...NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY What is memory? It is often associated with the “thinking of again” or “recalling to the mind” of something learned at an earlier time. Descriptions of this sort imply a conscious awareness in the rememberer that they are recollecting something of the past. For example, we might remember our first day of school or some general knowledge such as who the prime minister is. On closer reflection, this is only really the tip of the iceberg when we look at the full range of human memory capabilities. Much of our memory is submerged from conscious view (e.g., skills such as driving or typewriting). Performance on complex tasks such as playing a musical instrument can even be disrupted when conscious awareness intrudes. We learn and remember how to use language often without having to be conscious of its grammatical rules. A better description of memory could be ‘the ability to retain and utilize acquired information or knowledge’. Memory is an integral part of our existence, yet it is only vaguely understood. Through empirical studies on people, the methods of cognitive psychology have lead to some useful descriptions, distinctions and theoretical advances in our understanding of different types of memory. These approaches have paid little attention to the biological substrate of memory – the brain. This is probably partly because, until recently, the tremendous complexity of the brain has hampered our ability to gain useful insights into memory from...
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...author, Annie Dillard’s memories of her mother. Many of these memories stemmed from observing her mother’s unique personal traits and qualities. Through anecdotes, Annie is able to express her ambivalence and admiration for her mother’s opinionated lifestyle, as well as offer the audience a humorous and light-hearted essay. Annie idolizes her mother’s intelligence, values, playfulness, and confidence throughout the story. Other qualities that her mother possessed included a good sense of humor, her persuasiveness, and her patience. “Mother cared for us tenderly and was always dependable” (page 151), are words from the passage that applaud her mother’s traits. Although Annie appreciated many of her mother’s qualities, there were some traits that were questionable and uncertain to her. Annie refers to her mother as “connoisseur, a lover of human drama in all its boldness and terror” (page 150), which she later explains that she is contradictory of confrontation. She is also ambivalent to her mother’s sarcasm and unexpected jokes. As an author, Annie expresses her attitude for her mother in a very warm and sympathetic environment. Her essay contains implicit arguments about the need to make one’s way in the world, the importance of standing up for what one believes in, and the importance of words. Annie conveys her feelings through everyday conversation and language, and her use of amusing anecdotes. These anecdotes increase in seriousness as the essay progresses to keep...
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...2015 Todd Marbury Dr. Lauren Goldstein Intro to Psychology June 7, 2015 2015 Todd Marbury Dr. Lauren Goldstein Intro to Psychology June 7, 2015 Retrospective Analysis of Personality Retrospective Analysis of Personality Through the years I wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why I drastically made these changes due to the different people and environments I have been. I have changed in too many ways to recount all of them, but a few I will list. In this essay I will discuss the aspect of my life that has and has not changed, analyze the role of nature and nurture within my personality and discuss why most memories are bias, which makes systemic scientific more valued than individual accounts. Psychologists strive to understand how personality develops as well as how it influences the way we think and behave. This area of psychology seeks to understand personality and how it varies among individuals as well as how people are similar in terms of personality. While there is no single agreed upon definition of personality, it is often thought of as something that arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. It encompasses all of the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. Understanding personality allows psychologists to predict how people will respond in certain situations and...
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...been greatly affected by the sad deaths of their loved ones. The narrator, Sarah, whose life has been greatly affected by the early death of her dear brother “Terry”, must guide her son through the accidental death of his friend. The story is written in the past tense, as the narrator thinks back at her childhood shortly before the demise of her brother, when they would re-enact the bizarre fate of Henry the VIII’s wives. The structure of the story is a bit irregularly written or rather “jumpy”, as we travel through the memories of the narrator, where we find ourselves reading about some of her stories of which time span stretches over thirty years. The narrator’s son faces a tremendous amount grief as a result of his friend’s death, and it is now up to his mother to help him through these difficult times, as she also went through the exact same thing. The setting of the essay is rather well-thought, as the reader of the story follows to different segments of memory, which plays out simultaneously. In one hand you find yourself reading about, Terry, whose demise was a result of falling ill. He is described by his sister, Sarah, as a passionate young man especially when playing “Lady Anne”. Sarah, Terry and their friends, Johnny Sanderson, Molly Denham and others, were all present at the last role-playing of the unfortunate fate of Henry the VIII’s wives “Divorced, Beheaded, Died” which took place in the garden. The demise of, Terry, was shortly after the lot’s role-play, and the...
