...AUDITING A RISK-BASED APPROACH TO CONDUCTING A QUALITY AUDIT 9th Edition Karla M. Johnstone | Audrey A. Gramling | Larry E. Rittenberg CHAPTER 5 PROFESSIONAL AUDITING STANDARDS AND THE AUDIT OPINION FORMULATION PROCESS Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. Identify and compare the various auditing standards that provide guidance on the audit opinion formulation process List and discuss the foundational principles underlying the auditing standards List the phases and related activities in the audit opinion formulation process Explain the concept of accounting cycles and discuss their importance to the audit opinion formulation process Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 5-2 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 5. 6. 7. 8. Describe the assertions that are inherent to financial statements and explain their importance to the audit opinion formulation process Define audit evidence and describe the purpose and types of audit procedures used to obtain audit evidence Discuss the importance of audit documentation and provide examples Discuss audit activities in Phase I of the audit opinion formulation process Copyright © 2014 South-Western/Cengage Learning 5-3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 9. 10. 11. 12. Discuss audit activities in Phase II of the audit opinion formulation process Discuss audit activities in Phase III of the audit opinion formulation process Discuss audit...
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...AUDITING: A JOURNAL OF PRACTICE & THEORY Vol. 24, No. 1 May 2005 pp. 21ñ35 Recent Changes in the Association between Bankruptcies and Prior Audit Opinions Marshall A. Geiger, K. Raghunandan, and Dasaratha V. Rama SUMMARY: The intense legislative and media scrutiny after a series of high-profile corporate failures, coupled with the paradigm shift in the regulation of the auditing profession brought forth by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, suggests that auditorsí decisions would be more conservative in the period after December 2001. Based on analyses of 226 financially stressed companies that entered bankruptcy during the period from 2000 to 2003, we find that auditors are more likely to issue going-concern modified audit opinions in the period after December 2001. Since the post-December 2001 period coincides with recovery from a recession in the U.S., we also examine prior audit opinions for 93 companies entering bankruptcy in 1991 and 1992. We find that auditors were also more likely to issue prior going-concern modified audit opinions in 2002ñ03 than in the earlier recession recovery period. Following the technique used in Francis and Krishnan (2002), we document that the increase in going-concern modification rates for bankrupt companies after December 2001 is due to changes in auditor reporting decisions and not solely due to differences in client characteristics between the time periods studied. Keywords: bankruptcy; going-concern reports. Data Availability: Contact the authors...
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...AUDITING THEORY TESTBANKS / REVIEWERS 1. When an auditor believes that an understanding with the client has not been established, he or she should ordinarily a. Perform the audit with increase professional skepticism. b. Decline to accept or perform the audit. c. Assess control risk at the maximum level and perform a primarily substantive audit. d. Modify the scope of the audit to reflect an increased risk of material misstatement due to fraud. 2. An auditor should design the written audit program so that a. All material transactions will be selected for substantive testing. b. Substantive tests prior to the balance sheet date will be minimized. c. The audit procedures selected will achieve specific audit objectives. d. Each account balance will be tested under either tests of controls or tests of transactions. 3. Which of the following fraudulent activities most likely could be perpetrated due to the lack of effective internal controls in the revenue cycle? a. Fictitious transactions may be recorded that cause an understatement of revenues and overstatement of receivables. b. Claim received from customers for goods returned may be intentionally recorded in other customer’s accounts. c. Authorization of credit memos by personnel who receive cash may permit the misappropriation of cash. d. The failure to prepare shipping documents may cause an overstatement of inventory balances. 4. Accepting an engagement to examine an entity’s financial...
