...decision makers in discovering and interpreting evidence related decisions. These developmental tools are to promote the use of evidence-based management within a health care setting. The informed decision toolbox was created to help merge the gap between evidence based research and decision making within an organization (Crump & Spurgeon, n.d.). These tools consist of six steps that will guide managers and decision makers in constructing well informed decisions. The steps are composed of; framing the question behind the decision, finding sources of information, assessing the accuracy of information, assessing the applicability of the information, assessing the actionability of the information and determining if the information is adequate are used by managers to consider if the decision they are making is well informed (Young, 2002). Framing Questions and Locating Sources By framing the question behind the decision, a manager must first identify what the decision is and then determine what information must be obtained in order to make a well informed decision. To properly make a well informed decision, a manager must frame a question that will properly translate what research must be conducted to begin research. The questions will be used as a foundation to set the interested outcomes, discover the population it will affect, and the settings and time frames in which it will take place. This method allows management to make necessary considerations on how the objective...
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...WHAT IS EBM: Evidence-based management (EBM) is a new study that has been implemented in today’s organizations. The best example of EBM is applied in Medical field. But question arise here, why todays organizations need EBM, especially mangers. From the past records of mangers works, it is found out that most of the managers rely on old management style, which includes: • Past experience • Market trends • Old business records The result of old management style result into two outcomes; Success or Failed badly. WHY EBM: From all kind of managerial field (medical to education), EBM is used to evaluate and apply scientific research to find and solve the situation in best possible way. By using scientific solutions, organizations can save both their time and resources. Dr. David Sackett, gives the example of medical field in which new medicine experience is only gained by experience and practice. HOW TO APPLY EBM: Before we implement any condition in work place, we need to apply rules on test bases and watch out the outcome of system/conditions weather it is in positive or negative by taking a feedback from employees. These system/conditions can also be applied by market research, company product & services or customer feedback. But before taking such steps, we can always refer to experienced persons or companies, who implemented such systems and check there possible outcomes and problems they faced during and after EBM system. We can also reward people...
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...payers, and others have joined the chorus of agents demanding greater performance accountability. Management decisions are now both more visible and more consequential. / http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/1/151.full Evolution of the use of evidence. For centuries, medical practice has been based mostly on clinical experience and judgment. Several recent developments have increased the promise and imperative of evidence-based decision making: tremendous growth in biomedical science and innovation; development of the evaluative clinical sciences; advances in communication and IT; and growing recognition that evidence-based decision making provides a framework for addressing health care policy challenges. emerging health information technology (HIT) revolution makes it possible to push evidence to the point of care and to identify where (and why) practice and evidence diverge. Fourth, reliable evidence can address the dual imperatives of controlling costs and improving quality. //////// http://www.hhnmag.com/hhnmag_app/jsp/articledisplay.jsp?dcrpath=HHNMAG/Article/data/11NOV2007/0711HHN_Outbox&domain=HHNMAG Evidence-based management in health care organizations is as crucial as evidence-based medicine: the latter improves the quality of care and the former improves the quality of management decision-making. Instances of overuse, underuse and misuse of management tactics and strategies receive far less attention and are much more difficult to document than their...
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...Evidence-based management (EBMgt or EBM) is an emerging movement to explicitly use the current, best evidence in management decision-making. Its roots are in evidence-based medicine, a quality movement to apply the scientific method to medical practice. Evidence-based management entails managerial decisions and organizational practices informed by the best available scientific evidence. Like its counterparts in medicine (e.g., Sackett, et al., 2000) and education (e.g., Thomas & Pring, 2004), the judgments EBMgt entails also consider the circumstances and ethical concerns managerial decisions involve. In contrast to medicine and education, however, EBMgt today is only hypothetical. Contemporary managers and management educators make limited use of the vast behavioral science evidence base relevant to effective management practice (Walshe & Rundall, 1999; Rousseau, 2005, 2006; Pfeffer & Sutton, 2001). An important part of EBMgt is educating current and future managers in evidence-based practices. The EBMgt website maintained at Stanford University provides a repository of syllabi, cases, and tools that can inform the teaching of evidence-based management. Efforts to promote EBMgt face greater challenges than have other evidence-based initiatives. Unlike, medicine, nursing, education, and law enforcement, "Management" is not a profession. There are no established legal or cultural requirements regarding education or knowledge for an individual to become a manager...
