...“Euro: A common currency used by many European countries. The euro was established in 1999 when 11 European countries adopted a common currency in order to facilitate global trade and encourage the integration of markets across national borders. Euro banknotes and coins began circulating in January 2002.” (The Financial Dictionary) “The euro was introduced in 1999 and became the official currency of participating nations in 2002. It was intended to remove the exchange rate risk of businesses participating in the EU's common market and free trade association. It has become one of the world's most important currencies. Proponents of the euro state that it is more valuable than the former currencies, while opponents say that it has made goods and services in their home countries more expensive. The euro's ISO 4217 code is EUR.” (The Financial Dictionary) According to the European Commission Euro currency, the euro is currently the single form of money shared by 17 of the European Union’s Member States, this makes up the euro area. The euro was introduced in 1999 and was a major leading step in European integration. The euro has many major benefits; some of these are the sharing of a common euro currency which is enabling the less expensive and simpler inter-nation trading. This common currency also allows less fluctuations and a lesser risk. In Global terms the U.S. dollar is the leading currency and now the euro is the second most important with the Sterling British...
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...INTRODUCTION The history has seen changes, rises and falls of an international reserve currency, emerging with an increased role of sterling in the 19th century and replaced by U.S. dollar in the 20th century (Eichengreen, 2006; Flandreau and Jobst, 2006). The emergence of euro has influenced a lot the whole world in many aspects and it is not a doubt that its introduction improved the functioning of euro financial markets, especially if we look from the perspective of transaction costs and country specific economic risks (Freix, 2004). It is the fact that euro is rapidly approaching U.S. dollar in terms of liquidity and breadth of euro financial markets. But at this level U.S. dollar is still maintaining its leading role on the international financial markets, maybe because of its greater financial market size or the inertia in the use of financial resources. The objective of this paper is to analyze different aspects of challenges U.S. dollar faces today. What are the chances for euro to surpass U.S. dollar and to become the leading currency. The first section of the paper gives a brief history about an international currency development, the second and the basic part gives some theoretical aspects and reviews the ideas of different economists about the challenges dollar face. All these discussion leads to the final part - conclusion. HISTORY Before the few decades of World War I, international gold standard emerged. It was gold bullion and not a gold coin standard, which...
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...choice from the list of twenty currencies provided for 6 weeks of trading which starts from 14th of March to 20th April 2012. The three currencies that I have chosen to trade against US dollar includes Euro, Japanese Yen and Pound Sterling. The reason I chose Japanese yen to trade in is due to the drop in Asian stocks that signals the global economic recovery is slowing down. When the global economic recovery is slowing down, investors and traders will option for safer assets and currency (Associated Source, 2012). Throughout the years, yen is stable and it is bought by investors who wants to reduce currency risk. Moreover, there has been an appreciation of euro against dollar due to the news that European Central Bank announcement that it will keep its benchmark interest rate at 1% and it is raising the inflation projection. Moreover, the private bondholders are expected to agree to Greek debt swaps that should keep the country from a hard default. Another reason for the selection of euro is the latest decision by the Bank of England not to increase the bond purchases as bond purchases means outflow of money that leads to trade deficit and depreciation of Euro (TopForexNews.com, 2012). Furthermore, the reason I chose Great Britain pound was due to the appreciation of UK pound against the US dollar based on the latest interest rate decision by the Bank of England to keep it the same as well as to keep its debt-purchase program on hold for the time being (TopForexNews.com, 2012...
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...Eurocurrency Market Ray A. Gray II FIN/366 March 28, 2016 Todd Kucker Eurocurrency Market A eurocurrency is any currency banked outside of its country of origin. The term eurocurrency is actually a misnomer because a eurocurrency can be created anywhere in the world; the persistent euro- prefix reflects the European origin of the market. Eurodollars, which account for about two-thirds of all eurocurrencies, are dollars banked outside of the United States. Other important eurocurrencies include the euro-yen, the euro-deutsche mark, the euro-franc, and the euro-pound (2016). A Eurocurrency market is a money market that provides banking services to a variety of customers by using foreign currencies located outside of the domestic marketplace. The concept does not have anything to do with the European Union or the banks associated with the member countries, although the origins of the concept are heavily derived from the region. Instead, it represents any deposit of foreign currencies into a domestic bank. For example, if Japanese yen is deposited into a bank in the United States, it is considered to be operating under the auspices of the Eurocurrency market. Despite its name, the Eurocurrency market is primarily influenced by the value of the American dollar, since nearly two-thirds of all assets around the globe are represented by U.S. currency. The challenge with foreign banks revolves around the fact that regulations enforced by the Federal Reserve...