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...EVENT 1: On 19 November 2012, reliance on ‘securing financing’ and the success and timeliness of ‘planned asset sales’ resulted in ‘material uncertainty’ acknowledged by auditors and directors as to whether Elders ‘will continue as a going concern and meet its obligations as and when they fall due’ (Sprague 2013b, White 2012). Discussion: The auditor is required to evaluate the ability of Elders to continue as a going concern (Arens et al. p. 690, ASA 570). Significant uncertainty affects audit planning and requires the auditor to assess disclosure of relevant facts. Inadequate disclosure ‘constitutes a material misstatement of the financial report’ (Arens et al. 2013, p. 728; ASA 315, Appendix 2). Evidence: * Re-calculate to ensure accuracy of assets and expenses, e.g,. inventory, asset classification, book values, depreciation and prepaid expenses (ASA500, A19; Arens et al. 2013, p. 154). * Discuss with Elders management plans to secure financing and expected timing and outcome of planned asset sales to determine the ability of Elders to avoid insolvency (ASA500, A22; Arens et al. 2013, p. 690). Request ‘written representations’ of these plans (ASA500, A25; ASA 570, para 16(e)). * Review results of preliminary assessments performed by management on the ability of Elders to continue as a going concern (ASA 570, para 10). * Examine Elders financial position (assets, liabilities) to evaluate level of uncertainty (PCAOB, AU Section 341(02)). *...
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...Auditor’s Responsibility for Assessing Going Concern In auditing, going concern is identified as an entity’s capability to continue operating as a business entity. It is the auditor’s responsibility to evaluate the company’s financial statements to assess whether or not the going concern assumption is appropriate. An entity is obligated to include a disclosure in the footnotes of the financial statement stating if there is substantial doubt of the company to continue as a going concern. According to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, AU 341 describes the requirements for the auditor’s evaluation of an entity’s going concern. This standard states that an auditor’s responsibility is to evaluate if there is substantial doubt about an entity’s capability to carry on as a going concern for the next year. The period of substantial doubt is not to exceed twelve months. This evaluation is based upon any evidence that he or she has accumulated during the normal course of the audit. If there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time not to exceed one year, the auditor should review management’s plan to remedy the problems. If the substantial doubt goes unresolved, the auditor should add an explanatory paragraph to the audit report. In the event that an auditor receives a request to reissue his or her evaluation of going concern and remove the explanatory paragraph, one can refer to the PCAOB’s...
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...here are 10 generally accepted auditing standards and are separated into three categories. 1. General Standards a. Auditor must have adequate training, experience, education and proficiency to perform the audit. b. Auditor must have the attitude of independence c. Auditor must exercise due professional care – with care and skill 2. Standards of Fieldwork d. Auditor must plan properly and supervise employees e. Auditor must understand entity and its environment…including internal controls to assess the risk of material misstatement f. Auditor must obtain sufficient evidence 3. Standards of Reporting g. Auditor must report whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with GAAP h. Auditor must identify any inconsistency of GAAP i. Auditor must report any findings that are not reasonable to GAAP j. Auditor must express an opinion Sally Jones did not follow GAAS while conducting the audit for Dale Boucher owner of a small electronics firm. 1. Jones did not place auditors that had adequate experience to perform the audit. 2. Jones did not supervise the auditors she put in place. 3. Jones did not take the time to understand the entity and its environment. 4. Jones did not take any time to understand the company’s internal controls. 5. The report Jones prepared did not state that the audit was in accordance with GAAP. 2-25 A. The client in this case changed depreciation...
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...AUDIT CRUNCH: REFORMING AUDITING 3 Fundamental Flaws in Current Audit Practice 1st point From this journal, it mainly focuses on the debating of three issues which are deeply embedded in the current auditing practices. Firstly, auditing model is one of the fundamental issues that exist in the auditing practices. It makes auditors’ financially dependent upon companies and persuades them to prioritize their own economic interest at the expense of other parties which may have an interest in audits. This is because auditors are remunerated by the client company rather than by an independent body and resulting the auditors are not able to retain sufficient distance in delivering independent audit. Auditing firms used their control of the auditing markets to colonies adjacent a market to sell consultancy services to audit clients where it causes the auditing model in practice is further complicated. With this, it will increase the auditor fee dependency upon companies and hence cause impairment in the independence of an auditor. The current auditing model is flawed and cannot be repair as auditors are generally banned from selling consultancy services to audit clients. Potential Solution The legislators should be allowed to appoint auditors of major companies. Auditors will not fear of losing the job as they don’t have to socialize their client. Although the fees could come from client but legislator or government are the one selecting auditors for work. This is to segregate...