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...Evidence-based policy-making offers the potential to strengthen the quality and effectiveness of environmental policy at each stage of the policy cycle. Introduction: According to Davies, 2004, the evidence decision making policy is the approach that helps the masses informed about the decision, policies, programme and project by putting the evidences in the policy and making it the heart of the policy development and the implementation. Evidence based policy making is that approach that promotes the particular method for producing particular evidence in the process of the policy making. It helps in assessing the policy, in term of what works. The evidence based policy making is about 10 years old. And it is used widely by the government in its environment policy making. It is generally consider that the policy Making based on the evidence is generally a good process. But this practice is very challenging and is still evolving. The link between the researcher and the policy maker is still need to be stronger, as it is required that the policy maker should tell the demand of the evidence in much advance and the researcher should be able to do it routinely. But still it is the area of weakness. Policies are all around us and indirectly or directly they affect many aspect of our life often we ask our self that what is the procedure of formation of these policies, why politicians have decided to implement that policy, and not another one. In formation of any policy some international...
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...Whether you're negotiating for your firm or for your position in it, you'll do better if you avoid some common pitfalls. Successful bargaining means looking for positives in every possible circumstance. "If I can trade off issues that I care about more and you care about less, then we've been able to create value in a transaction." "That's the silver lining." Sometimes negotiators fall into traps and leave resources on the table because they can't see that silver lining. Successful negotiators make detailed plans. They know their priorities and alternatives, should they fail to reach an agreement. You must know your bottom line, your walk away point. In addition, you need to understand time constraints and know whether this is the only time you will see your opponents in negotiation. Usually it's not. You may make this common mistake when there is a "congruent issue," when both parties want the same thing. For example: In the context of an overall negotiation involving salary, bonus, and vacation, the boss wants to transfer a junior manager to San Francisco. The manager is eager for the San Francisco assignment. But frequently, the employee will look at the situation and believe that since the boss gave him a desired promotion the employee must compromise on the transfer location. The employee might actually suggest a transfer to Atlanta. His psychology is: "I can't expect to get everything I want, so I'll take the middle." The boss is ambivalent about the transfer and figures...
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...and resolve conflicts that arise in the workplace is the best approach and one of the biggest challenges. Applying Negotiation Strategies in the Workplace Workplace hostilities can erupt for various reasons under almost any circumstances. Conflict among employees reduces productivity and creates problems with staff morale. When conflicts go unaddressed, they can have a negative impact on productivity and teamwork. Using conflict resolution strategies in the workplace will help maintain a healthy work environment. Conflict resolution requires specific leadership skills, problem solving abilities and decision making skills. Negotiation is not always effective and multiple factors can hinder one or more of the steps in the negotiation process. Effective negotiation requires seeing all sides of the issue and treating all parties involved with respect. In my current place of employment supervisors are constantly faced with conflict, decision making and organizational designs daily. When conflict arises in my organization, it is important to deal with the matter as quickly as possible. Hurt feelings and miscommunication can translate into arguments, job terminations and possibly even violence. The root of the situation must be pinpointed, and discussions must take place to satisfy all involved parties. To handle conflict and negotiations in my organization, I have to keep a clear head and follow a...
