...All police should be required to have tertiary qualifications. Why/ why not? Gaining tertiary qualifications is a large commitment but research has shown that police officers who do have tertiary qualifications, set, and have higher standards. Firstly this essay will argue that police officers with higher education are less likely to use force as a means for compliance. Secondly, police officers with tertiary qualifications display a greater understanding of human behaviour in regards to the community and societal issues. Lastly, this essay will argue that police officers with tertiary qualifications have overall better job performance and attitudes. Therefore this essay will show that police officers should be required to have tertiary qualifications as it allows for a better style of policing. Ensuring police officers have tertiary qualifications will reduce the risk of police officers abusing their authority, therefore societal fear should subside. Research conducted by Paoline III and Terrill (2007) using two data sets (the systematic social observation of police officers and interviews with those officers) shows that having tertiary qualifications will reduce the possibility of police officers using force as a means for compliance. The systematic social observation approach provided data comparing officers with high school education with officers with some form of college/university education and those with a bachelor degree. The results showed that those with a bachelor...
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...These stages of crime prevention programs are primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary crime prevention is directed at modifying criminal conditions in physical and social environments. This can include the environmental design; neighborhood watches, deterrence, private security and education about crime are all useful crime prevention aids to help people better understand different aspects of crime. Neighborhood watches/citizen patrols give reassurance to communities to help them better understand crime and how to protect themselves and others. Secondary crime prevention is identifying crime early and intervening in the lives of those who commit criminal behavior. The difference between primary and secondary crime prevention is whether or not the intended programs keep criminal activity from arising or if the focus is more on fostering deviant behavior. Tertiary crime prevention focuses on the prevention of recidivism; the “revolving door system.” Seemingly, there is an ongoing debate between crime, delinquency and...
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...they get older. However, there is also a risk that public support for police might weaken over the longer term unless definite steps are taken to improve the relations between police and young people. Researchers examine general public perceptions of police behaviour and the complaints process. It deals with the public’s general perceptions of police behaviour and changes in the police ‘image’ in recent years, and then with issues relating to dissatisfaction with the respondents’ perceptions of, and experiences with, the complaints process. They explore the differences in the way particular demographic groups responded to the questions concerning police behavior and police ‘image’. The demographic factors reported on are age, gender and education. People were asked some questions designed to measure their tolerance of police misconduct. Most people agreed that ‘you will always get some corruption in the police service’. Many people agreed that ‘sometimes police need to break the rules to get the job done’. Youngers were found to be less tolerant of police misconduct. * People aged 18–24 were one and a half times more likely than older...
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...Research Proposal on Refugee issues in Australia Name Instructor Task Date 1. Introduction. Refugees who are defined as people that are residing outside their countries of origin have a different reason for their migration to other countries. Sometimes referred to as asylum seekers, the individuals commonly seek refuge in other countries as they flee from harsh economic social and political conditions present in their countries of origin. Since time immemorial, Australia has had international obligations to protect the refugee’s rights starting from how they arrive to where they arrive. The Australian government is internationally obliged under different treaties that ensure that the human rights of the refugees are respected as well as protected. According to (Phillips & Spinks, 2013, p.241), the number of refugees that arrive to Australia by boat is approximately 4586. Research question, significance and aims of the research (I) Research questions * What accounts for the high number of refugees that arrive to Australia per annum? * What are the necessary actions, to ensure that the management of refugees and asylum seekers that come to Australia is done in the appropriate manner? * Is there a link between the number of refugees that arrive to Australia per year and the quality of service that the refugees receive from the department of immigration and citizenship? (II) Significance The significance of this study is to: * Examine...
