...national professional organization for Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the United States. Founded in 1887, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) is the national professional organization of Certified Public Accountants (CPAs) in the United States, with more than 394,000 members in 128 countries in business and industry, public practice, government, education, student affiliates and international associates. It sets ethical standards for the profession and U.S. auditing standards for audits of private companies, non-profit organizations, federal, state and local governments. It also develops and grades the Uniform CPA Examination. The AICPA maintains offices in New York City; Washington, DC; Durham, NC; and Ewing, NJ.The AICPA celebrated the 125th anniversary of its founding in 2012. The AICPA’s founding established accountancy as a profession distinguished by rigorous educational requirements, high professional standards, a strict code of professional ethics, and a commitment to serving the public interest. The AICPA’s mission is to provide members with the resources, information and leadership that enable them to provide valuable services in the highest professional manner to benefit the public, employers and clients. In fulfilling its mission, the AICPA works with state CPA organizations and gives priority to those areas where public reliance on CPA skills is most significant. To achieve this mission, the AICPA develops standards for audit...
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...REFLECTION PAPER ON “THE IMPACT OF EMERGING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON AUDITING” In our modern world today, everything is possible... Everything is faster. But based on this fact, do we really know the influence of evolving “Information Technology” on our society specifically in the dynamics of businesses nowadays? To respond with this, IT has affected many sectors or aspects especially auditing. Audit is an evaluation of a person, organization, system, process, enterprise, project or product to enable the auditor to express an opinion whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, is in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. The use of computers in the process of auditing is what we called “Accounting Information System” which is wildly by the auditors today. In a business context, information technology (IT) is defined as "the study, design, development, application, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems". The prompt growth in information technology (IT) competencies and the longing of businesses of all sizes to obtain competitive advantage have led to a dramatic increase in the use of IT systems to make, process, store and communicate information. Today, employees at all levels use IT systems in their daily activities. Electronic records have replaced traditional paper documents. In fact, there are few companies that don’t rely on IT to at least some extent to achieve their financial...
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...Cambodia ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING May 15, 2007 Contents Executive Summary Preface Abbreviations and Acronyms I. Introduction II. Institutional Framework III. Accounting Standards as Designed and as Practiced IV. Auditing Standards as Designed and as Practiced V. Perception of the Quality of Financial Reporting VI. Policy Recommendations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides an assessment of accounting and auditing practices within the corporate sector in Cambodia with reference to the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), and the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) issued by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). This assessment is positioned within the broader context of the Cambodia’s institutional framework and capacity needed to ensure the quality of corporate financial reporting Cambodia is putting in place an institutional framework with regard to accounting, auditing, and financial reporting practices. However, institutional weaknesses in regulation, compliance, and enforcement of standards and rules still exist. The accounting and auditing statutory framework suffers from inconsistencies among different laws. Although the national accounting standards and auditing standards are based on IFRS, and ISA, respectively, they appear outmoded and have gaps in comparison with the international equivalents. There are varying compliance gaps in both accounting and auditing practices. These gaps...
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...function of the PCAOB and AS 5 and AS 11 Ramecha Davis This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Auditing BUS5423 Section 70 Texas Woman’s University Dr. John Nugent April 20, 2015 Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to provide an in depth review of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and how it contributes to the interest of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. The research highlights the importance of the PCAOB’s role in the accounting profession as well as prospective changes that may evolve in the future related to PCAOB. Upon reading this research the reader will be familiar with PCAOB’s roles and functions, as well as auditing standards (AS) released such as AS5 and AS11. The PCAOB’s significance in the protection of investors is revealed as well. Keywords: SEC, PCAOB, SOX, AS 5, AS 11, Internal Control, Materiality Table of Contents Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….5 PCAOB…………….……………………………………..……………………………….……….……5-6 a) The PCAOB Mission, Vision, & Core Values………………………………….………........6-7 b) Current Standards…………………………………………………………….…..............…7-8 c) Future Standard Plans…………………………………………………………………….…8-9 Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Section 404……………………………………………………………...….9 a) Auditing Standard 5…………………………………………………………………….….9-10 b) Auditing Standard 11……………………………………………………………………..10-12 c) Communication Requirements..............................................
