...Deductive and Inductive Criminal Profiling In when interpreting the personal and behavioral characteristic to identify a suspect of a crime, two primary forms of logic can be using in conducting an investigation: inductive and deductive. Inductions consists of generalizations or assumptions that are formed based on what has been observed. Inductions, like predictions, may not always be accurate. Profilers who develop their logic base off of experience or observation without any provable or verifiable science based theories, ultimately allow bias conclusions to form. On the contrary, deductive profiling is an evidence-based, process-oriented method of investigative reasoning based off of the behavioral patterns of a particular offender...
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...Examining the criminal justice system reveals that minorities are over-represented, primarily because of racial prejudices within the system. The well-publicized war on drugs is one of the main causes for this over-representation, for it has primarily targeted poor people of color. As Walker et al (2003) note, despite repeated studies showing there is little difference in the level of drug use between blacks and whites in the United States, three-quarters of the people incarcerated in American prisons for drug trafficking, dealing, or abuse are African-American. In social terms, one of the most troubling problems with America’s war on drugs is that it appears to be motivated at least in part by racism. As Mason (2000) notes, under New Jersey’s Operation Pipeline drug interdiction program, for example, eighty percent of the motorists stopped by police were black and just thirteen percent were white. Sentencing laws also appear to be racist, for they punish minorities more. Getting caught with four-hundred grams of cocaine requires no mandatory prison term, but possessing four-hundred grams of crack can lead to life in prison. One of the most blatant demonstrations of prejudice in the criminal justice system is racial profiling. According to critics, racial profiling is a unfair law enforcement strategy that enables police officers to stop and question African-Americans simply because of their race. According to Malley (2000) racial profiling is a process...
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...of crime documentary, TV play series and Hollywood thriller, offender profiling has already become the most famous work of law enforcement in the world. Offender profiling is a frequently-used method in criminal psychology, but there are also some people who worry about the abusing of offender profiling by the police or crews(eg. Arrest someone only because he and the general criminal has one thing in common, or even just base on the color of the skin). This essay will focus on a series of queries and common questions about offender profiling. More information on this article will be presented in the introduction. Offender profiling(CP) has also been called criminal profiling, psychological profiling or crime scene...
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...The first section of the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteen Amendment states that no State may “deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” Racial profiling, on the other hand, is often defined as law enforcement activities that are operated solely on the basis of race. The unethical and unlawful practice of racial profiling, results in police officers unjustly using an individual’s race or ethnicity as a reason to excessively stop minorities. In a traffic report conducted on the national level for the year 2005, the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) reveals that “Black drivers (4.5%) were twice as likely as White drivers (2.1%) to be arrested during a traffic stop, while Hispanic drivers (65%) were more likely than White (56.2%) to receive a ticket” (Channin par. 6). The statistics provided by the BJS demonstrate that police actions during street stops were not uniform across racial and ethnic groups. African-American and Hispanic drivers seemed to have a higher likelihood of being pulled over than that of the Whites at the national level. Another article that shows how people of color are the target of racial profiling is “Police Deny Accusations of Racial Profiling with White Teen, Black Dancers” by Ruth Manuel-Logan. In this column, Manuel-Logan describes a recent incident when Houston police stopped and handcuffed...
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...and punish terrorist acts here in the United States as well as around the world, to help law officers, and to strengthen U.S. measures. Three essays have been studied on this subject, (U.S. Patriot Act – Damian Coles, and The Patriot Act: Wise beyond Its Years – John Ashcroft, and Cassady Pitt - U.S. Patriot Act and Racial profiling: Are there consequences of discrimination?) to come up with this critical argument essay. There are advantages and disadvantages of the Patriot Act. Although The Bill of Rights gives us privacy that could be invaded, is effectual for our country because this helps law enforcement have more resources and more freedom to help. Here are two disadvantages of the Patriot Act to be discussed. First racial profiling and, second America’s right to privacy under the Bill of Rights. When someone is considered a criminal or terrorist just because of how they dress, look, or the religion they practice, this is racial profiling. Racial profiling was a problem in the United States even before 9/11 and the Patriot act. During WWI Japanese Americans were put into camps even if they had never lived in Japan and were born in the United States. Because of 9/11 and the terrorist attacks it has been brought back to the front of our minds; this does not mean that the Patriot Act is a bad thing. We had racial profiling before and will continue to have it because at some time or another people will be looked at...
