...Community Policing Briarcliffe College Professor Toohey 12/17/14 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Community policing is a philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnerships and problem-solving techniques, to proactively address the immediate conditions that give rise to public safety issues such as crime, social disorder, and fear of crime. Throughout this reading you will get the full concept of “Community Policing” and how it benefits us civilians as a society. LITERATURE REVIEW This section of the essay consists of a grouped summary of published sources that I will be presenting, that I will be using for my paper, you will read about the pros of community policing such sources will be Wycoff and Skogan (1993), McElroy et al (1993), The United States National Institute of Justice (1992), and Bayley (1989). I chose these sources because all these people were all involved with police field. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS On December 17, 1996 the resolution was further amended to expand the Community Policing Task Force from 9 to 15 members. On November 4, 1997 the resolution was further amended (Resolution 73916) to create the Community Policing Advisory Board (CPAB). In 2004, Oakland voters approved Measure Y, he Violence Prevention and Public Safety Act which influenced how Oakland handled community policing and violence suppression. On April 13, 2005 Oakland adopted Resolution 79235. This resolution reiterated Resolution 72727...
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...Police Storefronts Essay Lue Banks GCU Organizational Behavior and Leadership in Criminal Justice Home JUS 515 Prof. Vivian December 09, 2015 Police Storefronts Essay During the 1980s and 90s in response to the rising crime and the lack of police manpower, improvements were called for, community policing, “broken windows” policing, “pulling levers” policing, problem-oriented policing, hot spots policing, third party policing, evidence-based policing and Compstat. Police really hate change especially police departments, when it comes to implanting new programs. In the inner-city residents is trying hard to stay “street cred” in order to curb violence. The violence is all about drugs and money, the base cost of this is poverty, disrupted families, lack of opportunity and hopelessness exacerbate youth violence. Homicide was on the rise within poor African American neighborhoods and the leading cause of death among young men. Big cities like White Plains, New York are a typical example with all the downtown developments, where the rich hang out with the poor, where gangs flourished. The FBI conducted a study on violent crimes and between 2005 and 2006, crime increased across the United States. In 2006 violence exploded in White Plains, a fatal gang-related stabbing in March, a fatal shooting in May and in September 2 youth involved stabbings, all occurred in the heart of downtown. During the White Plains Experience the first session consisted of the Youth-Police Initiative...
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...responsibility of maintaining public order has remained the primary role. There are many varied roles and positions within the police however it seems there is a shared focus on maintaining public order. This is evident through all of the eras of policing and portrayed through a number of incidents, events and periods of time. A small sample of these will be used throughout this essay to depict the main role of police at different stages. Public order regulation is defined as the policing of behaviour in public places, maintaining public order and can also be done through crime control and prevention (White & Perrone 2010: 225). Maintaining public order through various methods of crime control, crime prevention, order maintenance and regulation is evident in the functions of every era of policing (Broadhurst & Davies 2009: 47). Police are often required to conduct public order surveillance, intervention and monitoring at major public events for example sporting events, parades such as Mardi Gras, strikes, funerals or marches (White & Perrone 2010: 289). Upholding public order can also extend to policing domestic violence and other disputes (White & Perrone 2010: 289). The above outlines of the functions through all of the eras of policing reinstate that maintaining public order is a priority function for Australian police. Controlling human behaviour is a large responsibility of the Australian police and one aspect of public order maintenance. Controlling social behaviour...
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...modern leadership models can be used to explain the development of policing in 1820s England and 1930s America.' Andrew C. Fisher Student No. 08040516 Professional Doctorate – Policing, Security & Community Safety July 2010 “The task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been.” Henry Kissinger The centrality of leaders and leadership has long been recognised as a defining feature of the working practices of organisations. Few would dispute the assertion that effective leadership is vital to the processes of organisational change (Denston, 2003; Silvestri, 2007). Indeed, for some, the very definition of successful leadership is the ability to bring about sustained organisational change (Allen and Kraft, 1987). Throughout policing history, leadership has played an essential part in organisational development, learning and management of crises. Some leaders have played their part in the development of the police service whilst others have come to the fore at times of crisis. This essay will take a historical look at some of the people who have played an influential role in the development of policing in the UK and the USA and will ascertain whether the development of the police service in both countries can be attributed or compared to modern leadership models and behaviours. The essay will use historical evidence and will apply modern leadership models to ascertain the influence...
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...Annette Davis Inside Public and Private Policing CJA 500 Survey of Administration & Justice Dr. John Baiamonte, Jr. November 1, 2010 Assignment Write a 1500 to 2000 word paper that compares and contrasts the roles, responsibilities, and differences of public and private policing. Cite at least two scholarly works (articles or books) or government documents. However, your textbook cannot be used as a source. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend of private policing in the United States. Private policing, while emerging as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public police as witnessed today (Wilson 1994). Public and private policing have many similarities, as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Private police look and behave like public police and describing their function often involves a comparison of the activities and responsibilities of the two. Despite the differences, public and private police tend to mirror each other to a certain extent (Nalla & Newman, 1990). The increase of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of "mass private property" (Shearing and Stenning, 1983) in the form of large shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores and large compound style housing estates or gated communities. These require constant surveillance for the safety of shoppers and residents...
