...What is human geography ? Nature of place Meanings Assumptions and expectations Disciple and power relations Developing Location.. whats here why is it here Region (imaginary- formal, function and perceptual) Place Landscape 2.1 What is globalization 2.2 what are the connections between globalization and geographical ? 2.3 why do some people or groups oppose globalization Political geography 3.1 spiritual organization-states nations 3.2 the modern nation-state 3.4 Geopolitics and critical geopolitics. 3.5 supranational organizations and the future of the state Understanding the current world map POLITICAL GEORAPHY study the effect of political actions on humans geography. spatial analysis of political phenomenon moving around people are going around. Ex china going to Afghanistan for resources The study of states- their groupings and global relations. France cannot stand the US.. their relationship is lost Territory, sovereignty, and boundaries TERRITORITALITY a country’s or local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended (text pg 53) it’s a space of something its our natural action to protect or control our territory.. and meaning of territory. Must all the land be owned? Ex even when we went to the moon we had to plant a flag and say it was ours SOVEREIGNTYexclusive control over territory a principle of international relations(all...
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...CRITICAL ASSIGNMENT There are several theoretical approaches to consider when discussing geopolitics. Three of these approaches are the Realist approach seen by Michael Klare; the Balance of Power theory outlined by Robert Skidelsky; and Social Constructivism theory used by Gearoid Ó Tuathail. After analysis of these three geopolitical theories, it becomes clear that the Realist approach and incorporated application of Halford Mackinder’s Heartland Thesis, demonstrated by Michael Klare, is the most persuasive and applicable in a contemporary setting. Klare’s Realist Theory Michael Klare applies realist theory to explain contemporary American international relations. In this explanation, Klare draws on the geopolitical thesis of Halford Mackinder. Mackinder’s theory explains that the state that controls the Heartland, which is land seen to be of geopolitical importance, will inevitably become a global superpower as they amass economic and political strength from that territory. Mackinder states “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland; Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island; Who rules the World-Island commands the World.” (Mackinder 1919: 150) Klare’s incorporation of a realist approach lies in the way he explains America adherence to the Heartland thesis. Klare demonstrates America’s desire to control the Heartland by overtly militaristic foreign policies in areas of great geopolitical competition. America had been involved in conflict in the resource rich...
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...Chapter 8 Outline -In 1997, the newly elected Labor party in London gave the Scots (and the Welsh) the opportunity to vote- not for independence, but for devolution. They both voted in favor, taking a major devolutionary step in one of Europe’s oldest and most stable unitary states. - Scotland’s new autonomous status has not necessarily fueled greater calls for independence. - At the heart of most devolutionary moments however, is a strong sense of ethnocultural or economic difference and when sense of difference coincide with conflicting senses of territory, the results can be explosive. - Devolutionary pressures often arise from a combination of sources. - Catalonia produces some 25% of all Spanish exports by value and 40% of its industrial exports. - Economic forces play an even more prominent role in Italy and France. - Italy faces serious devolutionary forces on its mainland peninsula as well one is the growing regional disparity between north and south. The wealthier north stands in sharp contrast to the poorer south. - The most recent of Italian politicians was the Northern League which raised the prospect of an independent state called Padania. The Northern League’s Efforts fell short. - Devolutionary events most often occur on the margins of states. - Distance, remoteness, and marginal location are allies of devolution. - The regions most likely to seek devolution are those far from the national capitol. Many are separated by water, desert, or mountains...
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...(and prevalent) error in discussing Fukuyama's work is to confuse 'history' with 'events'. Fukuyama does not claim at any point that events will stop happening in the future. What he is claiming is that all that will happen in the future (even if totalitarianism returns) is that democracy will become more and more prevalent in the long term, although it may have 'temporary' setbacks (which may, of course, last for centuries). He believes that the European Union more accurately reflects what the world will look like at the end of history than the contemporary United States HUNGTINGTON’S FUTURE The Clash of Civilizations In 1993, Professor Huntington provoked great debate "The Clash of Civilizations?",. Its description of post–Cold War geopolitics contrasted with the influential End of History thesis advocated by Francis Fukuyama. Huntington expanded "The Clash of Civilizations?" to book length and published it as The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking...
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...GEOPOLITICS IN EURO-MEDITERRANEAN AREA Introduction Since several centuries, The Euro-Mediterranean Area has always been the center of the world, geopolitically speaking, representing a major hub when it comes to political interactions, commercial alliances, diplomatic communication and socio-cultural connections. The appellation of United States of Europe can highlight the crucial importance of these nations and the impact of its cooperation and interactions at the international level. In July 13th 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy had triggered a process that led to the Union for the Mediterranean that became today a huge union between countries all around the world, over and above the Mediterranean Sea, attesting of the tremendous magnitude of its geopolitical power. To me, the major objective of this Union should be conducted by a real long-term geopolitical, economic and socio-cultural strategy aiming the promotion of the economical integration and democratic reforms among and between Euro-Mediterranean nations. Since this geopolitical area is highly characterized by an ambient heterogeneity, between North Nations and South Nations in one hand, between wealthy powers, and more underprivileged countries on the other hand, economical and socio-cultural disparities between different geopolitical regions seems to me that they represent the 1st major problem and geopolitical challenge. Indeed, this inevitable battle for a homogeneous united geopolitical area can be a capital step...
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...www.ccsenet.org/res Review of European Studies Vol. 4, No. 3; July 2012 Europe and the Middle East: From Imperialism to Liberal Peace? Raymond Hinnebusch1 1 School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK Correspondence: Raymond Hinnebusch, School of International Relations, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9AX, Scotland, UK. Tel: 44-1334-462-861. E-mail: rh10@st-andrews.ac.uk Received: November 24, 2011 Accepted: April 26, 2012 Online Published: July 1, 2012 doi:10.5539/res.v4n3p18 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v4n3p18 Abstract Europe’s relation with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is discussed in the context of normative (International Society) and materialist approaches (World System’s Theory). First, European imperialism’s export of a flawed Westphalian state system is summarized. How Europe is “caught” between MENA and the US and co-opted into a division of labour toward the region is then surveyed. The gap between the normative rhetoric and actual inequitable outcomes and structures constructed under the Euro-Mediterranean partnership is examined, looking at the three “baskets” of economic developmental, political reform and cultural convergence. Four “hard cases,” EU policies toward Palestine, Iran, Syria and Turkey, illustrate the ambiguities of the EU’s approach to MENA. MENA public opinion’s ambivalence toward Europe reflects these realities. The conclusion is that the EU’sMENA policy...
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