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...Race in the criminal justice In today’s day of age people are always blaming some race on crimes, but is that racist are is it profiling? I will first start by talking about what is profiling. Profiling is used by cities and towns all over the U.S. Profiling has been a problem because people don’t look at the facts but the color of their skin, religion, and national origin of the person (ACLU , 2017). Profiling was used a lot after September 11, 2001 with Muslim, Arab at the airlines, federal law and local police. In an Article published in 2015 named Muslims in prison? I found out that 60% of Muslims were even though Muslims make up about 8% of the population in 2010 (Markind, 2015). Now I will talk about the statics on hate crimes in the...
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...Profiling in our Society Today Have you ever felt targeted by police officials and looked at as a criminal? To be accused of a crime but not because you have done something wrong, but because of your ethnicity or religion. To be discriminated against not just by citizens with in our society but the security officials and by the government we as citizens are supposed to confide in and feel protected by. If you can relate to this question, then from one aspect you understand the emotional feeling tied to being profiled. In the article “Ethnic and Religious Profiling Violates Civil Liberties” the author Lee’s purpose is to provide valid arguments of how the events of 911 have fueled the increased acceptance of ethnic and religious profiling against Arab and Muslim immigrants. The author strongly articulates her point and uses several sources as arguments, but her use of circular reasoning fails to persuade her reader. The authors evidence and reasoning is much stronger when pervasive pattern is summarized, well informed evidence bringing to light the issues we face towards profiling is not going away. Reading Lee’s essay there was flow that was evident from the introduction and throughout the body to the conclusion because the author keeps to the same idea in the introduction as in the conclusion that immigrants faced injustice and were profiled for terrorism because they were Arab or Muslim. The author executed clear topic sentences that goes hand in hand with the overall flow...
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...Offender profiling is an analytical, investigative tool used by investigators to try and determine the characteristics of an offender by examining all available information of a particular offense (Ainsworth, 2001). The aim is not to identify the offender committing the serious crime; the primary purpose is to establish the type of person likely to have committed the offense. John Douglas argues that you need to “think exactly as the criminal does” in order to understand potentially who could be behind these crimes (Douglas and Olshaker, 1995 p, 151). It can be an effective way in order to capture the perpetrator primarily before they strike again and to gain justice and reassurance for victims. It helps to eliminate a huge swath of the population narrowing down police searches of potential perpetrators. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the strengths and weaknesses in relation to both the UK and US approach to criminal profiling and how effective their methods are in practise. Both approaches are not that different with the techniques used but they differ in terms of the rigorous empirical techniques used by profilers in the UK. I will make reference to infamous case studies to help demonstrate the benefits and drawbacks of using...
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...History Repeats: Profiling Color and Violent Acts Racial profiling has been a reoccurring event for decades now. Some dispute their opinions on whether racial profiling is a violent act or a socially responsible law. Racial Profiling is an act, which has definitely evolved into a violent one overtime. This issue is known as a “recent phenomenon” (Eger, et.al). Before the year 1995, racial profiling was not a term, which was heard of often. Marshall Miller conducted research on whether the “recent phenomenon” was a pattern or a now repetitive practice. Both the authors of The Policy of Enforcement and Marshall Miller come to an agreement when regarding the treatment of different racial groups. Negative outcomes occur after studying the treatment...
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...Criminologist and forensic psychologists share many similarities although they have a few differences. This essay will attempt to explain these similarities and differences. Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals whereas forensic psychology is the interaction of the study of psychology and the law, it is also a branch of applied psychology which is concerned with the collection, examination and presentation of evidence for judicial purposes (Haward, 1953) furthermore they hold a doctorate degree in a field of psychology. The role of a criminologist is to investigate a variety of reasons to why criminals commit crimes. In order to investigate how these crimes are committed, they must consider psychological and social factors furthermore consider if any biological situations could have led the criminal to commit the crime. The role of a forensic psychologist is to provide the legal system with sound psychological information from a sound research base (Grisso, 1987). A forensic psychologist role is similar to a criminologist role to an extent that they also work with prisoners and offenders moreover they also apply the psychological theory to criminal behaviour to figure out what makes criminals commit these crimes. The premium goal of a forensic psychologist is to The first act of psychologist taking part in the justice court was in 1896 when Albert testified at the trial of Munich man accused of murdering three women. Within the United Kingdom the prison...
