...docudesk.com Firms Size And Gains From Acquisition Contents Introduction 1 Predictable Hypothesis 2 Data And Methodology 6 Data 6 Methodology 8 Abnormal Performance Measure 8 Test Statistics 9 Empirical Findings 10 Conclusion 22 References 24 2 PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com Firms Size And Gains From Acquisition Introduction 1. Takeovers are one of the most important events in corporate finance, both for a firm and the economy. Extensive research has shown that shareholders in bidding firms gain significantly and that wealth is created at the announcement of takeovers i.e., combined bidder and target returns are positive. 2. Our main focus is on examining the returns to acquirer’s i.e. large and small firms, making bids for public, private, and subsidiary targets, using cash and stock, and seeing how the acquirers’ returns vary by these characteristics and the acquirer’s size. Our study enables us to provide new evidence on what bidder returns tell us about takeovers. Therefore, our sample provides a fruitful testing ground for probing the meaning of returns to acquirers. I. Predictable Hypothesis A. Investment Opportunity Hypothesis 3. Myers (1977) links the existence of growth opportunities and corporate borrowing activity. In his model, a firm's borrowing is inversely related to the extent that the firm's value depends on the value of future investment...
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...10840974 Comparative study of abnormal stock performance on announcements of FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 index revisions – is there evidence of inattention for smaller caps? 1. Research Question Trading strategies that focus on stocks’ inclusion/exclusion in the composition of a major stock exchange index have always been an interesting topic for academic research with high practical application. The highest amount of papers on the subject is focused on the American stock market, and mainly on stock performance in relation to changes in the S&P 500 index constituents. Unlike the several rules that apply for inclusion in the S&P 500, the criteria for the constituents of the British indices FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 are simpler – the decision is determined only by the market capitalization of the listed companies. Documented studies so far have focused only on stock performance based on inclusion/exclusion in the FTSE 100 – the index, consisting of the top 100 companies in the UK, arranged by market cap. They find an anticipatory effect, which proves to be temporary in contrast to the permanent effect, documented for the S&P 500. A possible explanation is increased investor awareness and monitoring, which accounts for positive prices effects for additions and negative for exclusions. The idea of my research question is to study the anticipatory effect of stock inclusion/exclusion in the FTSE 100, compared to the FTSE 250, measured by abnormal stock performance. The hypothesis...
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...Derivative Market – A Case Study on NSE A Report Submitted as per the curriculum of the Master in Business Administration Under Biju Patnaik University of Technology, Rourkela, Orissa. By L Rama kumari Roll No.: 200960712 Regd. No.: 0906202013 [pic] March 2011 Under the Guidance of Mr. Shom Prasad Das NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Palur Hills, Berhampur- 761008, Orissa, India DECLARATION I, L rama kumari, student of 2009-11 batch of NIST, Berhampur do here by declare that the report entitled “Derivative Market :A Case Study on NSE” that has been submitted by me as a partial fulfillment of the degree of MBA. This report is my own work and no part of this project has been ever submitted by me for any other purpose. I declare that the work has been carried out to the best of my knowledge and belief and according to my capacity and capability. Date: Place: L Rama kumari ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those individuals whose valuable contribution in a direct or indirect manner has gone into the making of this dissertation a tremendous learning experience for me. I take this privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude to our Hon. Director Prof. Sangram Mudali, Hon. Batch co-coordinator Mr.Chinmaya Sahu for encouraging doing this dissertation as a part of curriculum. I would like to express sincerely my deep...
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...finance Eugene F. Fama* Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Received 17 March 1997; received in revised form 3 October 1997 Abstract Market efficiency survives the challenge from the literature on long-term return anomalies. Consistent with the market efficiency hypothesis that the anomalies are chance results, apparent overreaction to information is about as common as underreaction, and post-event continuation of pre-event abnormal returns is about as frequent as post-event reversal. Most important, consistent with the market efficiency prediction that apparent anomalies can be due to methodology, most long-term return anomalies tend to 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights disappear with reasonable changes in technique. reserved. JEL classification: G14; G12 Keywords: Market efficiency; Behavioral finance 1. Introduction Event studies, introduced by Fama et al. (1969), produce useful evidence on how stock prices respond to information. Many studies focus on returns in a short window (a few days) around a cleanly dated event. An advantage of this approach is that because daily expected returns are close to zero, the model for expected returns does not have a big effect on inferences about abnormal returns. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 773 702 7282; fax: 773 702 9937; e-mail: eugene.fama@gsb.uchicago. edu. The comments of Brad Barber, David Hirshleifer, S.P. Kothari, Owen Lamont, Mark Mitchell, Hersh Shefrin, Robert Shiller, Rex Sinquefield, Richard...
