， 2004 ， “ 、 EKC 。 David （ 2001） 2 100 E 22 U OECD ， Y 。 ） ， ， ， ） ， U ” △ （ E/Y） =a+b 100 Y=a+ N N △ （lnE/Y ） +c△ （lnE/Y ） Inmaculade （ 2004） blnX+c （lnX） +d （lnX） 。 。 ， — —— ” ， 2 3 （ 1975-1998 ， X （ Y Pezzey （1989） ： Opschoor （1990） ， U ， ， “ 。 ， （ ， 2005， 2006； ， ， “ 。 ： ， ， “ ” “ ” ， 2006； — —— N ， 2006）。 2 t （2006） 3 t 1986-2003 lnEt=a1+a2lnYt+a3lnY +a4lnY +ut 。 。 ， U” ， GDP ， 。 - 81 - 《 （2007） ， ， 》 2010 1 VAR 1986-2003 、 “ ” GDP ， ， ， GDP 、 （2007） 。 。 “ 、 ” “ ” “- ” U ” ” “ 、 ， 、 EKC ， 。 “ U” 。 “ “ 、 、 U” 、 ， ， ， 。 。 ， 。 。 ， 《 》、 《 》 《 》， 。 ， ， 。 ， 。 ， ， 。 。 ， N 、 ...
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...Sustainable Business Tammy T. Maden BA 317 International Management 21 April 2013 Instructor Lee Abstract Sustainability combines the principles of economic growth, environmental stewardship, governance, and social accountability. This Compare and Contrast analysis will introduce Managing Partner, David Blood's views on The Case of Sustainable Business. This review will include a brief description of what an International Manager may face in the business world and the duties of a successful International Manager. You will gain the knowledge of David's view, the International Manager, and how they relate. While corporate sustainability is not new, companies still fail to apply sustainability principals at the heart of the business. It should become part of the company's fabric and later an essential support for growth. David Blood, Managing Partner of Generation Investment Management, believes that putting together fundamental equity analysis and sustainability research throughout the process is a reasonable way to invest and provide superior returns to clients (Gresham College Lecture, 2008). He defines sustainability in both investing and business. I chose this video because it is about our future and how businesses could save the quality of life; this is what matters right now. It is very important in today's world because according to the United States Census Bureau, the population of the world as of this second is 7,080,247,340, in which one birth takes place...
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...Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal On Valuing Nature Ruth Hines Article information: To cite this document: Ruth Hines, (1991),"On Valuing Nature", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 4 Iss 3 pp. Permanent link to this document: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513579110144802 Downloaded on: 22 September 2014, At: 09:07 (PT) References: this document contains references to 0 other documents. To copy this document: permissions@emeraldinsight.com The fulltext of this document has been downloaded 1512 times since 2006* Users who downloaded this article also downloaded: Downloaded by UNIVERSITI UTARA MALAYSIA At 09:07 22 September 2014 (PT) Ruth D. Hines, (1989),"Financial Accounting Knowledge, Conceptual Framework Projects and the Social Construction of the Accounting Profession", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 2 Iss 2 pp. Christine Cooper, (1992),"The Non and Nom of Accounting for (M)other Nature", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 5 Iss 3 pp. Christopher Humphrey, Robert W. Scapens, (1996),"Methodological themes: Theories and case studies of organizational accounting practices: limitation or liberation?", Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 9 Iss 4 pp. 86-106 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by 394654 [] For Authors If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service...
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...use value 3) Option value 4) Bequest value 5) Existence value 2. A wildlife preserve provides what type of economic benefits? 1) Use values only 2) Non-use values only 3) Existence values only 4) Direct and indirect use values only 5) Both use and non-use values 3. A decision to postpone commercial development of an undisturbed parcel shows an example of what type of economic benefits? 1) Direct use values 2) Indirect use values 3) Existence values 4) Option values 5) Bequest values 4. Which one of the following valuation techniques is not based on the value of marketed goods or services? 1) Hedonic pricing 2) Avoided cost valuation 3) Production function valuation 4) Contingent valuation 5) Engineering cost valuation 5. An economist estimates the value of a nature preserve by calculating the price premium people pay for houses located adjacent to the preserve. This is an example of what type of economic valuation? 1) Hedonic pricing 2) Production function valuation 3) Contingent valuation 4) Travel cost method 5) Engineering cost valuation 6. Asking people to indicate their economic values in a survey is an example of what type of economic valuation? 1) Travel cost method 2) Contingent valuation 3) Hedonic pricing 4) Production function valuation 5) Avoided cost valuation 7. Valuing environmental services based on estimating the value of different characteristics...
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