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Equity Theory in Marketing

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Equity-Theorie

= Theorie zum Gleichheitsprinzip der Gerechtigkeit ist eine Prozesstheorie von John Stacey Adams in der Sozialpsychologie versucht zu erklären, wie der Entstehungsprozess der Motivation verläuft

Definition Motivation

Motivation betrifft die Begründung des Verhaltens. Sie bestimmt die Intensität, Richtung, und Form des Handelns. Motivation entsteht immer dann, wenn eine Person in einer bestimmten Situation Anreize wahrnimmt, wodurch Motive aktiviert werden und zu einem bestimmten Verhalten führen. Motivation wird somit als Wechselwirkung zwischen motivierter Person und motivierender Situation verstanden.
Für die BWL ist von Interesse festzustellen, welche Motive bei den Mitarbeitern zu bestimmten Arbeitsleistungen führen und wie diese Motive beeinflusst werden können.
Das Motivationsphänomen hilft also bei Beantwortung der Frage, warum Menschen ein bestimmtes Verhalten in konkreten Situationen aufweisen.

Ausgangspunkt sind dabei die Motive. Man unterscheidet zwischen

- extrinsischen Motiven (z.B. Bezahlung) - intrinsischen Motiven (z.B. Erfolgswille)

Definition Motiv

Mangel, der den Organismus veranlasst, nach Mitteln und Wegen zu suchen, die geeignet erscheinen, diesen Zustand zu beseitigen. Man unterscheidet primäre (physiologische) Motive, wie z.B. Hunger, Durst, Furcht und Sexualität, sowie sekundäre (soziale) Motive, wie z.B. die Bedürfnisse nach Anerkennung, Macht oder Selbstverwirklichung.