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...e i n f o Article history: Received 30 June 2011 Received in revised form 6 August 2012 Accepted 7 August 2012 Available online 17 August 2012 JEL classification: F30 G15 G32 G38 Keywords: Cross-listing Stocks Bonding International financial markets a b s t r a c t Why firms from around the world seek to cross-list their shares on overseas exchanges has intrigued scholars during the past two decades. A general dissatisfaction with the conventional wisdom about investment barriers segmenting global investors and how cross-listings overcome those barriers cleared the way for newer wisdom about informational problems and agency conflicts, and how firms could overcome weaknesses in corporate governance by listing on, and thus “bonding” to, overseas markets with stronger regulatory oversight, stringent reporting and disclosure requirements and investor protections. Critics have challenged the viability of the bonding hypothesis, which I answer in this review. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Cross-listing — also referred to as “dual-listing,” “international listing,” or even “inter-listing,” — is usually a strategic choice made by a firm to secondarily list its equity shares trading in a home market exchange on a new overseas market. It may or may not involve an initial or secondary capital-raising and it ☆ An early version of this paper was presented as the keynote address at the 4th Singapore...
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...F. Fama* Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Received 17 March 1997; received in revised form 3 October 1997 Abstract Market efficiency survives the challenge from the literature on long-term return anomalies. Consistent with the market efficiency hypothesis that the anomalies are chance results, apparent overreaction to information is about as common as underreaction, and post-event continuation of pre-event abnormal returns is about as frequent as post-event reversal. Most important, consistent with the market efficiency prediction that apparent anomalies can be due to methodology, most long-term return anomalies tend to disappear with reasonable changes in technique. 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. JEL classification: G14; G12 Keywords: Market efficiency; Behavioral finance 1. Introduction Event studies, introduced by Fama et al. (1969), produce useful evidence on how stock prices respond to information. Many studies focus on returns in a short window (a few days) around a cleanly dated event. An advantage of this approach is that because daily expected returns are close to zero, the model for expected returns does not have a big effect on inferences about abnormal returns. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 773 702 7282; fax: 773 702 9937; e-mail: eugene.fama@gsb.uchicago. edu. The comments of Brad Barber, David Hirshleifer, S.P. Kothari, Owen Lamont, Mark Mitchell, Hersh Shefrin, Robert Shiller, Rex Sinquefield...
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...in the forecasting of the prices of stocks. This is useful to determine and forecast the prices of stocks given previous stock prices. This paper discusses the basis of the hypothesis, the two types of random walk hypothesis, its framework, methodologies and the analysis of its repercussions. INTRODUCTION The random walk hypothesis states that stock price changes have the same distribution and are independent of one another, so the past movement or trend of a stock price or of the market as a whole cannot be used to predict its future price or any possible future trends. The concept originated in the late 1800s from Jules Regnault, a French broker, and Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician, whose Ph.D. dissertation titled "The Theory of Speculation". The same ideas were later developed and studied further by Paul Cootner, an MIT Sloan School of Management professor, in his 1964 book The Random Character of Stock Market Prices. The term was popularized by the 1973 book, A Random Walk Down Wall Street, by Burton Malkiel, a professor of economics at Princeton University, and was used earlier in Eugene Fama's 1965 article "Random Walks In Stock Market Prices”. The theory that stock prices move randomly was earlier proposed by Maurice Kendall in his 1953 paper, “The Analytics of Economic Time Series, Part 1: Prices”. To further the understanding of the random walk hypothesis, the discussion of the two techniques used in the prediction of stock prices. These two are (1) chartist...