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...INTRODUCTIONS Euro unabated until today, no progress while the output lead to a worsening of the US economy, while the European Union's economy has created and continues to create the effect of a bomb. Slowed manufacturing due so in the United States and the decline in so born producer inflation, while increasing concerns for a slowdown in the economic recovery, the depreciation of the dollar with getirmiştir.amerik United States as they begin to worry about the growth of the economy in concern gösterilebilir.b as a result of this kind of data the euro the upward movement rising against the dollar has led to the stop. Seeing this, the evaluation noted that the US Federal Reserve released the latest growth forecast for this year has attracted a number of qualifications in the guide below. Central America describes as a positive trajectory in the branches of the Bank has made the euro-zone has caused the appreciation of the euro on positive news. Held in Greece this year, forecast to draw a positive picture of Portugal and Spain's successful bond auction and stress tests for banks were the main factors in the formation of the air. So what else can affect the euro-dollar parity and this factor may be what? There are four main factors. The first of these, the euro determines the movement against the dollar. Continuous decisive subjects, which is the euro. This is the main factor determining the second factor, the United States and European nations have applied their central banks...
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...in its attempt to maximize shareholder wealth. Which of the following is probablynot a constraint? a. competitive b. ethical c. regulatory d. environmental 4. Part of the growth of multinational business over time is due to the realization that specialization by countries can increase production efficiency, making trade essential when a country focuses on the products it produces best. This is an example of which theory of international business? a. product cycle theory b. competitive advantage theory c. imperfect markets theory d. comparative advantage theory 5. According to the ___________, firms become first established in the home market as a result of some perceived advantage they would have over existing competitors, such as a need by the market for at least one more supplier of the product. Eventually, firms will penetrate foreign markets to satisfy foreign demand. a. product cycle theory b. imperfect markets theory c. comparative advantage theory d. none of the above 6. Which method of international business obligates a firm to provide a specialized sales or service strategy, support assistance, and possibly an initial investment in the entity in exchange for...
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...exchange market 1. Introduction In 2010, the debt crisis caused the euro to go down 10% in a three-month period. Some largest hedge funds in America discovered this opportunity and short euro in groups to an enormous scale. Later on, the British pound is being infected. It continuously dropped for six days, which wrote the longest dropping period record. In this paper, the objective is to critically analyse how the European sovereign debt crisis affects foreign exchange markets. The theme focuses on the contagion on the markets. The contagion phenomenon exists between foreign exchange spot and derivative markets. One of the channels is the investor sentiment, which makes large scale of influences on both markets and volatility dynamics (Corredor, P., Ferrer, E., Santamaria, R., 2015). It makes sense on aspects like trading volume, effective transaction costs and so on. This paper has two main parts. The first part is to evaluate impacts on foreign exchange spot market through analysing the political channel, bank channel and financial markert channel. The second part is to investigate impacts on foreign exchange derivatives, especially on the foreign exchange swap. 2. Contagious impact on the foreign exchange market 2-1 Impacts on foreign exchange spot (impacts on euro) In this part, we explain how the debt crisis makes impacts on the foreign exchange spot market, especially, we focus on the exchange rate of euro against dollar. In FX spot market, two parties...
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...primary motivation is profit—many firms can increase their rates of return on investment, and their stock prices, by going global. Some do it primarily to get raw materials; oil companies are an example. Others go global to expand their markets, which helps them cover huge development costs; this is true for producers of movies like Lord of the Rings. Others go global because production costs are lower overseas; this is true for most electronics firms. Still others buy from foreign suppliers; Wal-Mart and Nike are examples. Finally, banks, accounting firms, and other service companies are going global because their customers are doing so, and they must follow their customers or lose them. 27-2 (See the BOC model for data and examples of exchange rates.) From a U.S. perspective, an exchange rate tells us: a. Direct quotation: Number of dollars required to buy one unit of a foreign currency. b. Indirect quotation: Number of units of the foreign currency that can be bought with one dollar. Thus, the direct quotation for the euro in December 2005 (see the BOC model) was 1.18740, meaning that it took $1.19 to buy a euro, and the indirect quote was 0.8422, meaning that a dollar would buy 0.8422 euros. The direct and indirect quotes are the...
