...Arguments against flexible exchange rates include the arguments that they cause uncertainty, they inhibit international trade and that they allow destabilizing speculation. Arguments against fixed rates include that they cause uncertainty, they inhibit international trade and they allow destabilizing speculation. Contrast the situation in one country with a fixed exchange rate with one country that has a floating rate and explain the impact of the fixed and floating rates. Introduction Prior to 1970, fixed, or say pegged exchange rate regime was adopted by almost all countries worldwide. Afterwards, some countries have gradually made the transition from fixed to flexible exchange rates, which allow currency to float freely. In the following section, the definition of both fixed and flexible exchange rates will be introduced. Thereafter, the situation in Australia, which floating exchange rate regime will be compared with that of in Hong Kong, which uses fixed exchange rate regime. Moreover, the impact of different exchange rate regimes on economic entities will be discussed. Types of exchange rate Fixed/Pegged exchange rate A fixed exchange rate is usually pegged the value of a currency to a strong foreign currency such as US dollar or Euro (Hunt and Terry, 2011). This kind of rates is sets and maintained by the local government (e.g. central bank). In order to maintain a stable rate, the government trades its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the...
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...EXCHANGE RATE REGIMES The exchange rate regime is the way a country manages its currency in respect to foreign currencies and the foreign exchange market. In other words, the exchange rate regime tells us how exchange rate is determined in one country. In theory, there are three basic types of exchange rate regimes: a fixed exchange rate, which ties the currency to another currency, mostly more widespread currencies such as the U.S. dollar or the euro, a floating exchange rate, where the market dictates the movements of the exchange rate, and a pegged float, where the central bank keeps the rate from deviating too far from a target band or value. In this essay, we will discuss more deeply about each type of exchange rate regime and also point out their advantages and disadvantages. Firstly, about fixed exchange rate. A fixed rate is a type of exchange rate regime in which the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate used to stabilize the value of a currency against the currency it is tied to. To fix the rate, typically, a government maintaining a fixed exchange rate by either buying or selling its own currency in the market. This is one reason governments maintain reserves of foreign currencies. For instance, if the equilibrium exchange rate drifts too far above the desired rate, the government sells foreign currency, thus decreasing its foreign reserves. Fixed rate has some advantages. First, it reduces risks related to fluctuation in rate...
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...Solutions for exchange rate policy of transition economy of Vietnam Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaft (Doctor rerum politicarum, Dr. rer. pol.) der Juristischen und Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg vorgelegt von M.A. Mai Thu Hien geb. am 23. August 1976 in Hanoi, Vietnam Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Pohl, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg 2. Prof. Dr. Martin Klein, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Datum der Einreichung: 07.06.2007 Datum der Verteidigung: 12.07.2007 Halle (Saale), Juli 2007 urn:nbn:de:gbv:3-000012127 [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=nbn%3Ade%3Agbv%3A3-000012127] 2 Acknowledgements This doctoral dissertation could not be completed if I have not received the help and encouragement from numerous people. Firstly, I am greatly indebted to my first supervisor, Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Rüdiger Pohl, who kept an eye on the progress of my work and was always available when I needed his advices. His great advices, supports, criticisms, comments, and encouragement helped me to develop necessary knowledge to understand and to build theoretical context in this dissertation. I also would like to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Martin Klein, my second supervisor, for his suggestions and concerns with my dissertation. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of DAAD, without which this dissertation would not have been...
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...EVOLUTION OF EXCHANGE RATE REGIME: IMPACT ON MACRO ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH by Liza Fahmida A project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Professional Master in Banking and Finance Examination Committee: Dr. Sundar Venkatesh (Chairperson) Dr. Juthathip Jongwanich Dr. Yuosre Badir Nationality: Bangladeshi Previous Degree: Master in Finance and Banking University of Dhaka Bangladesh Scholarship Donor: Bangladesh Bank Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Thailand May 2012 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dissertation paper entitled “Evolution Of Exchange Rate Regime: Impact On Macro Economy Of Bangladesh” has been prepared for the partial fulfillment of Professional master in Banking and Finance (PMBF) program conducted by School of Management, AIT, Thailand. I would like to offer my wholehearted gratitude and respect to a good number of people who offered encouragement, data and information, inspiration and assistance during the course of constructing this dissertation paper. It would be difficult to prepare the paper and to present it in a lucid manner within stipulated time without the help of my guide teacher Dr. Sundar Venkatesh, Adjunct Faculty, School of Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. His utmost care, constant support and meticulous supervision guided me through the process. I am indebted to Begum Sultana Razia, General Manager, Monetary Policy Department, Bangladesh Bank, whose sincere co-operation...