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...BY Group A History GSDP at Constant Prices Comparison of Bihar‟s GSDP with other states Composition of Various sectors Annual Growth Rate Comparison between 2004-07 and 2008-11 Summary Bihar as a political entity, either as a kingdom, or as a state within the republic of India, has its own identity from the time written records were available. Noted historian, Romila Thapar, describes the history of ancient India as the history of ancient Bihar. Many achievements that India became renowned for, in education, governance, society, or religion, have their roots in Bihar. Significant achievements of Bihar in trade and economic engagement within the state and outside of the Indian sub-continent emerge from a past that appears to have left no living legacy in today‟s Bihar DURING 2005-2006: Growth rate of GSDP was minimum(.94%) Rabri devi departed out of CM house Bihar came under presidential rule In november,nda rule started with nitish kumar as CM This shift of govt. subdued or depressed the GDP DURING 2006-2007: Drastic increase of GSDP from .94% to 18.13% Nitish kumar govt. came out with many social reforms: Bihar‟s single window clearance act Infrastructure development enabling act New industrial policy Price preference policy New policy initiatives for entertainment, tea processing, sugar sectors Introduction of NREGAs Simplification of VAT regime DURING 2007-2008: GSDP fell down...
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...Case Study 2 – Mastering Teacher Leadership Business Research Methods 1 This case presents a situation that is quite common in the education field and addresses the responses by institutions to new legislation imposed upon them. As is often the case, the legislators do not address the impacts to organizations, leaving the actual implementation to the end user (i.e., public and private schools). In this particular case, Wittenburg University (WU) is faced with the decision of whether to develop and deliver a Master of Arts degree in classroom leadership. 1.) Build the management-research question hierarchy for this opportunity. The initial step in the research is the creation of a management-research question hierarchy, to formalize the process. For this case study, the management-research hierarchy is presented in Appendix A. The purpose of this hierarchy is to examine the various stages of the research question and present a logical sequence of increasing focus that will allow the development of a survey instrument that can be delivered to potential program applicants. The initial stage is to identify and state the management dilemma, which in this case is the impending new legislation. The State of Ohio intends to require all licenced teachers to have, or complete, a master’s degree before obtaining their second licensure to teach. Given that this is new legislation and WU is not obligated to offer a program, the “management dilemma” actually presents an opportunity...
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...Outline and critically assess the key assumptions underpinning approaches to crime prevention.Outline and critically assess the key assumptions underpinning approaches to crime prevention. If we look at the definition of crime, we can learn that crime is “an action or omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law”.Crime could be labelled as one of the most disturbing facts in human`s life. Even if we can see the decrease in overall crime in 2012, we cannot be absolutely sure that it will completely disappear. Many criminologists are interested in crime prevention topic but when people are actually trying to do something with the aim to reduce crime itself, they could struggle with some issues. For example, do we actually know the cause of crime? Are we able to prevent it without a cause? How can we measure it, if it was prevented? The crucial point criminologists are making is that we have got not just crime itself but the fear of crime among society. The fear of crime was introduced to English society by the Conservative party in order to win the election. They use it as a tool, with a purpose to manipulate people. That time could be named as a starting point to massive development of programmes in order to prevent crime and if we talk about citizens - to protect themselves. For example, Farell and Pease discovered that not just the area is important as a victimisation element but that people, who have been victimised once, are more likely to experience it...
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...Education in Ireland Ireland has a long and prestigious tradition in education, dating back to the middle ages when it held the position of the principal education providers to the western world (International Education Board - Ireland, 1997). Ireland requires that all children from six until sixteen years of age, or until the child has completed 3 years of secondary education, attend school by law. Due to Ireland’s emphasis on education and literacy, 99 percent of the population aged 15 and over can read and write, according to the Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book. The Department of Education and Science direct the educational system; however overall responsibility for education in Ireland lies with the Minister for Education, who is a member of the Irish Government and responsible to the National Parliament (International Education Board - Ireland, 1997). Ireland’s education system is technically classified by three levels of education: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. As stated earlier, although children aren’t required to attend school until the age of 6, many enroll into the Early Start Programme at the age of 4 with almost all children enrolled but the age of 5. The pre-primary education is not State funded, with the exception of the Early Start Programme and the Rutland Street Project. These programs are specifically designed for children who live in areas of urban disadvantage and have the risk of not succeeding in education. Throughout Ireland, there are...