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...Hupnan Resource Management GAINING A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The Ohio State University JOHN R. HOLLENBECK Michigan State University University of Wisconsin-Madison ) Cornell University McGraw-Hill Irwin ENT; Preface vi 1 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage 2 Enter the World of Business: Starbucks: HR Practices Help Focus on the Brew, Weather the Recession, and Prepare for Growth 3 Introduction 4 What Responsibilities and Roles Do HR Departments Perform? 5 Strategic Role of the HRM Function 7 Demonstrating the Strategic Value of HR: HR Analytics and Evidence-Based HR 10 The HRM Profession: Positions, Education, and Competencies 11 Competitive Challenges Influencing Human Resource Management 14 Key Terms 61 Discussion Questions 61 Self-Assessment Exercise 62 Exercising Strategy 62 Managing People Skill Shortages Make It Difficult to Fill Positions and Customer Orders 63 Twitter Focus 64 Notes 64 Parti The Human Resource Environment 69 2 Strategic Human Resource Management 70 The Sustainability Challenge 14 Enter the World of Business: HP's New Strategy 71 Evidence-Based HR 24 Introduction 72 Competing through Sustainability Volunteerism and Going Green Are Reaping Dividends for Employees, Communities, and the Environment 30 What Is a Business Model? 72 GM's Attempt to Survive 73 What Is Strategic Management? 74 Components of the Strategic Management Process 75 Linkage between...
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...Curtis Decision Making Case Study A major compound in managing an organization, resources, and staff members is an effective decision-making. Daily, managers may make dozens of important decisions that affect the operations, quality, and success of their organization. Not all managers have the natural ability to be effective decision-makers however that does not mean this is an unattainable skill. This skill can develop and improve to help managers make the most of their formal decision-making with the use of tools and intelligent use of resources. The standard definition of decision-making is; the process of mapping the likely consequences of decisions, working out the importance of individual factors and choosing the best course of action to take ("Definition of decision,"). Decision making takes qualified managers to determine what is the proper decision to make based on the information given and problems that may needs to solve; never cut and dry. Although decision-making is a job usually by the higher end of the pyramid, the bottom rung of the ladder can make it as well. Only a small portion of the company and other decisions may affect the whole company and the health of the patients by the decisions that are made. When facing many barriers making decisions, health care managers need as much help as they can get. With the advancement of medical technology comes the advancement in decision-making (Liebler & Martelli, 2008). In this case study effective decision...
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...Financial Statement Audits, Financial Statement Assertions and Audit Evidence Financial Statement Audit * A systematic process of objectively obtaining and evaluating evidence regarding assertions about the economic actions and events to ascertain the degree of correspondence between assertions and established criteria * Purpose: To enhance the degree of confidence of intended users in the financial statements by the expression of an opinion by the auditor Overall Objectives of the Auditor: * To obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, thereby enabling the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material aspects, in accordance with an applicable financial reporting framework * To report on the financial statements and communicate in accordance with the auditor’s findings Audit Process Overview: * Step 1: Client Acceptance and Retention * Step 2: Risk Assessment (Through understanding client business environment and operations Assess risks of material misstatement Assess Audit Risk) * Step 3: Audit Procedures Planning * Step 4: Test of controls (IF reliance on controls) * Step 5: Perform substantive tests * Step 6: Audit Completion and Reporting Financial Statement Assertions: * Assertions are representations made by management, explicit or otherwise, that are embodied in F/S, as used by auditor...
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...for the County Clinic was cut by 15%. In order to continue to provide services for this vulnerable group, the managers at County Clinic will need to evaluate how to best address the needs of the community by eliminating or introducing services that will best address the significant health care needs required by this population. Making a decision regarding a health policy initiative in the face of budget constraints requires that management takes a reasoned approach to decision making. In order to make these decisions, managers need to find the best evidence available, assess the available evidence, and determine which evidence is relevant to the decision making process. Thomas Rundall, Ph. D at the University of California at Berkeley developed a toolbox to aid decision makers in this area. His document is called the Informed Decisions Toolbox. This toolbox contains six steps that will be addressed by County Clinic in developing an action plan for the budget constraints of the department. These six steps include: 1) framing the management question, 2) finding sources of information, 3) assessing the accuracy of the information, 4) assessing the applicability of the information, 5) assessing the actionability of the information, and 6) determining if the information is adequate (Rundall, 2007). This paper will outline how County Clinic will use the Informed...