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...Downloadet fra Opgaver.com Josefine Grossmann 3.m Delprøve 2 English Essay Espergærde Gymnasium No Angel Grief is individual because everyone handles his or her sorrows differently. No one wants to be alone and therefore to loose someone you love can be tremendously painful and difficult to overcome. On the one hand you want to get liberated from the pain and loss. You try to compensate from it by forgetting. Others want to keep the memory of the ones they have lost, because they fear the loneliness, and thereby find it challenging letting them go because death is so hard to accept. That is the reason why people find other ways to keep the memory of a lost person, like pretending they see the dead as ghosts or angels. This paradox and theme is presented in the short story ‘’No Angel,’’ written by Bernie McGill in 2010, where our main character deals with the loneliness and grief. The short story is told in first person narrative in a limited point of view. We see the events through our main characters eyes, who’s name we are not told, which gives us a specific and circumstantial information about her thoughts. The disadvantage of this kind of narration is that we only get one point of view and thereby the main character can be essentially unreliable, and important information and happenings can be omitted from the story, but in this case it has no influence on the plot because of the composition in this short story. The composition is jumping in time with flashbacks and flash-forwards...
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...Human Memory The human memory is one of the most interesting things to learn about but also one of the most challenging. In this essay I will explore the human memory and how it relates to the following things: information processing theory, nature of sensory register, and the role of attention. I will also explain to the best of my ability the nature of the working memory, how the brain connect new information with prior knowledge and the nature of long term memory. Finally I will provide strategies as to how a person can transfers something to their long term memory and how a person can enhance retrieval of information from their long term memory. As technology has advanced thorough the years the human brain has been compared to many things most recently it has been compared to a computer. The theory of information processing is a key part to how our brain functions. Information processing starts with input from the sensory organs, which change physical stimuli such as touch into electrochemical signals. Then algorithms of the brain changes the sensory information in both bottom-up and top-down processing. An example of these two types of processing would be bottom-up me feeling something crawling on my arm or leg and without seeing it freaking out, while in top-down processing stage I would see a spider and immediately kill it. In this example during the top-down I thought more about my reaction due to previous knowledge about spiders. Sensory register is the first and...
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...physical, psychological or socioeconomic conditions, sleep disturbance is a common problem. Impaired sleep or sleep disturbance means failure to fall asleep, inability to regain sleep and persistent arousal during the night (Prinz, 1977, as cited in Harrington & Avidan, 2009). The most familiar types of sleep disorders are insomnia; difficulty falling asleep in-spite of sufficient sleep opportunity, and obstructed sleep apnea; difficulty in breathing while asleep that results in frequent awakening (Harrington & Avidan, 2009). The multiple causes of sleep disturbance may include ageing, noise, chronic disease, nocturia, alcoholism, chronic pain, obesity and stress. This essay focuses on three common causes of sleep disturbance: ageing, noise and psychological problems. It also focuses on consequences like memory impairment and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents. Ageing may be a common cause of sleep disturbance. Changes in sleep pattern, like increased lighter stages of sleep, increased fragmented sleep, as well as decreased total sleep time and early morning awakenings may all occur with advancing age. The prevalence of obstructed sleep apnea is 13% among older men and 4% among older women (Enright et al., 1996, as cited in Harrington & Avidan, p. 148). Another study in California showed the prevalence of obstructed sleep apnea occurred in 28% of men and 20% of women in people aged 65 years and above (Ancoli-Israel et al., 1991, as cited in Harrington & Avidan...
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...of the brain as it relates to processes of cognition such as; memory, perception, thinking, recognition and the human ability to solve problems, ( Jansari, 2010 p.60). Since the second half of the nineteenth century neurologist began studying brain damage in patients, more specifically their research has examined the effect of brain damage and its implication for normal cognitive functions. It has therefore being argued that in order to understand a working system, one must understand how it can fail, (Jansari, 2010 p. 59). This can refine and possibly constrain existing theories, as well as inspire the formulation of future concepts with regards to the structure of normal cognition. Evidence is based on case studies of individual brain damaged patients who show deficits in particular areas of the brain, from such studies researchers infer that different areas of the brain are highly specialized. Furthermore the development of more accurate techniques, aided by more effective research paradigms has increased our understanding of cognitive functions, in areas such as disassociation, plasticity, memory, localization and face processing, which would be explored later in the essay. Cognitive neuropsychology has however shown that there are limitations in understanding cognition where questions regarding methodology may arise, for instance studying single patient symptoms may pose problem for generalization. This essay would therefore provide an account of how neuropsychology has contributed...