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...SOCI 2450 A Prof. Darryl T. Davies Bill C-10: Issues of Interest Nidhal Abubakar 100896803 Bill C-10: Issues of Interest Nidhal Abubakar 100896803 2015 2015 There are many issues surrounding the content of Bill C-10. This essay will examine issues that affect the criminal code and provide evidence that the Bill is not progressive for Canada to deal with crime and the judicial process. By looking at the issues such as mandatory minimum sentences and the proposition of the bill we will look at the challenges that will be faced and met. The bill also introduces eliminating conditional sentences and eliminates double credit for time already served as well as introduces changes to the Youth Criminal Justice Act to impose harsher sentences for young offenders. This essay will delve into information that will bring the various issues to light. Firstly an explanation of Bill C-10 will be provided to understand what changes will be made to the Criminal code and who it affects. The dissection of the Bill will open the dialogue for this essay for appropriating topical issues with the concept of progress in a manner that reflects the trouble that this Bill brings to Canadian society. Bill C-10 was introduced by the Minister of Justice on the 20th of September 2011. The Act includes the enactment of the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act and amendments to the State Immunity Act, the Criminal Code, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, the...
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...HNC Business Student Name: Claire Broughton Student Number: 30272054 Unit Title: Business Environment (Unit 1) Unit Leader: Nigel Groser Understanding the Business Environment Date of Submission: 15/11/2015 Word Count: 4342 Introduction The purpose of this report is to demonstrate an understanding of the business environment. Research into the John Lewis Partnership PLC will be utilised to show an understanding of the organisational purposes of businesses and the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate. The report will also address the behaviour of organisations in their market environment as well showing the significance of the global factors that shape national business activities. Section 1 1.1 Types of Organisation The John Lewis Partnership was founded in 1929 by John Spedan Lewis; the eldest of two sons whose father, John Lewis, had opened the first John Lewis store in 1864 in Oxford. Spedan Lewis has a unique approach to business in that the happiness of the employees was at the centre of his mind. He began to set up new practices such as a third weeks paid holiday, shorter working days, a staff committee and an in-house magazine, the Gazette, which is still published today. By 1914, these rather dramatic and forward-thinking adjustments to the staff working conditions were causing conflict between Spedan Lewis and his father, who was alarmed at such changes. This conflict resulted in Spedan Lewis withdrawing his active involvement with...
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...CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background Introduction Education is instrumental in harnessing man’s potentials and capacities to make him a productive and effective member of society; hence the total development of the individual is the ultimate aim of education. Thus, schools were established in all feasible areas to quench man’s quest for further knowledge and optimum development. In effect, awareness to the significant benefits of education directed the school towards offering different courses, specifically in the tertiary level. One of such education is Criminology, a highly intellectual field, especially because the majority of the job’s responsibilities rely on determining and analyzing criminal patterns. According to Agas (2008), criminology focused on the study of crime, the causes of crime, the meaning of crime in terms of law, and community reaction to crime. It also deals with the scientific study of criminals and criminal behavior. Criminologists attempt to build theories that explain why crimes occur and test those theories by observing behavior. This course focuses on such topics as criminal jurisprudence, criminal sociology, crime detection and investigation, drug education and vice control, law enforcement administration, correctional administration, industrial security management, probation, and juvenile delinquency. As such, criminology students shall pass all of the General Education and Professional subjects and undergo Comprehensive Review...
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...(PSA) WORKING TOGETHER TOWARDS CRIME PREVENTION, IN THE MARABELLA POLICE DIVISION. A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice of College of Science, Technology & Applied Arts of Trinidad & Tobago Troy Donawa 2015 Department of Criminal Justice & Legal Studies School of Liberal Arts and Human Services. Abstract The employment of private security officers has increased considerably internationally and especially throughout developing countries of the world. Trinidad and Tobago are no exceptions. While the private security sector has increased, concerns are raised on how the public police see these new agents of private policing and their role and ability towards crime prevention. This research will examine the views of officers of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service (TTPS) and Private Security Agencies (PSA) working together towards crime prevention. The study will examine the legislation, responsibilities, attitudes towards each other and whether cooperation exist between both sectors. The research conducted in the Marabella Police Division and there were ninety-one (91) participants. The discussion examined the literature review, Routine Activity Theory and the findings of the participants. The findings suggest that there is a need for improved legislation. For both sectors role and responsibilities identified. Negative attitudes and cooperation amongst...