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...Intro Within the following essay I will discuss two topics, the first being statements, focusing on the jurat and the crucial part it plays in a statement. The legislative and procedural requirements will also be addressed along with the affects of not abiding by this legislation and procedures. The second topic to be discussed will be the scientific method of investigation and the effects that tunnel vision and group think play have on it. With in this topic I will outline the steps involved in the scientific method of investigation and define the concepts of tunnel vision and groupthink along with ways to combat the effect in a policing context. 1A In matters heard before a court, a brief of evidence is prepared and provided to the court...
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...Criminal Justice 207 Kwak The City That Became Safe Over the last ten years the United States has experienced a dramatic decrease in crime since the early 1990’s. New York, has maintained their remarkable drop in crime over the last twenty years in comparison. So it is only logical that criminologist would want to study this phenomenon to get to the root of its success. In “ The City That Became Safe” Zimring decides to go beyond New York’s surface success and find the causes in these decreases. Through his analysis of the New York’s constant decline in Zimring says: “We now know that life-threatening crime is not an incurable urban disease in the United States.” He takes the stance that improved policing strategies and systems explain New York’s constant decreasing in various area’s of crime. Dr. Zimring will further assert his stance through finding the causes of the decline and explain what else can be learned though criminological theories and crime control policy. As previously According to Zimring, New York’s decrease in serious crime is unprecedented among America’s biggest cities. In the 1990s the entire country experienced the largest documented crime decline of the twentieth century, in which the typical big city experienced approximately 35 to 40% reductions in felonies. But in most urban areas the downward trend ended around the year 2000. In contrast, Zimring notes that New York’s decline has so far lasted twice as long, and the average felony rate drop has...
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...All police should be required to have tertiary qualifications. Why/Why not? Introduction - Tertiary qualifications in policing ensure that candidates are capable, efficient, strong officers who are ready to serve and protect the community after training has ceased and progressively throughout their time as officers. - This essay will discuss and explain why it is beneficial for officers to have a tertiary qualification on entry into the police force. - The requirement of a tertiary education is linked to police officers performing at a higher level when on duty, it is associated with the use of force and officers attitudes towards the job than that of the counterpart thus, facing less disciplinary action. Ground 1: Police officers with a tertiary education are better performers and have higher standards of professionalism Policing is a difficult and complex job and requires individuals to be able to perform to a high standard and requires necessary skills to effectively complete the job whilst also moving up in ranks within the police force. - A tertiary education is linked to equipping officers with skills that will help them peform in the position. Officers learn the necessary skills that are required and and build upon these skills to ensure once they are sworn in as general duties constables, they are able to perform adequately and to a high degree of standard. - A study by Smith & Aamodt in Virginia, USA, showed that tertiary educated officers did perform...
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...could be implemented to increase future law enforcement capability in countering terrorism? Andrew McAdam Student Number: Word Count: “Things will never be the same.” (Miller, Stone & Mitchell, 2002, p. 3) Law enforcement has undergone dramatic changes as a result of the devastating events in the United States on 11 September 2001 (9/11). This essay will examine how law enforcement, specifically within Australia, has shifted its policies and strategies to fight the post-9/11 terrorist threat. An analysis of police actions towards terrorist related incidents since 9/11, displays how law enforcement agencies have demonstrated their ability to respond to the various threats of terrorism as they arise. “Since 2001, numerous terrorist attacks have been thwarted in Australia. Thirty-eight people have been prosecuted as a result of counter-terrorism operations and 20 people have been convicted of terrorism offences under the Criminal Code.” (Counter-Terrorism White Paper, 2010, p. ii) Australia’s State and Federal policing agencies have ‘a long tradition of reactive patrol’ (White, 2012, p. 487) However, uniformed policing plays an important role in counter-terrorism operations. Due to their knowledge and close working relationships within the local community, police are in the best position to detect and prevent terrorist actions from occurring. “So far, terrorist attempts in Australia have been disrupted by the coordinated and highly professional efforts of Australia’s security...
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...makes the law easily amendable and flexible to changes for example the introduction of codified rights of individuals in the Human Rights Act 1998. The UK is a democracy therefore people have the right to freedom of expression and freedom of peaceful assembly, as stated in Article 10 and 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The exercise of these rights is necessary in a democratic society as it is in the interest of public authorities, public safety and the protection of the rights and freedom of others. The right to peacefully protest holds great importance as it demonstrates an individual’s freedom to express. However it is crucial that there is a balance between the Convention rights and the power of police to intervene. This essay will firstly address how the European Convention interacts with UK law, secondly it will discuss the rights of public authorities to intervene and lastly conclude whether the UK’s constitution provides sufficient protection for the right to protest in the streets. The ECHR was signed in 1950 in response to the injustices of WW2, the basic idea of these rights emerge from natural law, meaning there are certain things that are “wrong” or “right”. In 1998 the Human Rights Act was passed which incorporated the Convention into UK domestic law. Before this all cases of breach of convention rights were heard in the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. However as signatories to the convention, the UK was still bound to the terms as a...