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...physiological processes involved in forming thoughts, communicating with others, and remembering both happy and sad memories. The very manner in which you engage (or do not engage) with others in the world around you has been derived from a series of influences on you, both genetic and environmental, that have shaped you into the person you are today. Thus, we are the amalgamation of collective influences on us, from our families and friends to our coworkers and larger society. It is my firm conviction that to appreciate who we are and what we stand for, it is important to periodically self-reflect and consider our life experiences, those things important to us, and our current direction in life. To assist you in doing this, I will ask that each of you complete a “personal credo.” This term may be somewhat alien to you, so I will explain what materials are to be included in this brief summary of who you are. Submit your assignment via the Dropbox no later than Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT. (This Dropbox basket is linked to Turnitin.) The word “credo” relates to a personal set of values or beliefs. For this class, conceptualize your personal credo as a brief autobiographical statement that details not only important background information and life experiences, but also conveys a sense of your values and beliefs about who you are and where you are going. Implicit in this credo are inherent strengths and weaknesses, moments of profound change in your life, and future goals...
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...PSYCHOLOGY FINAL EXAMINATION ESSAY QUESTIONS GROUP 1 What issues give rise to the bipolar disorder? Bipolar disorder issued from lack of chemical and electrical elements in brain to function properly. It also occur in the presence of corresponding genes in patients DNA as a results of genes transmission from older generations. Bipolar disorder has 2 common poles known as Mania and Depression. How does this 2 poles differ from each other and how does this 2 poles correlate to each other? Mood Changes | -A long period of feeling "high," or an overly happy or outgoing mood -Extreme irritability | Behavioral Changes | -Talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another, having racing thoughts -Being easily distracted -Increasing activities, such as taking on new projects -Being overly restless -Sleeping little or not being tired -Having an unrealistic belief in one's abilities -Behaving impulsively and engaging in pleasurable, high-risk behaviours | | Depression | Mood Changes | -An overly long period of feeling sad or hopeless -Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex. | Behavioral Changes | -Feeling tired or "slowed down" -Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions -Being restless or irritable -Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits -Thinking of death or suicide, or attempting suicide. | How does they correlate? Both involves disturbance in length of sleep. Both involves...
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...can be difficult to break free from these routines. This is a theme, which is dealt with in Polly Clark´s Elephant. William, the main character, is an author who writes biographies about female multiple pop artists. His life is nothing but routine. In the following essay we will focus on the effects of this cyclical lifestyle by analyzing the relationship between William and his writing and the use of symbols in the text. The novel takes place inside the protagonists house. His and his wife’s garden symbolises their relationship, they say about the garden: "It looks so flat and unloved.", just like it is with them. They have thought about laying a deck over it, which resembles how they want to hide their problems. The garden is very depressing for the main character, and when he looks out it reminds him of bad things. Therefor he closes the curtains. They dream about new “settings”. They dream about changes in their life, and Ginny has an idea about moving to Australia. Ginny is blind to the problem, and thinks it is the life they live which is wrong, and not them. It is all ordinary boring days, and the unpleasant environment increase the feeling of their bad relationship. The author uses an implicit third person narrator, which gives us an insight in Williams thoughts and the cause of his actions, as in p. 4 l. 152: ” Tears filled his eyes. His fingers flew faster and faster. That his career in pulp biographies was definitely over did not matter a bit, in fact...