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...Auditing Auditing is considered an efficient and self-governing inspection of the performances, operations, data, statements and records of a company for its stated determination. As with any audit the auditor is required to recognize the different proposals before his or her examination, the collection of evidence, and the evaluation of his or her findings. Auditors can be either internal or external auditors of financial statements. An external auditor is considered as an independent auditor which is engaged through the use of a client to determine his or her opinion in the financial statements of a company. Furthermore, if the company is a publicly traded company, the external auditor would also have to express his or her opinions on the internal controls of the company. An internal auditor however, is an employee who is employed by the company which he or she audits. According to "Cornell University" (2007), “Internal Auditors' roles include monitoring, assessing, and analyzing organizational risk and controls; and reviewing and confirming information and compliance with policies, procedures, and laws” (Who are internal auditors?). Although the accuracy of the financial statements relies on the accountability of management of the organization, all auditors has the responsibility to express his or her opinions of the financials of the organization. Furthermore, the auditor has a responsibility to his or her profession to comply with all standards recognized...
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...Audit and Assurance Services Chapter 1 1 Learning Objectives 1. What is auditing? Distinguish between auditing and accounting. Importance of auditing in reducing information risk. 2. Distinguish audit services from other assurance and non-assurance services provided by CPAs. 3. Three main types of audits. 4. How to become a CPA? Identify the primary types of auditors. 2 What is auditing? Evaluating 3 Nature of Auditing Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation of evidence about information to determine and report on the degree of correspondence between the information and established criteria. Auditing should be done by a competent, independent person. 4 Audit Reporting -- (Expressing Opinions) The final stage in the auditing process is preparing the Audit Report, which is the communication of the auditor’s findings to users. 5 Information and Established Criteria To do an audit, there must be information in a verifiable form and some standards (criteria) by which the auditor can evaluate the information. 6 Accumulating Evidence and Evaluating Evidence Evidence is any information used by the auditor to determine whether the information being audited is stated in accordance with the established criteria. Transaction data Client inquiry Written and electronic Communications with outsiders Observations 7 Competent, Independent Person The auditor must be qualified...
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...The stock market for long-term investment no longer, rather, in 1928, the stock market had become a place where everyday people truly believed that they could become rich. Stocks had become the talk of every town. Discussions could be heard at every corner about stocks. Newspapers reported average people making millions off of the stock market. With so many people buying, the prices increased. Over a series of several days in October 1929 the market dropped a few times, but banks and companies were still loaning money and investing in the market leading people to believe everything was okay. Investors were now unable to invest confidently and banks had no regulations on their financial statements. The accounting profession was pressured to establish more uniform accounting standards after this stock market crash of 1929. Some people felt that misleading or, incomplete if you will, financial statement information made the stock prices inflate contributing to the stock market crash and the depression that followed. The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 were designed to restore that confidence in the investor. The 1933 act sets accounting and disclosure requirements for initial stocks and bonds, while the 1934 act applies to secondary transactions and mandates reporting requirements for companies whose securities are publicly traded. The 1934 act also created the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The 1934 act gave the SEC both the power...
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...Contemporary Auditing 304 Q.1: Would you find it helpful to have the cases presented in the order you cover them? Do you have assignments or your own materials you would like to integrate into your casebook? Ans:- Yes it will be helpful as case studies are a great way to tell the world how valuable your products or services are. They go beyond simple testimonials by showing real-life examples of how you were able to satisfy your customer’s needs and help them accomplish their goals. With great case studies, you will be able to highlight your successes in a way that will make your ideal potential customer become your customer. The following are some tips on how to make your case studies a powerful asset in soliciting business. 1. Write About Someone Your Ideal Customer Can Relate To Do you know who your ideal customer is? If it’s someone in the education industry, then make your case studies about your university customers. If it’s someone in the automobile industry, then make your case studies about auto parts and accessories manufacturers. The goal is to ensure that once your ideal customer has read your case studies, they will feel: * You are comfortable in their industry. * You know their industry’s specific needs. * You know how to give their industry targeted results. Think about it on a smaller level, such as when you’re reading a how-to blog post. Most of them are geared toward average readers. But when you come across a how-to post specifically designed...
