...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...Teenage Pregnancy Unit Teenage pregnancy: an overview of the research evidence Introduction In 1999 the government’s ten-year national Teenage Pregnancy Strategy was launched. The main aims of the strategy are to: • Reduce the rate of teenage conceptions with the specific aim of halving the rate of conceptions among under-18s, and to set a firmly established downward trend in the rate of conceptions among under-16s, by 2010 • Increase the participation of teenage parents in education, training and employment to 60% by 2010, to reduce their risk of long-term social exclusion. This briefing presents headline findings from key research relating to teenage pregnancy and parenthood which has emerged (mainly) since the launch of the strategy. The topics covered include research on young people’s sexual behaviour; sources of sex and relationships information; what works in preventing teenage pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage...
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...The University of South Wales Business Venturing – Dr. Chris Miller (EB4S19) Assignment 2 Bwalya Brian Kawimbe (12015822) Michael Ajetunmobi (11068116) Sata Stella Mutale (12058998) For Information Only 4 Executive Summary 4 Company Summary 5 Company Ownership 5 Management Team 5 United Kingdom Office: 5 Nigerian Office: 5 Zambian Office 5 Start Up Summary 6 Start Up Funding 6 Unique Selling Point 6 Market Analysis Summary 8 Market Strategy 9 Product 9 Price 10 Place 10 Promotion 10 SWOT Analysis 11 Strengths 11 Weaknesses 11 Opportunity 11 Threat 11 Industry Analysis Summary 12 Threat of New Entrants 12 Bargaining power of Customers 12 Bargaining power of Suppliers 12 Competitor Rivalry 13 Threat of Substitutes 13 Operations Management 14 Market Analysis 14 Artist Management 14 Detailed Planning 15 Implementation 15 Delivery 15 Evaluation 15 Macro Environment Summary 16 Political 16 Economic Factors 16 Social factors 17 Technological factors 17 Legal Factors 18 Environmental Factors 18 Financial Management 18 Inaugural Events 18 Nigerian Independence Day 18 Zambian Independence Day 20 3 year forecast 21 Reference/Bibliography List 22 For Information Only This document is a business plan. It should not be taken as an offer for sale of any securities of the company. It is for your confidential use only and should not be reproduced, sold, edited or redistributed without the written...
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...Brunel Business School Draft Working Paper: November 2006 Innovation: Basic Concepts and Models By S. N. Nasirpourosgoei and A-M Coles For many firms the development of new products is a major business activity, although Ettlie (2006) points out that many new products are merely copies or imitations of existing ones. The study of innovation is concerned with identifying how firms use their existing knowledge and technical resources to develop goods, processes and services that are significantly novel. Innovation is often seen as a key driver of economic growth for a country and increased firm productivity (Gann, 2003 cited in Abbott and Jeong, 2006). Trott (2005) demonstrates that the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century was fuelled by technological innovations, while Abbott and Jeong (2006) argue that there is now increasing emphasis on the importance of innovation for long-term economic success. At an organisational level, specific benefits include such factors as market growth, reductions in production cost, competitive positioning and opening up of new markets (Slaughter, 1998). For Ettlie the key questions in the study of innovation relate to the way some firms can utilise individual creativity in innovation more successfully than others. Innovation is has become a vital part of business survival and is supported by much academic study into reasons for its success and failure, for example, in 1994 – 1995, 275 books published in the US had the word ‘innovation’...