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...Chapter 8 The Policy Trilemma in Open Economies Chapters 6 and 7 discussed the choice of an exchange rate regime as a monetary policy instrument, and examined the advantages and disadvantages of pursuing fixed versus floating exchange rate regimes under perfect capital mobility. Under each regime, we considered the effectiveness of fiscal policy, effectiveness of conventional monetary policy (ability to influence domestic short term interest rates), and exchange rate stability. We found that, although only a credible fixed exchange rate regime achieves bilateral exchange rate stability, no single exchange rate regime entirely dominates the other in terms of the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies. These findings suggest that the choice of an exchange rate regime presents genuine tradeoffs for policy makers, and it is time to discuss several factors that would guide such a choice in practice. In reality, hard pegs and floats represent the two idealized extremes of a spectrum of exchange rate regimes. Within that spectrum, there is a variety of options available to policy makers, but these options require additional policy instruments. One such policy instrument is capital controls, which affect the incentives underlying international capital mobility. So, in this chapter we discuss the form and consequences of these capital controls as a policy instrument. Given that capital controls constitute a third policy instrument, it is useful conceptualize policy choices using three intermediate...
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...1. What is net foreign wealth and what is its relationship to the current account? Suppose that a country starts with $10B in net foreign wealth and its exports and imports in the following three years are $2B and $4B, $1B and $5B, and $2B and $6B, respectively. What is the country's net foreign wealth after three years? Should the country's government worry about this trend? What could it do about it? Does your answer depend on the exchange rate regime? Explain. - Net foreign wealth is defined as the difference between the foreign assets owned by home country (ex. U.S.) and home country assets (U.S. assets) owned by foreigners. The relationship of net foreign wealth and current account is that the current account balance measures the flow of new net claims on foreign wealth that a country acquires by exporting more goods and services than it imports. - When a country has an initial $10B in net foreign wealth and its total exports and imports in the following three years are $5B and $15B respectively, the country’s net foreign wealth after three years would be $0B. - For a country that has bigger imports than exports, thus net foreign wealth of the economy with a deficit; the government should not interfere by implementing policies such as tariffs. True that policy such as tariffs and quotas could reduce imports, which would technically fix current account deficit. However, reducing imports would also cause an increase in the value of the domestic currency relative to other...
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...of the economic implications and foreign exchange risk of the system of exchange rate for multinational companies with subsidiaries which are located in countries with systems such as managed floating exchange rate, fixed exchange rate linked to a basket of currencies and also a fixed exchange rate backed by a currency board system. Unlike the freely floating exchange rate system which has never been applied under its purest form, monetary authorities is required by the managed floating rate in order to interfere in foreign exchange markets to prevent the currencies from moving too far from an apparent fundamental value. 2. i. Managed Floating Rate More and more...
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...BOFIT Discussion Papers 19 • 2011 Zhichao Zhang, Nan Shi and Xiaoli Zhang China’s new exchange rate regime, optimal basket currency and currency diversification Bank of Finland, BOFIT Institute for Economies in Transition BOFIT Discussion Papers Editor-in-Chief Laura Solanko BOFIT Discussion Papers 19/2011 23.7.2011 Zhichao Zhang, Nan Shi and Xiaoli Zhang: China’s new exchange rate regime, optimal basket currency and currency diversification ISBN 978-952- 462-714-6 ISSN 1456-5889 (online) This paper can be downloaded without charge from http://www.bof.fi/bofit Suomen Pankki Helsinki 2011 BOFIT- Institute for Economies in Transition Bank of Finland BOFIT Discussion Papers 19/2011 Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Tiivistelmä ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 Theoretical model ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 3 Policy goal .................................................................................................................... 12 Trade...