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...UNIVERSITYFACULTY OF BUSINESS AND INFORMATION SCIENCE (FoBIS) | Teaching Plan 1. | Unit Code &Unit Title: | BB219 Management Ethics | 2. | Course of Study: | Bachelor of Business (Hons) Business Administration | 3. | Year of Study: | Year 2, Semester 2 | 4. | Year and Semester: | Semester May, 2015 | 5. | Credit Hour & Contact Hours: | 3 credit hours Lecture: 21 Hours Tutorial: 21 Hours Practical: | 6. | Lecturer: | Associate Professor Dr Intan Osman Email: Intan@ucsiuniversity.edu.my | 7. | Tutor: | Associate Professor Dr Intan Osman | 8. | Mode of Delivery: | LectureTutorial | 9. | Objectives: | * To provide students with a valuable source of reference on issues surrounding corporate misconducts and ethical principles and theories * To provide an understanding of how ethical theories can be applied in everyday individual and corporate undertaking. * To develop students’ appreciation of how an ethical manager may influence or drive a company towards being a responsible corporate entity. | 10. | Learning Outcomes: | Knowledge * To gain the background information on ethical principles and theories * To link the day-to- day events and issues faced by corporate to ethical dilemmas * To develop a strong appreciation of a range of significant issues, and case studies which demonstrate ethical dilemmas faced by large and small corporations * To select and apply theories effectively...
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...Notes I.28 Session – I important that they would affect the auditor’s report if not resolved. They include the following: • Matters that are significant and involve issues regarding the appropriate selection, application and consistency of accounting principles pertaining to the financial statements, including related disclosures. Such matters often relate to accounting for complex or unusual transactions or to estimates and uncertainties and any applicable management assumptions. Results of auditing procedures that indicate the financial statements or disclosures could be materially misstated or that the auditing procedures need to be significantly modified. Circumstances that cause the auditor significant difficulty in applying auditing procedures he or she considers necessary. Other findings that could result in modification of the auditor’s report. Compliance of Auditing Standards and Audit Documentation – a must for all practice units satisfy any applicable legal or regulatory requirements for records retention. Internationally the norm is assemble the final audit file and submit it for archiving within 60 days from the date of our audit report. The PCAOB standard has shortened this period to 45 days. 51 The auditor would also need to adopt procedures that enable him or her to gain access to the documentation throughout that period. One way for auditors to accomplish this is by creating a policy to maintain electronic documentation. One needs to bear in mind...
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...Note: This Introduction appears in Christopher Napier & Roszaini Haniffa (eds) Islamic Accounting (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2011), pp. xiii-xx. The printed version may differ slightly from the text set out below, and the printed version should be regarded as definitive. An Islamic Perspective of Accounting: Introduction and Overview Christopher Napier and Roszaini Haniffa Introduction The emergence of Islamic banks and other Islamic financial institutions since the 1970s has stimulated a modern literature that has identified itself as addressing “Islamic Accounting”. What does the term “Islamic Accounting” mean in the rapidly growing contemporary literature? Napier (2009) has proposed three interrelated aspects: a historically-oriented sense, in which “Islamic Accounting” refers to ideas and practices in Muslim-majority countries in past periods; a practice-oriented sense, where the focus is on how entities describing themselves as “Islamic” account for and report their transactions and activities; and a principle-oriented sense, where fundamental accounting concepts and methods form a coherent body of ideas and practices based on the religion of Islam. The word “Islam” means total submission or surrender to the will of God (Allah), and a Muslim is one who so submits. However, this raises the question of how Muslims can determine what the will of God is. The principal sources are the Qur’an, which is considered by Muslims to be the exact words of revelation from...
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...Internal audit Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes.[1] Internal auditing is a catalyst for improving an organization's governance, risk management and management controls by providing insight and recommendations based on analyses and assessments of data and business processes. With commitment to integrity and accountability, internal auditing provides value to governing bodies and senior management as an objective source of independent advice. Professionals called internal auditors are employed by organizations to perform the internal auditing activity. The scope of internal auditing within an organization is broad and may involve topics such as an organization's governance, risk management and management controls over: efficiency/effectiveness of operations (including safeguarding of assets), the reliability of financial and management reporting, and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal auditing may also involve conducting proactive fraud audits to identify potentially fraudulent acts; participating in fraud investigations under the direction of fraud investigation professionals, and conducting post investigation fraud audits to identify control breakdowns and establish...