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...(LCA); regional jets; Private jets. At this moment only Boeing and Airbus belong to segment of large commercial airplanes (LCA), with firms such as Embraer of Brazil and Bombardier of Canada taking up positions within the segment of regional jets in North America, firms such as Gulfstream and LearJet round out the market of private jets (Heppenheimer 2001:135). There are striking differences between the LCA and regional jet segments. The LCA market is truly global, which will be discussed later, while the regional jet market remains localized generally to one hemisphere – Bombardier and Embraer typically do not sell aircraft in Europe or Asia for example; those markets are generally served by different firms within those regions.15 The Boeing and Airbus are only two firms that share almost 100% of the market of LCA. While there are still older planes produced by defunct Soviet firms as well as some European manufactures such as British Aerospace or France’s Aerospatiale that remain in limited commercial service, it is safe to say that nearly all LCA were produced by either Boeing or Airbus. Therefore the market is highly concentrated and qualifies as a classic duopoly. Firms Structure Boeing. The Boeing Company is a publicly‐traded firm registered with Securities and Exchange Commission in the United States and listed on the New York Stock Exchange (ticker symbol BA). In the Boeing Annual Report (2006) says that...
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...Settlements (BIS) 4. ___________ is not a factor that causes currency supply and demand schedules to change. A) Relative inflation rates B) Change in exchange rates. C) Relative interest rates D) Relative income levels E) Expectations 5. A large increase in the income level in Mexico along with no growth in the U.S. income level, ceteris paribus, is expected to cause a/an _________ in Mexican demand for U.S. goods, and the Mexican peso should ____________ A) Increase; appreciate B) Increase; depreciate C) Decrease; depreciate D) Decrease; appreciate 6. An increase in U.S. interest (real) rates relative to German interest rates would likely ___________ the U.S. demand for euros and ____________ the supply of euros for sale. A) Reduce; increase B) Increase; reduce C) Reduce; reduce D) Increase; increase 7. If U.S. inflation suddenly increased while European inflation stayed...
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...SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 4 PROBLEMS 1. From base price levels of 100 in 1987, West German and U.S. price levels in 1988 stood at 102 and 106, respectively. If the 1987 $/DM exchange rate was $0.54, what should the exchange rate be in 1988? In fact, the exchange rate in 1988 was DM 1 = $0.56. What might account for the discrepancy? (Price levels were measured using the consumer price index.) Answer. If e1981 is the dollar value of the German mark in 1988, then according to purchasing power parity e1988/.54 = 106/102 or e1988 = $.5612. The discrepancy between the predicted rate of $.5612 and the actual rate of $.56 is insignificant and hence needs no explaining. Historically, however, discrepancies betweenthe PPP rate and the actual rate have frequently occurred. These discrepancies could be due to mismeasurement of the relevant price indices. Estimates based on narrower price indices reflecting only traded goods prices would probably be closer to the mark, so to speak. Alternatively, it could be due to a switch in investors' preferences from dollar to non-dollar assets. 3. In early 1996, the short-term interest rate in France was 3.7%, and forecast French inflation was 1.8%. At the same time, the short-term German interest rate was 2.6% and forecast German inflation was 1.6%. a. Based on these figures, what were the real interest rates in France and Germany? Answer. The French real interest rate was 1.037/1.018 - 1 = 1.87%. The corresponding real rate in Germany was...
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...Chapter 3 International Financial Markets Lecture Outline Foreign Exchange Market History of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange Transactions Foreign Exchange Quotations Interpreting Foreign Exchange Quotations Forward, Futures, and Options Markets International Money Market Origins and Development Money Market Interest Rates Among Countries Standardizing Global Bank Regulations International Credit Market Syndicated Loans Impact of the Credit Crisis on the Credit Market International Bond Market Eurobond Market Development of Other Bond Markets International Stock Markets Issuance of Stock in Foreign Markets Issuance of Foreign Stock in the U.S. Chapter Theme This chapter identifies and discusses the various international financial markets used by MNCs. These markets facilitate day-to-day operations of MNCs, including foreign exchange transactions, investing in foreign markets, and borrowing in foreign markets. Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion 1. Why do international financial markets exist? 2. How do banks serve international financial markets? 3. Which international financial markets are most important to a firm that consistently needs short-term funds? What about a firm that needs long-term funds? POINT/COUNTER-POINT: Should Firms That Go Public Engage in International Offerings? POINT: Yes. When a U.S. firm issues stock to the public for the first time in an initial public offering (IPO), it is naturally concerned about whether...