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... Rikke Nielsen, S1939882 Jan Oestmann, S1956140 Arjen Hofman, S1873083 Table of contents 1. Introduction p. 1 1.1 Abstract p. 1 1.2 Introduction to the company p. 1 2. Analysis of the company and its market p. 2 2.1 Market p. 2 2.2 Performance analysis p. 2 2.3 Product adaptation p. 4 3. Environmental analysis p. 4 3.1 External environmental analysis p. 4 3.2 PEST-analysis p. 4 3.3 Opportunities and threats p. 5 3.4 Internal environmental analysis p. 6 3.5 Strengths and weaknesses p. 6 4. Marketing analysis p. 8 4.1 Segmentation p. 8 4.2 Targeting p. 9 4.3 Positioning p. 9 4.4 Product strategy p. 9 4.5 Promotion strategy p. 10 4.6 Market entry, pricing and distribution p. 11 5. Conclusion p. 12 Bibliography p. 12 Appendix 1. Introduction 1.1. Abstract This report will be centred around the watch manufacturing branch of Swatch. Swatch has been highly successful throughout its existence and therefore it is particularly interesting to know how they achieved this considerable success. The main purpose of this report is to analyze the company of Swatch from a marketing perspective. This analysis is based on the theories from the books Essentials of Global Marketing by Svend Hollensen(2008) and Principles of Marketing written by Philip Kotler and Gerry Armstrong(2006). Additional research was conducted throughout the internet. Each chapter...
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...Marketing Plan for Oreo Cookies in Poland TABLE OF CONTENT Executive Summary 4 Business Mission 4 External Marketing Audit 5 Macro-environment - PEST Analysis 5 The Market 6 Competition for Oreo in the Polish market 7 Internal Marketing Audit 8 Operating Results 8 Strategic Issue Analysis 8 Marketing Mix Effectiveness – 4 P’s 9 SWOT Analysis OREO 10 Marketing Objectives 11 Strategic Thrust 11 Strategic Objectives 11 Core Strategy 12 Target Markets 12 Competitor Targets 12 Competitive Advantage 12 Marketing Mix Decisions for Poland 13 Product 13 Promotion 13 Price 13 Place 13 Budget 14 Sales and breakeven 14 Promotion expenditure 14 Organisation 14 Implementation 15 Marketing control 15 Action plan (see excel) 15 Reviews 15 Bibliography 16 Executive Summary This report is the marketing plan for the proposed market development of Oreo brand to Poland. The purpose of the plan is to analysis the feasibility and profitability of introducing Oreo brand to Poland market. Oreo brand is one of our leading brands and it constitutes a substantial part of our revenue in the previous years. Oreo is the biggest selling cookies in china in 2006 and it sales reach $1 billion in US in six months. Oreo is a sweet, creamy chocolate with moderate amount of calories and also serve as complementary products. Well packaged and easy to unwrap. ...
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...Economic Modelling 28 (2011) 1348–1353 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Economic Modelling j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / e c m o d Foreign direct investment and China's regional income inequality☆ Kang Yu a, Xian Xin b,c, Ping Guo a, Xiaoyun Liu d,⁎ a School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Forestry University, Zhejiang, 311300, PR China Center for Rural Development Policy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China c College of Economics and Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China d College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China b a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t China's widening regional income inequality coupled with its pronounced regional disparity in foreign direct investment stock since 1990 has claimed the attention of many scholars. While some researchers confirm regional disparity in China's foreign direct investment, others attribute the widening regional income inequality to this regional disparity. This paper thus assesses the impacts of China's stock of foreign direct investment on its regional income inequality using simultaneous equation model and the Shapley value regression-based decomposition approach. Our results suggest that China's stock of foreign direct investment has accounted for merely 2% of its regional income inequality. Furthermore, the contribution ratio of per...
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...OF CONFERENCE PARTICIPATION DECISION : SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIIKM CONFERENCE ABSTRACT Conference industry brings significant economic effects and that is one of the reasons why many destinations around the world strive to organize conferences, especially the international ones, which make bigger economic effects. The purpose of this paper is to examine factors that may influence to decision making of conference participants to participate to international conferences. Data will be collected through a survey from TIIKM conference participants and it will be analyzed using SPSS. Result of this study will be helped to all conference organizers to make their strategies. Keywords: Conference attendees, Motivational factors, International conference, 1. INTRODUCTION The business tourism market is often segmented and denoted by acronym “MICE”, meetings, incentives, conventions and exhibitions. It is one of the key drivers of tourism destination development and therefore an important generator of income, employment and foreign investment. Beyond these economic benefits, the Meetings Industry also presents opportunities for knowledge sharing, networking and is an influential driver of...