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...Accounting 1370 Accounting Ethics Session 6 Governance, Accounting, and Auditing, Post-Enron Group 1: Student Name__Seven Autrey_____________________________________ Student Name__Duc Nguyen_____________________________________ Telling the Enron Story Name five ethical problems and the existing conditions that caused the Enron fiasco. Explain each. 1. Fiduciary Failure – the board of directors failed to safeguard the companies from many inappropriate practices. 2. High Risk Accounting – Enron allowed high risk accounting in that the partnerships with Chewco and LJM1 and LJM2 did not conform with accounting rules 3. Enron had extensive undisclosed off-the-books activity. There were billions of dollars in off-the-book assets and liabilities. 4. Excessive Compensation – There was a cash drain caused by the 2000 annual bonus and performance unit plan. 5. Lack of Independence – There were financial ties between Enron and board members. Arthur Anderson provided internal auditing services as well as consulting services. Accounting 1370 Accounting Ethics Session 6 Governance, Accounting, and Auditing, Post-Enron Group 1: Student Name__Carol Cates_____________________________________ Student Name__Brenda Bohm____________________________________ Telling the Enron Story Name five ethical problems and the existing conditions that caused the Enron fiasco. Explain each. 1. At Enron, a lack of integrity was built into the foundation...
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...Business Ethics Chapter # 1 1. Why Business Ethics? * Business decisions under great scrutiny Global financial crisis created diminished stakeholder trust Deals with questions about whether practices are acceptable No universally-accepted approach for resolving issues 2. Business Ethics * Comprises principles, values, and standards that guide behavior in the world of business 3. Principles: Specific boundaries for behavior that are universal and absolute Freedom of speech, civil liberties 4. Values: Used to develop socially enforced norms Integrity, accountability, trust, Norms: Accepted behaviors. Morals: Rules of right conduct: right/wrong 5. A Crisis in Business Ethics * Consumer trust of businesses is declining, No sector is exempt from ethical misconduct, Stakeholders determine what is ethical/unethical ,Investors Employees, Customers, Interest groups, Legal system, Community 6. Why Study Business Ethics? * Reports of unethical behavior are on the rise, Society’s evaluation of right or wrong affects its ability to achieve its business goals, Studying business ethics is a response to Sarbanes-Oxley, FSGO, and stakeholder demands for ethics initiatives, Individual ethics alone is not sufficient, Studying business ethics helps identify ethical issues to key stakeholders 7. A Timeline of Ethical and Socially Responsible Concerns * Environmental issue, Civil right issue, increased employee employer tension, changing work ethics and...
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...Audit and Assurance Services Chapter 1 1 Learning Objectives 1. What is auditing? Distinguish between auditing and accounting. Importance of auditing in reducing information risk. 2. Distinguish audit services from other assurance and non-assurance services provided by CPAs. 3. Three main types of audits. 4. How to become a CPA? Identify the primary types of auditors. 2 What is auditing? Evaluating 3 Nature of Auditing Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent person. 4 Audit Reporting -- (Expressing Opinions) The final stage in the auditing process is preparing the Audit Report, which is the communication of the auditor’s findings to users. 5 Information and Established Criteria To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. 6 Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating Evidence Evidence is any information used by the auditor to determine whether the information being audited is stated in accordance with the established criteria. Transaction data Client inquiry Written and electronic Communications with outsiders Observations 7 Competent, Independent Person The auditor must be qualified...