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...mentioned that the Indian stock markets are one of the oldest in Asia. Its history dates back to nearly 200 years ago. The earliest records of security dealings in India are meager and obscure. By 1830's business on corporate stocks and shares in Bank and Cotton presses took place in Bombay. Though the trading list was broader in 1839, there were only few brokers recognized by banks and merchants during 1840 and 1850. The 1850's witnessed a rapid development of commercial enterprise and brokerage business attracted many men into the field and by 1860 the number of brokers increased into 60. In 1860-61 the American Civil War broke out and cotton supply from United States to Europe was stopped; thus, the 'Share Mania' in India begun. The number of brokers increased to about 200 to 250. However, at the end of the American Civil War, in 1865, a disastrous slump began (for example, Bank of Bombay Share which had touched Rs 2850 could only be sold at Rs. 87). At the end of the American Civil War, the brokers who thrived out of Civil War in 1874, found a place in a street (now appropriately called as Dalal Street) where they would conveniently assemble and transact business. In 1887, they formally established in Bombay, the "Native Share and Stock Brokers' Association" (which is alternatively known as “The Stock Exchange“). Trading was at that time limited to a dozen brokers. These stock brokers organized an informal association -the Native Shares and Stock Brokers Association, Bombay...
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...CHAPTER 11 Reporting and Analyzing Stockholders’ Equity Study Objectives • • • • • • • • • Identify and discuss the major characteristics of a corporation. Understand the Components of Stockholders’ Equity. Record the issuance of common stock. Explain the accounting for the purchase of treasury stock. Differentiate preferred stock from common stock. Prepare the entries for cash dividends and understand the effect of stock dividends and stock splits. Identify the items that affect retained earnings. Prepare a comprehensive stockholders' equity section. Evaluate a corporation's dividend and earnings performance from a stockholder's perspective. Chapter Outline Study Objective 1 - Identify and Discuss the Major Characteristics of a Corporation 1. A corporation is a. a legal entity created by law b. a corporation has most of the rights and privileges of a person. c. Corporations may be classified in a variety of ways. Two common classifications are i. by purpose ii. by ownership. 1. Classification by ownership differentiates publicly held or privately held; a. A publicly held corporation is regularly traded on a national securities market and may have thousands of stockholders. b. A privately held corporation, often referred to as a closely held corporation, does not offer its stock for sale to the general public and may have only a few stockholders. 2. Distinguishing Corporations from proprietorships and partnerships. a. Separate legal existence: i. An entity separate and distinct...
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...of issuing ADRs and GDRs. Though cross listing is viewed positively by many corporations, many researchers have shown that changes in liquidity and volatility may affect quality negatively in the domestic markets. Since companies from emerging markets go for raising funds from foreign liquid markets, some policymakers fear that if allowed unrestricted, this may impact the development of local equity markets and hence prove disastrous for emerging markets. Existing studies show that effect of foreign listing depends on factors specific to firms, market and country. Indian GDRs trade on European exchanges and ADRs trade on US exchanges. Also, since US requires higher quality disclosures than Europe, cost of listing in US markets is higher. 2. Regulatory Framework As part of its economic liberalization policy in 1992, Indian government allowed Indian companies to raise money from foreign capital markets in the form of DRs. These DRs can be denominated in any currency and can be listed on any foreign exchange. Recently, government has also allowed two-way fungibility of DRs. Earlier only one way fungibility was allowed , that is, investors owning DRs were allowed to convert them into underlying Indian shares with a...
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...8 Threats to Portfolio Performance The last decade has been a challenge for many investors, especially those investing for the long term and retirement. Given declines in global stock markets, many investors have seen little to no real growth in their portfolios over this period. For example, $10,000 invested in the S&P 500 Market Index in 2000, was worth just $10,456 at the end of 2010. And this does not take into account inflation, investment fees and taxes.1 This White Paper explains why investors’ portfolios may underperform in both bear and bull markets and incur substantial costs in the process. It also details the impact this chronic underperformance can have on achieving long-term financial goals. Threat 1: The Expenses of Active Management Most us would like to beat the market, but as we’ll explore in this whitepaper, even many professional money managers have had a hard time performing better than the market. To understand why, it is helpful to begin with some definitions. Active investors (and active money managers) attempt to out- perform stock market rates of return by actively trading individual stocks and/or engaging in market timing — deciding when to be in and out of the market. Those investors who simply purchase “the market” through index or asset class mutual funds are called passive or “market” investors. Active mutual fund managers are typically compared to a benchmark index. For example, large cap mutual funds are often compared to the...