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...and Organizational Design Introduction In the era of globalization where businesses have expanded across the globe, competition has increased and has formed a new dynamism in the industry and the market itself. Every company works extra ordinarily to compete with its rivals and sustain its position in the industry. Well planned strategies are developed to give businesses a focused path to follow in order to achieve the aims and objectives of the firm. Labor is the most valuable asset in the whole process. Thus, keeping workers happy and satisfied is a challenge and the most significant task for the leaders of any firm. There are times when employees and employers have conflicts and disagreements over many issues. The following essay is the evaluation of such a case. It will discuss about the conflict, decision making and organizational design of McDonalds. Discussions Before we begin with the conflicts the company faces, and what are the conflict management strategies etc, let’s first discuss the company itself and its human resource. McDonalds Company History The McDonald's Corporation is American global operators who are the presenters of fast food restaurants. It is the top-selling fast food chain in the world. The first McDonald's restaurant was started on 15th May 1940 by the brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald ("Dick & Mac") in San Bernardino, California. The restaurant was known after 1948, when the brothers introduced an innovative and efficient...
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...damages arising from its use. 2 ii MESSAGE The primary aim of MDG 5 is to reduce by three quarters by between 1990 an 2015, the maternal mortality ratio,especially among less developed countries. The Philippines is among those with high maternal mortality rate (MMR). In 2006, our MMR was 162 deaths/100,000 live births, however, the Family Health Survey in 2011 showed that the MMR has increased to 221 deaths/100,000 live births. It is therefore important that we mobilize our efforts together to avert further deaths of our pregnant mothers. The Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society (Foundation), Inc. (POGS) stood up to the challenge of World Health Organization (WHO) in 2011 to undertake the development of an updated, evidence based national guideline on intrapartum and immediate postpartum care. The preparation of the current guideline involved various individuals from different sectors. POGS created a Taskforce for the purpose. The Steering Committee, composed of POGS Fellows, was tasked to appraise existing clinical practice...
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...not just a speculation but are a reality. Decision-making to provide quality patient care with less money is a challenge at best. The Informed Decisions Toolbox can assist administrators and managers with evidence-based decisions that will allow patients to receive the quality care they deserve while reducing expenses. The Informed Decisions Toolbox The Informed Decisions Toolbox (IDT) is the result of a research study to aid managers with making evidence-based decisions that improve organizational performance. The IDT has an approach of six steps to decision-making (Rundell, et al, 2007): (1) framing the management question, (2) finding sources of information, (3) assessing the accuracy of the information, (4) assessing the applicability of the information, (5) assessing the actionability of the evidence, and (6) determining if the information is adequate (p. 325). As a facilitator for the use of evidence-based research in decision-making, the IDT assists decision-makers with estimating how operational and strategic decisions will have an effect on the organization. Evidence-based decision-making is not new to the health care industry. Clinicians have incorporated evidence-based research for years when making patient treatment determination. The use of evidence-based research for decision-making in other realms of healthcare is only logical. Case Study Example A manager of a Denton County, Texas, clinic that provides care to Medicaid clients has a department budget...
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...express a professional opinion regarding their credibility. This process begins when a client approaches the auditor if deemed reputable the auditor accepts he begins by planning how to carry out the audit. This is done by assessing several factors such as risk, materiality etc. and then obtaining feedback in order to draw up the audit plan. At this point an audit team is assembled based on the audit strategy who visit the clients premise to carry out the procedures agreed upon in the planning stage through practical work or field work. Once enough evidence is accumulated to support the auditor’s opinion a draft audit report is drawn up. The client is contacted after this and feedback is obtained to make final necessary adjustments. Once finished the final audit report is issued which expresses the auditors professional opinion and recommendations, depending on the issues at hand a follow-up review may be carried out afterwards to see clients progress in adopting the suggested changes thus concluding the audit process. Table of Contents Particulars | Page # | Introduction | 3 | Stage 1: Planning | 3 | Step 1: Notification/Engagement Letter | 4 | Step 2: Audit Strategy | 4 | Step 3: Initial Meeting | 4 | Step 4: Planning Analytical Procedures | 5 | Step 5: Risk, Materiality and Control assessment | 5 | Step 6: The Audit Plan | 5 | Stage 2: Fieldwork | 6 | Step 1: Gathering sufficient relevant evidence | 6 | Step 2: Notification and Communication | 7 | Step...
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