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...Abstract This paper discusses the role and function of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) and Auditing Standard 5 (AS 5). Due to the increased demand for oversight in auditing standards, this paper also examines the impact of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and the reasons for the creation of the PCAOB, as well as the implementation of the rules and regulations. Additionally, this paper examines the impact of AS 5. Keywords: audit, AS 5, financial statements, PCAOB, SEC, SOX Table of Contents Introduction ………….……………………………………………………..……………………4 Scandals ...…..……………………………………...……………………………………………4 PCAOB Mission and Vision …………………… ……………………………………………….5 Structure ………………………….……………..……………………………………………5, 6 PCAOB's Objective….…….……..…………………………………………………………….6, 7 Duties ………………………….…..………………………………………………….……… 7, 8 Standard Setting………..………………………………………………………………..……..…8 Inspection ………………………………………………………………………………………..8 Enforcement…………..………………………………………………………………..……...8, 9 AS5 .…………………….…………………………………………………...…………….…9, 10 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….....……. 10 References …………………………………………………………………………………….. 11 History of PCAOB …………………………………………………………………… 13-19 Introduction Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) was passed in 2002 and as a result brought numerous changes to auditing. The Sarbanes-Oxley was passed in direct response to business failures, allegations of corporate improprieties and financial statement restatements. Prior to the SOX passage, auditors used a...
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...secho@sunchon.ac.kr, yslee@fumate.com, taihoonn@empal.com Abstract The Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act is a United States federal law enacted on July 30, 2002 in response to a number of major corporate and accounting scandals including those affecting Enron, Tyco International, Adelphia, Peregrine Systems and WorldCom. This paper discusses the effects of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act on corporate information security governance practices. The resultant regulatory intervention forces a company to revisit its internal control structures and asses the nature and scope of its compliance with the law. This paper reviews the implications emerging from the mandatory compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act. Issues related to IT governance and the general integrity of the enterprise are also identified and discussed. Industry internal control assessment frameworks, such as COSO and COBIT, are reviewed and their usefulness in ensuring compliance evaluated. 1. Introduction Accounting scandals at some of the big corporations like Enron, HealthSouth, Tyco and WorldCom had a devastating impact on investor confidence. Clearly, it was possible to engage in frauds of such magnitude because of the inability of auditors to detect early signs of such possibilities. This paper reviews the impact of legal controls on Information Technology (IT) governance practices, especially in the case of SOX Act. The resultant crisis in the financial markets and massive media coverage of the frauds created a situation where...
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...INTRODUCTION TO PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH Discussion Questions 1. Research in general involves the investigation and analysis of an issue in question. The researcher usually applies reasonable and reflective thinking to develop an answer to the issue or problem at hand. Research requires a clear definition of the problem, using professional databases to search the authoritative literature, reviewing and evaluating the data collected, drawing conclusions and communicating your results. 2. Accounting, auditing, or tax research involve a systematic and logical investigation of an issue or problem using the accountant’s professional judgment. Furthermore, accountants approach this problem using critical-thinking skills to obtain and document evidence underlying a conclusion relating to an issue or problem currently confronting the accountant or auditor. 3. Accounting, auditing, or tax research are necessary in order to determine the proper recording, classification, and disclosure of economic events; to determine compliance with authoritative pronouncements; or to determine the preferability of alternative accounting procedures. 4. The objective of accounting, auditing, or tax research is a systematic investigation of an issue or problem utilizing the researcher’s professional judgment to arrive at appropriate and timely conclusions regarding the issues at hand. 5. Research plays an important role within an accounting firm or department. It is critical for the accountant/auditor...
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...------------------------------------------------- LAW, ETHICS AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES (GMUL5063) Individual Assignment Topic : How the corporation treat Labor, commented on interviewee’s opinion and incident related to Nike case in Bangladesh Date : JUNE 30th, 2014 The film is about the role that corporations play in today’s modern society, how corporate culture is perceived, and their legal status as people without bodies. The documentary makes use of the cases of specific corporations as examples and interviews CEOs, psychiatrists, government officials, and others to help support its claim of corporate psychopathy. One of the facets of corporations that the documentary touches upon is child labor controversy. It has been widely known for years that different corporations use labor provided by other countries, because it is cheap and provides the most amount of profit to the company involved. This leads to the idea that corporations are deceptive, have a reckless disregard for people, fail to abide by social norms, and are incapable of experiencing guilt. The movie views child labor and a corporation's disregard for people as an epidemic because it is such a common method for producing products. My review of the corporate documentary film will be on the topic of labor. Noam Chomsky, Institute Professor, MIT, discussed about Labor Market Flexibility. She commented about the features of contemporary economic systems is on imposing...
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