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...Estimating Switching Costs in the Mobile Telecommunications Industry in the UK∗ Lukasz Grzybowski Center for Information and Network Economics Munich Graduate School of Economics September 2004 Preliminary version, Comments are welcome Abstract In this paper I estimate the magnitude of switching costs in the UK mobile industry. Using a survey data with individual choices of network operators in two consecutive years I find a presence of very strong average switching costs, which make the majority of consumers reluctant to switch networks. The size of average switching costs differs significantly across networks and the observed switching may be due to heterogeneous switching costs across consumers. The willingness to switch networks depends to some extend on consumer’s characteristics. Keywords: mobile telephony, switching costs, discrete choice. JEL Classification: C25, D12, L96 ∗ I would like to thank Volkswagen Stiftung and Munich Graduate School of Economics for the generous financial support which made this research possible. All errors are mine. 1 1 Introduction The presence of switching costs has a critical impact on the consumers’ behavior and firms’ strategies in many industries. The anticompetitive effects of switching costs are of major concern for the regulators. Therefore, the identification and measurement of the magnitude of switching costs should provide important information for the regulators. In particular, the mobile telephony may be subject...
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...International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 4, No. 11 In-Depth Analysis of PC Industry in China Xiaojun Cui Department of Business Administration, Guangdong Radio and TV University Guangzhou 510091, China E-mail: xjcui@gdrtvu.edu.cn Abstract Personal Computer (PC) industry in China has experienced a rapid growth in China in recent years, and has played a more and more important role in the national economy. This motivates us to analyze the business environment and strategic situation of the PC industry in depth. A PEST analysis is carried on to analyze the business environment of the PC industry, and Porter's five forces analysis is used to analyze the competitive nature of PC industry in China. Keywords: China’s PC industry, PEST Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to analyze the business environment and strategic situation of personal computer (PC) industry in China. The motivation of an in-depth analysis of PC industry in China stems from the fact that PC industry has played a more and more important role in national economy of China, and has an important effect on the society. Since the emergence, PC has become a necessary tool in daily life in the society. Moreover, with the advances of technology, PC carries more and more functions and attracts more and more users. Now the PC market is mature and close to saturation in the developed countries, while the development of PC industry is still experiencing...
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...An institutional analysis of the beer market | Written by: Frank Bloemhof Student number: 294673 International Business School, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen Lecturer: Arnd Mehrtens Written by: Frank Bloemhof Student number: 294673 International Business School, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen Lecturer: Arnd Mehrtens | | | Date: 29 January 2015 Word count: 8,925 Abstract The global beer industry - An Analysis of opportunities and risks in light of its institutional characteristics, as exemplified in part by Heineken. In this report you will read about a novel concept in economics called the Three Pillar Model, with a particular focus on the pillar of entities. After a general introduction, specific information about the beer market will be given. This is followed by a short analysis of the company Heineken NV, a Dutch beer brewer operating in over 170 countries worldwide. To end the report a conclusion will be given. This is followed by, which will include among other things the recommendation to create a strong bond with the consumer. In the very end you will find a list of all the sources that were used to write this report. Contents Abstract 1 Introduction 3 1. Literature review 4 1.1 Three pillar model 4 1.2 Theories 4 1.2.1 Neoclassical economics 5 1.2.2 Institutional economics 6 1.2.3 Behavioural economics 8 1.3 Entities 10 1.3.1 Institutions 10 1.3.2 Organizations 10 1.3.3 Individual...