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...and Safety Issues of Police Officers in Canada, the United States and Europe: A Review Essay © Jennifer R. L. Parsons June, 2004 2 Introduction Police officers play a pivotal role in North American and European societies. They are involved in many aspects of North American and European life. Officers’ involvement ranges from general, daily, proactive patrol activities to specific criminal activities such as narcotic investigations. Because there is such a wide range of activities involved in police work, there are many health and safety issues surrounding policing as an occupation. Police officers may be exposed to different health and safety risks in their occupation. For example, police officers are at risk of assault and homicide; the dynamics of policing as an occupation creates opportunities for them to experience many psychosocial hazards such as stress, suicide, sexual harassment, and discrimination. It is important that research be completed on the health and safety issues of police officers in order to identify hazards and identify ways to reduce risk. The failure to identify and solve health and safety concerns of officers has potentially serious consequences for the health and well being of officers and their families. These consequences can include depression, divorce, suicide, and disease. Not addressing the health and safety issues associated with policing may also impact the general public. For example, if an officer is stressed or fatigued he/she...
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...political class, through a lens that emphasises criminality. ,one prominent argument advocates that the cause of the unrest was the moral decay of ‘a feral underclass’ (Scrambler; Grover 2011) However, many of such explanations tend to be mostly speculative and they often fail to provide a consistent account of the causes of the riots based on solid evidence (the LSE/theguardian, 2011, Solomos, 2011). Against this background this essay attempts to disentangle the motives of the London 2011 riots, by focusing on the relations of causality between factors and events that led to the burst of the unrest. It argues that urban social inequalities as well as uneven processes of exclusion and inclusion of a marginalised class are the main factor underlying the disturbances. Yet this essay claims that these riots need also to be analysed in the very specific context in which they have arisen: the financial crisis, a society which is becoming increasingly consumerist in its orientation, the disputable role of the police, loss of faith in the political class and hopelessness towards the future amongst the urban youth. In the first part this essay analyses inequality indicators and trends embracing the multidimensional nature of social inequality (Bradley, 1996)....
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...CMM 801: Journalism and Communication Theory Academic Essay Writing An essay is best approached as an intellectual argument that develops from the ideas, issues, theories, concepts, methodologies, etc., you have been taught within the module for which it is the final assessment. It is most important therefore – even as you begin and then progress through the module – that you are clear about the fundamental perspectives, values and assumptions underpinning the course’s main themes and topics as they are being presented to you in lectures and seminars. Remember no theory or perspective has the whole picture. All accounts of the world are partial and biased from a particular understanding of how we are human and what society is. Such-and-such a view is only the case under certain conditions. A prime purpose for an essay is to critique particular ideas, pointing out how explanation A might be more useful and valid than B in these circumstances. In the conclusion of your essay, on the other hand, you might want to point out that in other contexts (social, cultural, eras, etc.) there may be other factors that need to be considered. Do these limit or question the weight of claims you have made in the development of your current argument? Key questions before you embark on writing your essay • Have you identified clearly the key issue the essay question wants scrutinised? • Have you checked the command word in the question – e.g. explain means give details about why...
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...Constitutional Policing CRJ201 June 28, 2015 Title of Your Essay The 4th amendment of the United States Constitution states “The right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things seized.” I believe that many cases have been brought to the United States Supreme Court define the constitutionality of the 4th amendment. I strongly believe that this is a fundamental for all law enforcement officers, and officers of the court to follow and strictly adhere to while they are excluding the duties of there occupation. In the case of Weeks vs. United States, police officers entered the home of Freemont Weeks and seized lottery papers which were used for his conviction in court. This seizure of papers was done without a lawful search warrant and done so in violation of the 4th amendment which was the main issue of this case. The evidence seized was used against Mr. Weeks in court and ultimately Mr. Weeks was convicted and sentenced to time in prison. There were several laws that the courts used in determining the outcome of this petition including Boyd vs. United States. “As was there shown, it took its origin in the determination of the framers of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution to provide for that instrument...
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...went as far as calling the girl’s mother and asking her that, “Are you aware that your daughter is with two black men?” (par. 6). The question, if asked by an average person, is already offensive and racist because it paints the people of color in a negative light. However, since it was made by law enforcement officers, the people who sworn to serve and protect all citizens equally, such an inquiry became unacceptable. Both of the traffic stop data and the article suggest that people of color are susceptible to racial profiling. The police seem to associate these individuals with violence and crime. While no one can know for sure the motivations of each trooper behind every stop, the two evidences are enough for one to deduce that racial profiling targets specifically minorities. Because it is based on the standard of racism and unequal protection, the practice is a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Racial profiling practices pose serious threats to the lives of many innocent minorities. In the article “Annals of Law: Rights and Wrongs,” Jeffrey Toobin describes how Charles Bradley, a fifty-year-old African-American security guard from the South Bronx, was frisked by the New York Police Department (NYPD) on a visit to his fiancée’s apartment in Parkchester. Toobin explains that although the police couldn’t find anything suspicious about Bradley, they still “arrested [him] for trespassing,” “strip-searched,” and had him appear in criminal court (41). The police actions, in Bradley’s...
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