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...Social Justice and Equality: Racial Profiling Galina Shlikht, Nicole Gordon and Becky Overstreet City University of Seattle Author’s Note Galina Shilkht, Student, City University Nicole Gordon, Student, City University Becky Overstreet, Student, City University Social Justice and Equality Team Outline (All) Conflict and Solutions 1. Faulty communication Sometimes criticism can be given inappropriately. This can result in hurting the feelings of group members leaving them feeling devalued. When this happens, we as a team believe the first thing that must be done is to be honest and let the group know how you feel. So we must acknowledge the conflict. The next appropriate step would be to discuss the conflict with all of the team members. After this, we should try and understand the situation and reach an agreement. One of the agreements could be that criticism be given appropriately and constructively. 2. Time management With work, kids, and living in different time zones it can be a challenge to find the time that works best for the three of us to discuss the details, questions, and/or concerns about our essay together. Our solution to this is to set up exact times and day, sort of like an online appointment, for when the three of us can be available via Facebook group message. 3. Personality clashes We all have our own way of doing things. Our styles of working might be different and sometimes this can cause a conflict with each other...
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...Discrimination and Disparity S Fraser June 9, 2011 Cultural Diversity Issues in Criminal Justice CJA/344 Discrimination and Disparity Discrimination exists in today’s society whether it is acknowledged or not; it is becoming more common and more accepted every day. It is happening everywhere, schools, churches, government, and even within the criminal justice system. Often times, disparity is a product of discrimination or vice versa. The following essay will discuss discrimination and disparities that exist within the criminal justice system as well as a contrast and comparison of the two terms. The definition of disparity is the condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree; difference (free dictionary, 2009). Disparities can also exist in gender, income, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity. When relating to the criminal justice system, disparities exist in police departments, correctional facilities and in court procedures. In law enforcement, disparities are everywhere from hiring practices, promotional opportunities, and police response. For example, a 2009 article about racial bias in law enforcement stated that Blacks and whites engage in drug offenses at about the same rate. The article continued to say: “Since there are six-and-a-half times as many whites in this country, you would think there would be then proportionally six-and-a-half times as many whites being arrested...
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...Cesare Beccaria’s essay “An Essay on Crimes and Punishments” was about the great need that existed for changes in the criminal justice system, even back in 1764 when it was published. His thoughts and opinions inspired others, which then inspired changes in the government such as “prison reform, for the termination of the death penalty in many European nations, and even for more humane means of execution in those nations that retained it.” (Halfond, 2016, p. 2). He wanted to ensure the rights of criminals and citizens alike were protected and to stop the severity of punishments. His ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights, as well as the abolition of the death penalty in some states. Cesare Beccaria is known as the father...
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...Allegations of the use of excessive force by U.S. police departments continue to generate headlines more than two decades after the 1992 Los Angeles riots brought the issue to mass public attention and spurred some law enforcement reforms. On Staten Island, N.Y., the July 2014 death of Eric Garner because of the apparent use of a “chokehold” by an officer sparked outrage. A month later in Ferguson, Mo., the fatal shooting of teenager Michael Brown by officer Darren Wilson ignited protests, and a grand jury’s decision not to indict Wilson triggered further unrest. In November, Tamir Rice was shot by police in Cleveland, Ohio. He was 12 years old and playing with a toy pistol. On April 4, 2015, Walter L. Scott was shot by a police officer after a routine traffic stop in North Charleston, S.C. The same month, Freddie Gray died while in police custody in Baltimore, setting off widespread unrest. The policeman in the South Carolina case, Michael T. Slager, was charged with murder based on a cellphone video. In Baltimore, the driver of the police van in which Gray died, Caesar Goodson, was charged with second-degree murder, with lesser charges for five other officers. There have been no indictments in the earlier cases. These follow other recent incidents and controversies, including an April 2014 finding by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), following a two-year investigation, that the Albuquerque, N.M., police department “engages in a pattern or practice of use of excessive...
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...Discrimination Essay Ashley Gallegos CJA/344 10/23/2011 Jacquelyn Bradway In America disparity and discrimination has a strong presence in everyday life as well as in other countries around the world. Even though these are two different actions they have the same result showing others they are different and should be treated as such. When it comes to disparity its definition states that it is inequality in form or a difference. When it comes to discrimination its definition states that it is an action that treats someone inferior because of their race, sex, national origin or age. Do these actions take place in the world of criminal justice for example in law enforcement practices, court procedures or correction populations? Law Enforcement Practices Law enforcement is an admirable job and any individual who takes on this job role should be appreciated and respected. But what should citizens do when disparity and discrimination become intertwined and a part of the law enforcement job? An issue among law enforcement for decades has been racial profiling; this issue is the reason why many judicial consent decrees have been designed, to help start avoiding racial profiling dating...
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