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...Vol 6. No. 2, June 2013 African Journal of Computing & ICT © 2013 Afr J Comp & ICT – All Rights Reserved - ISSN 2006-1781 www.ajocict.net Design and Implementation of Real-Time Crime Information System for National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) in Nigeria C.H. Ugwuishiwu & K.C. Ugwu Department of Computer Science University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria Chilkodili.ugwuishiwu@unn.edu.ng H.C. Inyiamah Department of Computer Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria drhcinyiama@gmail ABSTRACT The problems of narcotic drugs in Nigeria as manifested in the cultivation, trafficking and abuse of drug is of increasing concern to the government, social researchers, and other stakeholders. The impact of illicit drugs continues to threaten the economies and social structures of both producing and consuming countries. This paper presents an implementation framework for a reliable, efficient and mobile real- time crime information system (CIS) that will help to maintain instant flow of information between the general public and NDLEA. This application solved this problem through a just-in-time flow of crime information from an informant who could be an individual, corporate body or any other government agency to the NDLEA office for a necessary action. This kind of information if handled properly will lead to illicit drug supply suppression hence reduce its availability as well as other substances of abuse. It will also help in drug demand reduction which result in a decline...
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...RESEARCH TOPICS: Law + Statistics + Services + Reform RESEARCH TOPICS: Law + Statistics + Services + Reform 08 Fall 08 Fall RESEARCH – EMILY RUSSELL 1. DEFINITION OF MARRIAGE - MARRIAGE ACT 1961 (Cth) (s 5); Hyde v Hyde; s 43(a) FLA) * 4 ELEMENTS: Marriage means the union of a man and a woman to the exclusion of all others voluntarily entered into for life * Men and women… without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion have a right to marry and found a family…entitled to equal rights…(Article 16; UDoHR) 2. RESTRICTIONS AS TO MARRIAGE * S 88E – Cannot marry overseas (same sex) and return and legally register marriage (Marriage Act) 3. ELEMENTS OF MARRIAGE * Dwelling under the same roof, sex, mutual society and protection, recognition of marriage in public and private relationships (Todd and Todd) 1. ONE and ONE woman – monogamous mature (serial polygamy is permitted – remarriage after a former marriage has been dissolved) i. S 6 FLA – Polygamous relationships entered outside of Australia, shall be deemed to be a marriage when changing domicile to Australia 2. HETEROSEXUAL (Corbett v Corbett) 3. FOR LIFE 4. VOLUNTARILY ENTERED INTO 4. LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF MARRIAGE * Entitled to certain rights and owe legal responsibilities a) DETERMINE “TRUE SEX” i) CORBETT AND CORBETT a. Chromosomal:...
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...Notes for Exam 5- Geography North America Tuesday, November 16, 2010 Physical Geography * Latitude is very important –broad range * Western climates- Mountains (change the climate of the region) * Example: Sierra Nevada and Rockies * Deserts and dryness- Because the mountains are so tall they absorb the precipitation * Further west- very wet * Louisiana- very close to the equator, nothing to stop the storms -2 of the largest countries in the world include (Population)- 1. Canada- 1/10th of the US- 33 million * Lots of empty land in this area 2. The US- 300 million pop * Highly urbanized (D): Megalopolis- Applies to the US and Canada, very big *PROS OF North America 1. -Farming and Ranching and Agriculture * Used to be dominate * 1790: employed 90% of the work force * 1880: dropped down to 50%- because of industrialization * Today: less than 2% * In the US only 1% of population are farmers * Farm populations fell by 2/3 in the beginning of the 20th century * Farms are consolidating * 20% drop in the number of farms * Agriculture has become more meganized (more industrial) More money to keep it going, more land and more machines * Farms are still critical in the US and Canadian economy * 2000: US Alone, $216 billion dollars in farming alone * Land use, agriculture remains dominant * Varies by region * Dairy farming in the east * Live Stock...
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