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...independent auditor is asked to express an opinion on the fair presentation of financial statements? 1) It is difficult to prepare financial statements that fairly present a company’s financial position, operations, and cash flows without the expertise of an independent auditor. 2) It is management’s responsibility to seek available independent aid in the appraisal of the financial information shown in its financial statements. 3) The opinion of an independent party is needed because a company may not be objective with respect to its own financial statements. 4) Itisacustomarycourtesythatallstockholdersofacompanyreceiveanindependent report on management’s stewardship of the affairs of the business. B. Independent auditing can best be described as 5) A branch of accounting. 6) Adisciplinethatatteststotheresultsofaccountingandotherfunctionaloperations and data. 7) A professional activity that measures and communicates financial and business data. 8) A regulatory function that prevents the issuance of improper financial information. C. Which of the following professional services is an attestation engagement? 9) A consulting service engagement to provide computer processing advice to a client. 10) An engagement to report on compliance with statutory requirements. 11) An income tax engagement to prepare federal and state tax returns. 12) The preparation of financial statements from a client’s financial...
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...Questions for Midterm Exam 1) A measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued is the: A) inherent risk. B) acceptable audit risk. C) statistical risk. D) financial risk. Answer: B 1) بمقياس لمدى رغبة مراجع الحسابات أن تقبل أن البيانات المالية قد يمكنه ماديا بعد اكتمال عملية المراجعة وقد تم إصدار رأي غير متحفظ: A) المخاطر الكامنة. ب) مخاطر المراجعة مقبولة. ج) خطر الإحصائية. د) خطر المالية. جواب: ب 2) A measure of the auditor's assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account before considering the effectiveness of the client's internal control is called: A) control risk. B) acceptable audit risk. C) statistical risk. D) inherent risk. Answer: D بمقياس 2) لتقييم مراجع الحسابات لاحتمال أن هناك الأخطاء المادية في حساب قبل النظر في فعالية الرقابة الداخلية للعميل ويسمى: A) التحكم في المخاطر. ب) مخاطر المراجعة مقبولة. ج) خطر الإحصائية. مد) المخاطر الملازمة. جواب: D 3) When inherent risk is high, there will need to be: عند عالية المخاطر الكامنة، هناك حاجة إلى أن تكون: A) |A lower assessment of audit risk |More evidence accumulated by the auditor | |إجراء تقييم أقل من مخاطر المراجعة |المزيد من الأدلة المتراكمة لدى المراجع | |Yes |Yes...
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...associated with professionally standard auditing (Olagunju, 2011, pp.85). In other to maintain the utmost standard for the accounting profession, independence is seen as being free from control or pressure and not allowing situations which would tend to weaken objectivity or create personal preconceived notions (Porter and Simon et al., 1996). Audit improves the trustworthiness of the financial statements giving it sensible assertion from an independent source that the financial statements is true and fair in agreement with accounting standards (Olagunju, 2011, pp.85-86). The next section of this essay provides detailed information on how value is added to the financial statement when the auditors’ audit with independence whilst appraising how the accounting profession has or is reacting to auditor independence. While the last section will evaluate the risks or threats to independence and explain ways of mitigating identified risks. Value of Independent Auditing on Financial Statements The significance of audit services will be impaired when independence is absent (Sweeney, 1992); therefore, an uncompromised independence gives a better quality audit to the financial statements (Baber et al., 1995). In addition, if an auditor is independent, the motivation to do a better audit is not undermined as the auditor will report misstatements (Pike, 2003). Stewart (1994) in Porter and Simon et al., (1996), likened independence to the “corner stone of auditing”. This means if the auditors are...
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...Technology Auditing XX Jul 13 Information Technology Auditing In this paper we will be discussing the process of auditing in the information technology environment. Auditing within information technology can go several different was and focus on different aspect of information technology. The auditing process can be as simple as the review of software and extend all the way up to intricate aspects of a Government established information systems security features. The process of auditing will need to be completed by trained and experienced professional in order to be successful and make the end project survive the current changes in the information technology field. Most of the information technology communities fall within the parameters of two types of auditing, which are information technology auditing and information security auditing. We first discuss the concept of information technology auditing. Information technology management is the process of examining the controls within an information technology infrastructure. The information technology auditing process conduct an extensive evaluation and can determine if the established information system are doing their jobs. The process ensures the current information systems safeguarding stored assets, maintaining its system integrity and last but not least meeting the objectives and goals of the company deploying the system. This audit can be done at anytime encompassed with any other auditing going on within...
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