Es gibt 2 Motivationstheorien: Inhalts- und Prozesstheorien

( Equity-Theorie gehört zu den Prozessmodellen

Definition Prozessmodell

Diese Modelle versuchen zu erklären, wie Motivation formal und losgelöst von Bedürfnisinhalten entsteht und auf das Verhalten wirkt. Das Ziel des Verhaltens ist unbestimmt, aber das Individuum will den subjektiv erwarteten Nutzen maximieren.
Definition Prozesstheorie
Die Prozesstheorien der Motivation versuchen den Motivationsverlauf und die ablaufenden kognitiven Prozesse zu erklären. Sie beantworten die Frage, was sich in einem Menschen abspielt, der etwas anstrebt. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht dabei der Prozess, der dazu führt, dass eine bestimmte Alternative ausgewählt wird, während eine andere verworfen wird.
In bezug auf die Arbeitsmotivation versuchen diese Theorien zu ergründen, wie ein Mitarbeiter veranlasst wird, Arbeitsleistungen zu erbringen.
Grundlagen der Equity-Theorie - Fairness in sozialen Austauschbeziehungen - Equity = Beitragsgerechtigkeit, Fairness, Ausgeglichenheit, Ausgewogenheit - Verknüpfung der Balancetheorie aus den 50ern und 60ern mit dem ökonomischen Austauschgedanken - Starker situationaler Bezug - 2 Fragestellungen bilden den Kern: o 1) Was nehmen die Individuen als fair wahr? o 2) Wie reagieren Individuen, wenn sie eine Austauschbeziehung als unfair empfinden? Adams 1965, Walster/Walster/Berscheid 1978 S. vii - 3 wichtige Autorengruppen o Homans 1961 o Adams 1965 o Walster/Walster/Berscheid 1978 - Erweiterung der Equity-Theorie nach Koschade 2002 - Homans: Konzept der distributiven Gerechtigkeit o Vier zentrale Konzepte sind von Bedeutung ▪ Belohnung ▪ Kosten ▪ Beiträge ▪ Referenzperson • Keine objektive sondern subjektive wahrgenommene Größen o Homans’ Konzept der distributiven Gerechtigkeit o BelohnungenA-KostenA/BeiträgeA = BelohnungenB-KostenB/BeiträgeB o BelohnungenA-KostenA/BeiträgeA =|= BelohnungenB-KostenB/BeiträgeB o Weitere Annahme von Homan: Ärger bei Benachteiligung, Schuldgefühle bei Begünstigung o Keine weitere Spezifikation der angeführten emotionalen Auswirkungen - Adams: Setzt an den Mangel der Spezifikation von Homan an o Verknüpfung des Konzepts der distributiven Gerechtigkeit von Homan mit der Dissonanztheorie von Festinger o (In)Equity statt distributive (Un)Gerechtigkeit o statt Belohnung, Kosten, Beiträge ( Outcome und Income o Outcome bezieht sich auf alles, was das Individuum in einer Austauschbeziehung erhält o Input bezieht sich auf alles, was das Individuum in die Austauschbeziehung einbringt o Outcome und Input sind subjektiv wahrgenommene Größen o 2 Anforderung, damit eine Größe als Outcome oder als Input in einer Austauschbeziehung fungieren kann: ▪ 1) ▪ 2) o Equity liegt vor, wenn das Outcome-Input-Verhältnis einer Person mit dem eines Referenzobjekts übereinstimmt (vgl. Homans 1968, S. 30) ▪ Referenzobjekte können Personen als auch Organisationen sein ▪ Bei Personen: Outcome(p1)/Input(p1) = Outcome(p2)/Input(p2) ▪ p2 entspricht der Referenzperson ▪ Inequity wird empfunden, wenn das Verhältnis voneinander abweicht (vgl. Adams 1963, S. 424) ▪ Ungerechtigkeit wird sowohl bei Benachteiligung (vgl. Leventhal/Bergman 1969) als auch bei Begünstigung (vgl. Bescheid/Boye/Walster 1975; Schmitt/Marwell 1972) im Rahmen des Austauschverhältnisses empfunden (vgl. Adams 1965, S. 281; Austin/Walster 1975, S. 475) o Personen, die sich in einer als ungerecht wahrgenommenen Austauschbeziehung befinden, versuchen, Gerechtigkeit wiederherzustellen (vgl. Austin/Walster 1975, S. 475) ▪ Veränderung des Inputs ▪ Veränderung der kognitiven Komponenten (Einstellungsänderung) ▪ Beeinflussung des Austauschpartners ▪ Abbruch der Beziehung ▪ (vgl. Adams 1965, S. 283 – 292) o Strategien zur Reduzierung von Inequity in einer bestimmten Situation ▪ Allgemeine Auswahlprinzipien (vgl. Adams 1965, S. 295) ▪ Wahl derjenigen Strategie, die den positiven Outcome maximiert ▪ Zudem werden Strategien bevorzugt, die die Notwendigkeit minimieren, • eigene Inputs zu erhöhen, die mit Aufwand und Kosten verbunden sind • Outcomes oder Inputs zu ändern, die für das Selbstkonzept und die Selbstbestätigung bedeutsam sind • die Beziehung abzubrechen oder den Vergleichspartner zu ändern ▪ es wird eher eine Strategie präferiert, eine Änderung der Kognitionen über den Vergleichspartner vorzunehmen als eine Änderung der Kognitionen über die eigene Person • Kognition = Gedanken, Meinungen, Einstellungen, Wünsche, Absichten - Walster/Walster/Berscheid: Aufbauend auf den Ansätzen von Homans und Adams wurde die Equity-Theorie systematisiert und mit dem Anspruch erweitert , eine umfassende allgemeine Theorie der Sozialpsychologie zu formulieren. o Kern: 4 aufeinander aufbauende Propositionen ▪ Zustimmung von Adams/Freedman 1976 ▪ Proposition I: Individuals will try to maximize their outcomes […] • Individuen verhalten sich grds. Egoistisch ▪ Proposition IIA: Groups can maximize collective reward by evolving accepted systems for “equitably” apportioning rewards and costs among members. […] ▪ Propostion IIB: Groups will generally reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish (increase the costs for) members who treat others inequitably. • die zweite Proposition enthält eine Theorie über die Entstehung von Gesellschaften und eine Theorie der sozialen Kontrolle. Individuen erkennen, dass sie ihren eigenen Nutzen maximieren können, indem sie sich fair verhalten – für unfaires Verhalten droht eine Bestrafung ▪ Propostion III: When Individuals find themselfs participating in inequitably relationships, they become distressed […]. Anger and guild are two of the major forms of distress. • Inequity führt bei Begünstigung als auch bei Benachteiligung zu Distress. WBW unterscheiden dabei zwischen zwei Formen: o Vergeltungs-Distress (Furcht vor Vergeltungsmaßnahmen) und o Selbstkonzept-Distress (Verlust der Selbstachtung) ▪ Proposition IV: Individuals who discover that they are in an inequitable relationship attempt to eliminate distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity, the more distress, and the harder they try to restore equity. • Strategien zur Reduzierung von (In)Equity o Strategien zur Wiederherstellung tatsächlicher Equity ▪ Eigene Beiträge verringern ▪ Eigene Ergebnisse erhöhen ▪ Beiträge des Arbeitsgebers erhöhen ▪ Ergebnisse des Ags verringern ▪ Anwendung bei Benachteiligung ▪ Bevorzugung der kostengünstigsten Variante o Strategien zur Wiederherstellung psychologischer Equity ▪ Eigene Beiträge werden unterbewertet ▪ Eigene Ergebnisse werden überbewertet ▪ Beiträge des Ags werden überbewertet ▪ Ergebnisse des Ags werden abgewertet ▪ Anwendung bei Begünstigung ▪ Vorrangig: Streben nach Selbstbestätigung