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...4—Exchange Rate Determination 1. The value of the Australian dollar (A$) today is $0.73. Yesterday, the value of the Australian dollar was $0.69. The Australian dollar ____ by ____%. a.|depreciated; 5.80| b.|depreciated; 4.00| c.|appreciated; 5.80| d.|appreciated; 4.00| ANS: C SOLUTION:|($0.73 - $0.69)/$0.69 = 5.80%| PTS: 1 2. If a currency's spot rate market is ____, its exchange rate is likely to be ____ to a single large purchase or sale transaction. a.|liquid; highly sensitive| b.|illiquid; insensitive| c.|illiquid; highly sensitive| d.|none of the above.| ANS: C PTS: 1 3. ____ is not a factor that causes currency supply and demand schedules to change. a.|Relative inflation rates| b.|Relative interest rates| c.|Relative income levels| d.|Expectations| e.|All of the above are factors that cause currency supply and demand schedules to change.| ANS: E PTS: 1 4. A large increase in the income level in Mexico along with no growth in the U.S. income level is normally expected to cause (assuming no change in interest rates or other factors) a(n) ____ in Mexican demand for U.S. goods, and the Mexican peso should ____. a.|increase; appreciate| b.|increase; depreciate| c.|decrease; depreciate| d.|decrease; appreciate| ANS: B PTS: 1 5. An increase in U.S. interest rates relative to German interest rates would likely ____ the U.S. demand for euros and ____ the supply of euros for sale. a.|reduce; increase| b.|increase; reduce| c...
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...University of Macerata DPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCES, COMMUNICATION AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS MASTER’S DEGREE in Studi Politici e Internazionali ‘International Economic and Trade Relations’ LM–62 MASTER THESIS in DEVELPOMENT ECONOMICS Foreign Exchange regimes and major currencies Supervisor Student Prof. Paolo Sospiro Parapatakam Praveen Reddy MAT: 62282 ACADEMIC YEAR 2013/2014 Contents Introduction 5 Chapter 1 7 1. History of exchange rate regimes: 7 1.1 Gold Standard System (1880-1914): 7 1.2 Interim instability (1914-1944): 7 1.3 Bretton woods system (1946-1971). 8 Figure1.World Trade (1929-33).............................................................................................9 1.4 Par Value system: 9 2. Classification of Exchange Rate Regimes: 10 2.1 De facto Classification (1998-2009) 11 Diagram1. De Facto Classification of Foreign Exchange Regimes (Nov 1998 – Jan 2009).......12 2.2 Revised De Facto Classification System (2009 January to Present): 15 Table1. Shares of Classifications Using the 1998 and 2009 Systems. 16 2.3 Revised Classification System Definitions: 17 Hard pegs: 17 Soft pegs: 18 Floating arrangements: 19 Residual: 20 2.4 De facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements...
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...Chapter 3 International Financial Markets Lecture Outline Motives for Using International Financial Markets Motives for Investing in Foreign Markets Motives for Providing Credit in Foreign Markets Motives for Borrowing in Foreign Markets Foreign Exchange Market History of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange Transactions Interpreting Foreign Exchange Quotations Currency Futures and Options Markets International Money Market Origins and Development Standardizing Global Bank Regulations International Credit Market Syndicated Loans International Bond Market Eurobond Market Development of Other Bond Markets Comparing Interest Rates Among Currencies International Stock Markets Issuance of Foreign Stock in the U.S. Issuance of Stock in Foreign Markets Comparison of International Financial Markets How Financial Markets Affect an MNC’s Value Chapter Theme This chapter identifies and discusses the various international financial markets used by MNCs. These markets facilitate day-to-day operations of MNCs, including foreign exchange transactions, investing in foreign markets, and borrowing in foreign markets. Topics to Stimulate Class Discussion 1. Why do international financial markets exist? 2. How do banks serve international financial markets? 3. Which international financial markets are most important to a firm that consistently needs short-term funds? What about a firm that needs long-term funds? Critical debate Should firms that...
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