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...October, 2012 Question Two Discuss the various factors that determine the exchange rate regime. Introduction This paper is an attempt to discuss various factors which determine the exchange regime in relation to the international trade. The paper will provide a brief overview of the exchange rate regimes in the international trade, define key terms. It will also explore the various types of exchange rate regime practiced in the international and finally it will delineate the main factors that determine the exchange rate regime. Overview of exchange rate in the International trade. The choice of an appropriate exchange rate regime for developing countries has been at the center of the debate in international finance for a long time. The steady increase in magnitude and variability of international capital flows has intensified the debate in the past few years as each of the major currency crises in the 1990s has in some way involved a fixed exchange rate and sudden reversal of capital inflows. While the debate continues, there are areas where some consensus is emerging, and there are valuable lessons from earlier experience for developing countries. Selection of an exchange rate regime that is most likely to suit a country’s economic interest would depend on a variety of factors as discussed bellow (Yagci, 2001). Definition of Key terms Exchange Rate. Exchange rate refers to the value of one...
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...1. INTRODUCTION The term “Exchange rate” is referred to as the value of the money of one country compared to the money of another country exchange rate movement is therefore the fluctuation in the value of a country’s currency when compared to another country at particular time period. The importance of foreign exchange rate on inflow of foreign private investment has been traced by Obadan (1994) who noted that its importance as the center pieces of the investment environment derives from the argument that a sustained exchange rate misalignment in terms of over-valuation or under-valuation is a major source of macro economics disequilibrium which spells danger for investment. A stable exchange rate encourages, foreign and local investor into such an economy. This is because, an over-valued exchange rate discourage export and negatively affect the foreign private investment Salako (2004). Further state that there is a long run equilibrium relationship between investment inflow to Nigeria and variables such as nominal effective exchange rate. A high foreign exchange rate increase the prices of goods and services and discourage exportation while at the sometime encourages importation of goods which are cheaper. This has negative effect on the investment and with such factors investors withdraw their money from such an economy (Solomon, 2012). It is therefore imperative to state that foreign exchange rate is a significant factor that determines investment in...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Optimal choice of an exchange rate regime: a critical literature review Mariam Ouchen Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Economics Marrakesh Morocco, University of Basel 17. January 2013 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/43907/ MPRA Paper No. 43907, posted 21. January 2013 12:56 UTC Optimal Choice of an Exchange Rate Regime: A Critical Literature Review 1 Mariam OUCHEN Laboratory of innovation, responsibility and sustainable development Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Economics Marrakesh Morocco Center of Macroeconomics and economic theory University of Basel Abstract :This paper set out to review the main theories and empirical methods employed in selecting an appropriate exchange rate regime.In order to achieve this, the paper is organized as follows : Section 2 introduces the distinct classifications of exchange regimes(de jure exchange rate regimes versus the facto exchange rate regimes), and the different theoretical approaches which illustrate how an optimal exchange rate regime is determined . Despite their initial popularity, the theoretical considerations have not escaped criticism.Section 3 reviews the criticism of these theories.A conclusion is provided in Section 4. Keywords : Exchange rate regime, the structural approach, credibility, flexibility, the bipolar view. 1 - Introduction The literature on the selection of exchange rate regimes can be divided into three main groups : the structural approach, the trade-off...