- Erweiterung der Equity-Theorie (Koschate 2002) o vergleichsbezogene Erweiterung o algebraische Erweiterungen o persönlichkeitspsychologische Erweiterungen o allgemeinpsychologische Erweiterungen o motivationspsychologische Erweiterungen o Erweiterungen des Gerechtigkeitskonzeptes

Equity-Theorie im Marketing
Walster et. al. (1978, S. 114): „Equity theory is a natural framework for analyzing business relationships.”
Bagozzi 1975 ( Einfluss von Equity-Faktoren im Marketing
Deutsch 1985 ( in wirtschaftliche Austauschbeziehungen geht es häufig um Verteilungsgerechtigkeit; Existenz einer Vielzahl potenzieller Referenzpartner
Zentrale Austauschbeziehungen:
Unternehmen: Vorgesetzter Mitarbeiter Mitarbeiter

Abnehmer: Kunde Kunde

Wettbewerber: Vorgesetzter Mitarbeiter Mitarbeiter

Personen können innerhalb und außerhalb der Organisation ihre Outcome-Input-Verhältnisse miteinander vergleichen

- Im Marketing sind insbesondere Kundenvergleiche interessant. - Kunden vergleichen ihr Outcome-Input-Verhältnis mit dem Outcome-Input-Verhältnis des anbietenden Unternehmens. o Dies kann sowohl auf der organisationalen Ebene als auch auf der Mitarbeiterebene erfolgen. - Kunden können ihre Outcome-Input-Verhältnisse untereinander vergleichen - Kunden können ihre Outcome-Input-Verhältnisse mit früheren Austauschverhältnissen vergleichen - Arbeiten im Marketing, die die Equity-Theorie anwenden o Bolton/Lemon 1999 o Homburg/Stock 2001b,c o Huppertz/Arenson/Evans 1978 o Oliver/Swan 1989a, b o Stock 2001 - spezifische Einflussfaktoren und Auswirkungen von wahrgenommener (In)Equity im Marketing o Input-Variablen ▪ Preis ▪ Wartezeit ▪ Kosten des Produktes ▪ Suchverhalten o Outcome-Variablen ▪ Kommissionen des Verkäufers ▪ Gewinn des Händlers o Vergleichspartner ▪ Verkäufer ▪ Händler ▪ andere Kunden ▪ eigene Person in früheren Austauschbeziehungen - Auswirkungen von wahrgenommener (In)Equity o Equity: positive Auswirkung auf die Kundenzufriedenheit als auch auf Verhaltensabsichten (Wiederkaufabsichten, positive Mundwerbung)

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