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...‘power of the fantastic’ (EA300,Block 4) are used to create dramatic effect and depth to narratives, in interesting and diverse ways. The two concepts are not mutually exclusive. When the real and the fantastic combine, truly delightful and often informative, stories are created. Novels differ in their proportional use of realism and fantasy. Realism is commonly used to convey a sense of believability, to give gravitas to characters and to enable a child reader to understand through the presentation of the familiar and recognisable. Fantasy can be viewed as a “departure from consensus reality.” (Hume cited in EA300. Block4.p169). This could exist in the form of imaginary play, dreams, unworldly creations or literal impossibility. This essay will concentrate on Swallows and Amazons and Tom’s Midnight Garden. Each text has different approaches to the use of reality and fantasy. However, they convey similar themes and messages through various presentations of ‘the real’ and ‘the fantastic.’ Ransome and Pearce anchor their stories in reality by creating a “powerful sense of place and” a “celebration of freedom underpinned by family security.” (EA300, Block4) Ransome achieves this by distinct geographical representation of the Lake District in his description. The Walker’s are allowed relative freedom under the watchful eyes of ‘natives,’ predominantly their mother. Pearce’s approach is quite different, however; yet still she portrays a strong bond between Tom, and his brother...
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...Essay Questions for Human Learning and Memory Chapter 1: Some Basic Assumptions 1. What is neural determinism? What evidence supports it? 2. Discuss the arguments for and against determinism, citing evidence wherever possible. 3. What is introspection, and why did psychologists abandon it as a method for understanding people’s behavior? 4. Discuss the arguments for and against the use of animals in psychological research, citing evidence wherever possible. Chapter 2: Classical Conditioning 1. How did Pavlov account for extinction? What evidence supports his acount? 2. Suppose you participated in an experiment in which you occasionally received a tone followed by a puff of air to your eye, and that after 20 pairings you began to blink as soon as the tone was presented. One possible explanation is classical conditioning. What other explanations are possible? What are unpaired and random control groups, and how do they allow us to decide whether your blinking was truly the result of conditioning? 3. Discuss the evidence that classical conditioning can play a role in the development of hunger, fear, sexual arousal and drug craving. 4. How have classical conditioning principles been used in the treatment of phobias? Can conditioning principles also account for the origin of phobias? Chapter 3: Conditioning Principles and Theories 1. For more than 50 years, research on classical conditioning suggested that if a CS and a US were contiguous, then conditioning...
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...accidents. This essay views sleep and sleep deprivation from five different motivational perspectives in order to gain a holistic understanding of the phenomena. From evolutionary, psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive, and hierarchy of needs perspectives, it is inferred that the cognitive and behaviourist perspectives uphold the most merit for gaining understanding into sleep and sleep deprivation. However, it is concluded that in order to obtain the greatest comprehension of the phenomena, the implementation of all motivational perspectives is required. Sleep is one of the most fundamental components of a healthy existence. The phenomenon of sleep deprivation, resulting either from lifestyle choices or the undertreatment of sleep related illnesses, could be a factor for a multitude of health disorders prevalent in today’s society (Nature, 2005). It is suggested that people of industrialized countries obtain about 20% less sleep today than they did a century ago. Sleep deprivation has been linked to Type 2 diabetes, obesity, and has also been found to significantly increase the chance of a motor-vehicle accident (Wilson, 2005). In order to address the problem of sleep deprivation, it is imperative that the motivation behind sleep and sleep deprivation is understood. This essay will look at sleep and sleep deprivation through five different perspectives of motivation: evolutionary, psychodynamic, behaviourist, cognitive, and hierarchy of needs. This essay will then argue that...
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...of successful accountants 3.1 Skill-related competencies (SPEEX) 3.2 Personality-related competencies (16PF) 4. The role of situational, personality and interest measures in establishing the core competencies of interviewees 4.1 Situational tests 4.2 Personality tests 4.3 Interest tests 4.3.1 The Self-Directed Search (SDS) 4.3.2 The MB-10 5. Approaching the process to appoint a suitable candidate 5.1 Components of the selection process 5.1.1 CV Screening 5.1.2 Reference checking 5.1.3 Short-listing 5.1.4 Competency based interviewing 5.1.5 Psychological assessment 5.1.6 Second interview 5.1.7 Appointment SECTION B References SECTION A 1. Introduction The aim of this essay is to critically discuss the importance of a job description by highlighting five important competencies that are relevant to the job description of an accountant, the use of various types of measures in the industrial context, and the process followed in selection, placement and development of employees. The modern work environment is competitive and employers need to be strategic in their hiring strategy. According to Bennie and Huang (2010) it is important for organisations to attract and retain the most promising staff in order to facilitate success in the work environment. Foxcroft and Roodt (2010) relate that psychological assessment can serve many purposes. It can inter alia help to identify strengths and weaknesses, it can...
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