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...been the subject of numerous studies, especially in the US. The purpose of this article is to examine the corresponding evidence in Europe. This review classi es the European literature into three groups: studies of the market reaction to newly released accounting information; studies of the long-term association between stock returns and accounting numbers; studies devoted to the use of accounting data by investors and to the impact of market pressure on accounting choices. The paper reviews and summarizes the main results related to each of these topics. It also addresses some methodological issues and provides suggestions for future research. 1. INTRODUCTION Since the pioneering work of Ball and Brown (1968), the relationship between accounting information and capital markets has attracted considerable attention, to the point that it is probably one of the most popular issues in the accounting literature. The interest for this subject is legitimate, given the generally accepted statement that accounting gures are aimed at providing investors with relevant information for their investment decisions. Even if accounting data are used in various contexts such as the contracting process within the rm or between the rm and its creditors and suppliers, regarding capital markets they are supposed to facilitate the prediction of rms’ future cash ows and help investors assess future securities’ risk and returns. This is certainly why innumerable studies have been conducted in the US...
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...volatility of USDINR currency pair. USDINR currency pair was introduced in regulated stock exchange of National Stock Exchange in the year 2008. USDINR currency stated to trade as a future instrument on 29.08.2008. Though it’s a delayed decision undertaken in India to introduce currency futures in regulated exchange within the three years of its introduction 10 times of volume traded has increased. The pricing of currencies is supposed to be dependent on volatility of the markets. Therefore it’s important to know the volatility implications of currency market to trade in futures market. To understand volatility implications it is examined using ARCH, GARCH, and GARCH (1, 1) model in this paper. The study finds the evidence of time varying volatility of futures. The study finds an evidence of time varying volatility, which exhibits clustering, high persistence and predictability of currency futures in Indian Market. Key words: Time Varying Volatility, currency futures, USDINR and GARCH Introduction Currency Futures has been selected as the object of study because of its fangled launching in 2008 in regulated stock exchanges. Most of the corporations, banks and traders, use forward contracts in India for their forex risk management. But now it paved way to individuals and retailers who can hedge their foreign exchange risks by trading in currency futures and options in recognized stock exchanges. Currency...
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...Introduction: The purpose of this report is to consider The Russian Crisis of 1998. What events led to this crisis, how it affected ordinary citizens and the effect it had on the world capital markets. We will also discuss the role IMF and other countries played in helping with the crisis. What the Russian government did in order to stabiles the situation and what role politics played in the process. We will use a number of sources in order to complete this report. Question One: What event is recognised as the beginning of the crisis? The Russian crisis begun on August 17th 1998 when the central bank of Russia announced that it would widen the intervention bands from ruble. It meant that the ruble was allowed to fluctuate against dollar. As a result, the exchange rate of the ruble fell steadily which led to a collapse in Russia economy. However, the crisis was not caused by a single event. It was a consequence of a continuing downward trend in Russia economy since its economic reform in 1991. The crisis’s seeds were sown from that day. The main causes of this crisis could be divided into 3 timelines: * Period 1991 – 1996: In 1991, Russia changed from a very strictly centralized economy to a market economy. Up until then, the Soviet played the most important role in subside all the state sectors. It consumed one-third of GDP and supported at least every third man, woman, and child (Roman, G & Robin, M – 1999). When the real prices were introduced, these state sectors...
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...Submission of Term Paper Dear Sir, We are very pleased to submit the term paper on “Chittagong Stock Exchange; An Evaluation of the Operation, Problems and Prospects”. We were assigned to prepare and submit this term paper as the partial fulfillment of the course entitled BBA. We have tried our best to prepare this term paper perfectly. Nevertheless, this paper has been suffered by time and cost limitation. We will be obliged, if you kindly accept this term paper. We are ready to make you clear regarding any confusion or further clarification from this term paper. Yours Sincerely ..................................... PARUL AKTER BBA (Hons) 2nd year Roll: 8095336 Reg: 2112555 Class Roll: 1164 Session: 2011-2012 Department of Accounting, Gachhbaria Govt. College, Chittagong. Acknowledgement This is a great privilege for us to finish the report in due time. During the preparation of this report we have received generous help from many individual’s which we would like to mention with our deepest gratitude. First of all, we like to thank ..........................., Lecturer of Accounting Department for granting us this great opportunity to work on this subject, “Chittagong Stock Exchange; An Evaluation of the Operation, Problems and Prospects”. We have earned a lot of experiences while preparing the report and also learned. The entire development of the study has conducted under direct supervision of .............................. She helped us with necessary...
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