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............................................... 4 Where they are currently? .................................................................................................................... 6 What is the basis for this report? .......................................................................................................... 6 BEGININING OF ‘LOVEFiLM.COM’ .................................................................................................... 7 The Innovative Online Business Opportunity ...................................................................................... 7 The Market Analysis of 2001/2002 ...................................................................................................... 9 Strategic Analysis of the Business Environment ................................................................................ 10 Competitor Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 12 Initial Growth of LOVEFiLM.COM (2002 – 2006) .......................................................................... 12 GROWTH OF ‘LOVEFiLM.COM’ ........................................................................................................ 14 Evolution of LOVEFiLM.COM...
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... Ebrahim Soltani University of Kent Business School, Canterbury, UK Pei-chun Lai University of Strathclyde Business School, Glasgow, UK Abstract It is becoming a commonplace statement that change initiative programmes are key tools to organisational long-term success. To this end, the last two decades have witnessed a surge of interest in the take-up of various change initiative programmes. Organisational change initiatives, we are told by many commentators, can maximise shareholder value (i.e. economic value theory) and develop organisational capabilities (i.e. organisational capability theory). Specifically, in recent years, as companies have been confronted by the conditions of heightened competition, globalisation, advancements in communications and information technologies, economic recession and simultaneously search for excellence, so the desire to take up change initiatives has interested the majority of leading organisations. At the same time, however, the analysis of the prospects for the majority of change management tools reveals so many deep-seated barriers to change with the consequence of little success in practice. This paper explores this apparent contradiction, arguing that, despite a heightened interest in the take-up of change initiatives, very few change programmes produce an improvement in bottom-line, exceed the company’s cost of capital, or even improve service delivery. It also offers an explanation of why this is the case. To provide empirical verification...
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...BUILDING RESEARCH & INFORMATION (2003) 31(2), 119–133 Lean project management Glenn Ballard1,2 and Gregory A. Howell1 1 Lean Construction Institute, 4536 Fieldbrook Road, Oakland, CA 94619, USA 2 University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA E-mail: gballard@leanconstruction.org Projects are temporary production systems. When those systems are structured to deliver the product while maximizing value and minimizing waste, they are said to be ‘lean’ projects. Lean project management differs from traditional project management not only in the goals it pursues, but also in the structure of its phases, the relationship between phases and the participants in each phase. This paper presents a model of lean project management and contrasts lean and traditional approaches. Four tools or interventions are presented as illustrations of lean concepts in action. Keywords: construction management, Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS), lean project management, project management, value, waste Les projets sont des systemes de production temporaires. Lorsque ces systemes sont organise pour fournir le produit tout ` ` ´s en optimisant la valeur et en minimisant les gaspillages, on dit qu’il s’agit de projets au plus juste . La gestion de ce type de projet differe de celle des projets classiques non seulement au niveau des objectifs vise mais aussi a celui de la ` ´s ` structure des phases, des relations entre les phases et des participants a chaque phase. Cet article propose...
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...Property yields as tools for valuation and analysis Rosane Hungria-Garcia in collaboration with Hans Lind Björn Karlsson This report has been sponsored by the Real Estate Academy at the Division of Building and Real Estate Economics. Stockholm 2004 ______________________________________________________ Report No. 52 Building & Real Estate Economics Department of Infrastructure KTH Summary This project was started in order to get an overview of conceptual problems, measurement problems, theories of determinants of yields, the use of yields in different contexts and how the actors on the Swedish market looked upon yields. Important issues discussed in the report is the need for: - Conceptual clarity: A number of different yield terms exist on the market and it is very important to be clear about how the specific terms are defined. - Operational clarity: There are measurement problems both concerning rental incomes, operating and maintenance costs and property values. This means that reported yields can be “manipulated” by choosing suitable operationalisations and pushing estimations of uncertain factors in directions that are favourable to the actor in question. - Specify the purpose for which the yield should be used. The most important distinction is between using yields/income returns for valuation purposes and using yields as benchmarks or bubble indicators. In the first case various types of normalization of the net operating income can be rational. In the second...
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