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Ethical Conflicts at Enron: Moral Responsibility in Corporate Capitalism

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INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY

MAESTRÍA EN ADMINISTRACIÓN EMPRESARIAL (MGN)

Materia:
ECONOMÍA PARA LA TOMA DE DECISIONES

Caso: Ethical Conflicts at Enron: Moral Responsibility in Corporate Capitalism

Pregunta 1:
En el caso de Enron y las acciones que llevaron a su colapso, ¿podría decirse que se trató de problemas de agencia? Justifique su respuesta a partir de los conceptos de principal/agent y la información proporcionada en el caso.

Respuesta:
Con respecto a lo abordado dentro del caso que nos ocupa y tomando en cuenta los factores que llevaron al colapso a ENRON considero que efectivamente se trató de un problema de agencia, lo que sucedió con esta firma.
Según su definición un problema “principal/agent” o de agencia se da cuando los objetivos de los agentes (en el caso de Enron, los altos ejecutivos) son diferentes a los del dueño o dueños (en este caso los accionistas de Enron), y es difícil o muy costo para el dueño monitorear al agente para que se cumplan los objetivos del dueño, que como ya lo hemos estudiado debe de ser maximizar las ganancias de la empresa.
Como lo apunta nuestro caso de estudio, la firma Enron “tenía una tendencia por contratar solo a los mejores y más brillantes y los recompensaba como estrellas de rock mientras al mismo tiempo ellos demandaban que “innovaban, innovaban, innovaban””, esto apunta a que claramente los objetivos de estos ejecutivos estaban sumamente alejados de su principal deber dentro de la empresa, y que a la postré, como lo apunta el texto, llevó a una opacidad y falta de ética al ocultar la situación real por la cual estaba pasando la empresa.

Pregunta 2:
Si usted se encontrara en su empresa en una situación similar a la de Sherron S. Watkins, ¿qué habría hecho usted? Es decir, ¿cómo habría actuado manteniendo por un lado la lealtad a la empresa y al mismo tiempo los principios de honestidad y ética?

Respuesta:
Definitivamente esta es una pregunta complicada, ya que no únicamente está en juego la lealtad a la empresa y la honestidad con la que debo de dirigirme en mis actos, sino que también están en juego, los empleos de miles de trabajadores, el dinero invertido por cientos de accionistas, le fondo de ahorro para el retiro de miles de personas y además la manera en que son evaluadas la empresas en cuanto su comportamiento económico y administrativo de toda una nación.
Considero que los principios y los valores éticos están por encima de cualquier otro interés, y que aunque se arriesgue demasiado, es prioritario sacar a la luz los malos manejos, la falta de ética y la opacidad con la que se manejó una empresa de clase mundial como lo fue Enron.

Pregunta 3:
¿Se ha visto usted en situación similar a la de “Las ropas nuevas del emperador”? En caso afirmativo, ¿cuál ha sido el resultado final de su actuar?

Respuesta:
Si me he visto dentro de una situación similar, y aunque al principio mi tendencia fue actuar “como si yo también viera ese traje invisible para no parecer que no estaba capacitado para mi puesto” no pude soportar más y terminé por tener una plática muy profunda con la persona que estaba al frente de la empresa para la cual trabajaba y le hice ver los problemas que se estaban dando en aquel momento. Afortunadamente, mi jefe tuvo una actitud positiva y me agradeció haberle dicho lo que otros le ocultaron.

Pregunta 4:
¿Podrían diseñarse algunos mecanismos o incentivos económicos para resolver problemas como el registrado en Enron o definitivamente la prevención de este tipo de problemas está fuera del análisis económico y corresponde a otras áreas de la conducta humana?

Respuesta:
Como lo apunta el libro Managerial Economics, Christopher Tomas, Charles Maurice, 2011, “La equidad de la propiedad es considerado uno de los mecanismos más efectivos para el control corporativo, tanto es así que algunos administradores profesionales de dinero y algunos grandes inversionistas institucionales se reúsan a invertir en firmas en las cuales sus gerentes tienen poca o ninguna participación accionaria en las firmas que administran”, esto quiere decir, que es necesario que los gerentes tengan una participación importante en las acciones de la empresa para empatar los objetivos de los dueños y así encaminar sus esfuerzos hacia un mismo rumbo.
Sin embargo, la ética y la honestidad también juegan un papel fundamental en la resolución de este problema, por lo que considero que un mecanismo como el anteriormente mencionado, en conjunto con un profundo apego a los valores de honestidad generarán la fórmula para evitar este tipo de fracasos financieros.

Pregunta 5:
¿El escándalo moral habría sido menor si la manipulación en Enron hubiera sido menor?

Respuesta:
Considero que no, ya que tal y como lo menciona el texto “Business Ethics” de Lizabeth England, “de acuerdo con Marie E. Bothe, presidente de Wetherill, se encuentra que incluso las pequeñas y faltas de ética son inaceptables. "El funcionamiento de la honestidad, la verdad, la justicia y la integridad es la única manera de tener éxito de verdad."
Esto quiere decir que aunque la manipulación hubiera sido menor, el escándalo habría continuado teniendo proporciones enormes como las tuvo, ya que no se puede hablar de poca opacidad o mucha opacidad, o de poca manipulación o mucha manipulación, simplemente de opacidad y de manipulación, que son faltas que denotan poca ética y moral, y que se habrían juzgado de la misma manera.

Pregunta 6:
¿El que roba $1 comete una falta menor que el que roba $1,0000,000?

Respuesta:
Según el texto “Business Ethics” de Lizabeth England, dentro de las “Guías para el Whitleblowing”, en su punto de la Concentración de esfuerzo, nos dice que “Una persona debe de determinar la intensidad de la práctica o conducta no ética.” Y según este acuerdo el robo de $1,000,000 de una persona es más inmoral que el robo de $1 de 1,000,000 de personas.

BIBLIOGRAFIA: * Christopher R. Thomas, S. Charles Maurice, Managerial Economics, 10th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 2011 * England Lizabeth, Business Ethics, http://eca.state.gov/forum/journal/business.htm

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