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...China’s Foreign Exchange Management I. The history of China’s foreign exchange management system For a long time China has been implementing relatively strict foreign exchange administration system due to shortage of foreign exchange resources, insufficiency of macro control capability, imperfection of market system. Since China took on the innovative opening-up policy in 1978, China forms a foreign exchange administration profile--“RMB (Chinese Yuan) is convertible for current account items, while partially convertible for capital account ” step by step. China’s foreign exchange reform can be divided into three periods: Exchange regime during the planed economy (1949-1978). A highly centered, planning system was implemented in the planed economy environment. Bank of China was the only specialized bank involving in foreign exchange business. All foreign exchange receipts were obliged to surrender to the state, any purchase of foreign exchange should be included in the state plan. The nation never incurred foreign borrowings or allowed foreign direct investment. Exchange regime during the transitional period (1979-1993). (1) The State Administration of Foreign Exchange, which is authorized for charging foreign exchange control matters under the leadership of the People’s Bank of China, was established. (2) The enterprises were permitted to retain a portion of their foreign exchange earnings. (3) Foreign exchange swap center was set up and developed. (4) The RMB exchange...
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...liquidity abundance and downward pressures on real world interest rates. These resulted from mercantilist trade policies and an unprecedented increase in savings and foreign reserves of emerging economies in Asia. This essay will first explain the Mundell-Fleming (henceforth M-F) model and use it to compare current account deficits under different exchange rate regimes. It will also refer to real-life contexts and discuss limitations of the model. The M-F model portrays the short-run Keynesian relationship between an economy’s key macroeconomic variables. The assumptions and implications of the model are as follows: 1. The economy operates on a perfectly elastic aggregate supply curve. This implies that the level of economic activity, Y, is solely dependent on fluctuations in aggregate demand, as per the IS-LM framework. As prices are fixed, P is normalised to 1 and M represents both real and nominal money stocks. 2. The current account (CA) is determined independently of the capital account. PPP does not hold. CA deficits, as we will later see, depends on Y and the nominal and real exchange rate, e. The higher Y is, the greater the demand for imports; and the lower e is, the more uncompetitive domestic exports will be. The combined effect, based on the Marshall-Lerner (M-L) condition, results in a CA deficit. 3. Static exchange rate expectations and central role of interest rates. International interest rate differentials are assumed to result in finite capital inflows...
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...International Finance “Countries with pegged exchange rates are able to grow faster than countries with floating exchange rate” Introduction Exchange rate is a term which is defined by the two components that include the domestic currency and a foreign currency. It’s a price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country’s currency. There are two types of exchange rates, Fixed or pegged exchange rate and floating or fluctuating exchange rate. A floating exchange rate is describes as a type of exchange rate regime wherein a currency’s value is allowed to fluctuate according to the foreign exchange market. The currency is known as floating currency if it is using a floating exchange rate system. The dollar is a great example of a floating currency. The rate or the price of a currency in floating exchange rate is determined by the simple rule of demand and supply in the foreign exchange market. The currency is free to fluctuate according to the changes in demand and supply of foreign currency. On the other hand fixed or pegged exchange rate is another type of exchange rate in which the price of exchange of a currency is fixed or pegged in terms of gold or another currency. There is complete government control in fixed exchange rate system as only government has the power to change it. The economists founded by the annual observations for 183 countries over the period of 1974 to 2000, using a long run Gross Domestic Product growth equation regarding...
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...Foreign Currency & The Economy Author: Ashish Ghangrekar Abstract: This paper attempts to discuss about the relation between Foreign Currency & the Economy. The paper develops the correlation between foreign currency & the economy. It further goes on to discuss the various parameters that affect this correlation. Finally, a few hypotheses drawn from the discussion are presented at the end of the paper. Introduction: Foreign Exchange & foreign currency is the elastic link between various independent political states. The Central Bank of a country frames the monetary policy to maintain a desirable Foreign exchange rate & regulate the flow of foreign currency in an economy. Now let us understand the correlation & interplay between foreign currency & the various economic parameters. In a floating regime of exchange rates, the interest rates in the country are adjusted so as to vary its real exchange rates & also as a measure to control inflation. Therefore a developing capitalist country will have its Central Bank adopt the policy of keeping its interest rate as low as possible. This will enable the entrepreneurs & the various economic actors to obtain capital at a cheaper rate. It will also help to maintain a low real exchange rate & hence boost domestic exports. Growing exports will see a positive trade balance or a Current Account Surplus. With a current account surplus the country can make strategic investments in the foreign markets or acquire factories. This will result...
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