...burden’ to describe the woman’s role in the family today. Item 2B Government policies and laws include tax and benefit policies as well as legislation such as relating to divorce and marriage. Sociologists have different views on the impact of these policies and laws on families. For example, feminists argue that social policies assume that the ideal family is a patriarchal nuclear family, and that government policies and laws therefore favour this sort of family. On the other hand, the New Right argue that the benefit system undermines traditional nuclear families by actively encouraging lone parents. 0 6 Explain what is meant by the ‘dual burden’ (Item 2A). (2 marks) 0 7 Explain the difference between the expressive role and the instrumental role (Item 2A). (4 marks) 0 8 Suggest three ways in which the differences between children and adults are becoming less clear in society today. (6 marks) 0 9 Examine the reasons for, and the effects of, changes in family size over the past 100 years or so. (24 marks) 1 0 Using material from Item 2B and elsewhere, assess sociological views of the impact of government policies and laws on family life. Item 2A Over the past 40 years or so, there has been a decline in the number of first marriages in the United Kingdom. One of the reasons for this decline is the change in the role of women in society. In order to develop their careers, women may be rejecting the notion of marriage altogether and remaining single. Over the same period...
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...Examine changes in the patterns of childbearing and childrearing in the UK since the 1970s Since the 1970s, there has been less of a need to have as many children because many things have changed since the war. The 1970s rise in lone motherhood was largely a consequence of increasing divorce rates. Many of the traditional ideas on how children should be made and brought up have changed or evolved into new concepts that might have been a taboos or stigmatised in the 70s. The reason for and the result of these patterns range widely. Infant mortality rate lowered a lot of births in the UK because more births were successful and more children were surviving to childhood and adulthood. This caused more parents to have less children so they can focus their love and attention on the children they have. When the IMR was high in the UK, the parent would have many children for work purpose and they would not care if the one child died because they could just replace that one. Children were used for mostly work and to get money, but since the act that stopped children working under a age, children were then becoming the child centre of the home, the parents would see their child more and the child would then need the mother or father to help the when they are at home, this lead to lower IMR. Childbearing is having children and one of the greatest changes is the growing rate of children being born outside of marriage. Over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage...
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...Examine the main trends in birth and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1900 A01 – 14 marks knowledge and understanding 1 ½ side A02 – 10 marks analysis – evaluation – 1 side A4 A01 – describe the main trends in birth/death rates. Into – give an opening statement that answers the question – definitions of key terms – death/birth rate – dependency ratio - dependents (aged 0-14 and over the age of 65) to the total population (aged 15-64). births – fall of death rate (1900 was 28.7, 2007 was 10.7) | Birth rate – number of live births per 1000 of the population per year. | Was high in 1900 due to baby boom after the war. | Total fertility rate in 1964 – 2.95.| 2001 – 1.63. | 2006 – 1.84. Fertile = how many kids they can have. | More women reminding childless, waiting longer to have children. | Child bearing (age 15-44) older women = less fertile so they produce fewer children. | Death – death rate is number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year. Remained stable since 1900 at around 600,000 per year | world wars raised numbers of death. | Influenza epidemic 1918 brought death to a record of 690,000 | 1900 death rate = 19 | 2007 = 10 | A02 – explain causes. Reasons women is waiting longer to have kids – legal equality with men, increased educational opportunities, easier access to divorce, changes in family life ( women work ), access to abortion. | 2006 – 1 in 5 women aged 45 was childless. | Smaller family sizes, means women can go out and work and...
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1990. There has been a long-term decline in the number in the number of births since 1990. In that year, England and Wales had a birth rate of 28.7, but by 2007 it had fallen to an estimated 10.7. Similarly, the death rate has fallen since 1900. The death rate is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year. In 1900, the death rate stood at 19 000, whereas by 2007 it had almost halved, to 10 000. For the birth rate, there have been fluctuations in births, with three “baby booms” in the 20th century. The first two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-1945), as returning servicemen and their partners started families that they had postponed during the war years. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s, after which the birth rate fell sharply during the 1970s. The rate rose during the 1980s, before falling again after the early 1990s. One reason for the decline in the birth rate is the changes in the position of women. During the 20th century there were major changes for women. For example, women gained legal equality with men (including the right to vote), increased educational opportunities, laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination, access to abortion and reliable contraception and easier access to divorce. As a result of these changes, women now see other possibilities in life apart from the traditional role of housewife and mother. Many are choosing to delay childbearing...
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1900 The birthrate in the UK has been in a long-term state of decline since 1900. In 1900 the birthrate in England and wales was 28.7, but by 2007 it had fallen to an estimated 10.7. However there have been three fluctuations in the birthrate of the UK, these are know as the three ‘baby booms’ in the 20th century. The First two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-45), as returning service men and their partners started families that they postponed during the war. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s before sharply declining again in the 1970s. The rate then rose in the 1980s and fell in the 1990s, it has recently increased since 2001. There were major changes in the position of women in the 20th century. In the 20th century women gained legal equality with men including the right to vote. Women now also have increased educational opportunities and girls now do better at school than boys. There are now more women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination. As well as changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role and an easier access to divorce. As a result of these changes, women now see other opportunities in life apart from the traditional role of the house wife mother. Many are choosing to delay childbearing, or not have children at all in pursuit of a career. For example in 2006 on in five women were childless at age 45, double the number of...
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...TermPaperWarehouse.com - Free Term Papers, Essays and Research Documents The Research Paper Factory Join Search Browse Saved Papers Home Page » Business and Management Market and Nonmarket Environments Any Issues or Changes That Happen in One of These Environments Can Directly Cause Change to the Other. Since Both of These Are so Closely Related and to a Great Importance for a Firm In: Business and Management Market and Nonmarket Environments Any Issues or Changes That Happen in One of These Environments Can Directly Cause Change to the Other. Since Both of These Are so Closely Related and to a Great Importance for a Firm Canadian Business Environment Market and Nonmarket Environments Any issues or changes that happen in one of these environments can directly cause change to the other. Since both of these are so closely related and to a great importance for a firm to run successfully, they have put more focus on managing both aspects of the company. The interrelationship between the market and nonmarket environment is heavily based on the role of management. Since a firm will operate in both the market and nonmarket environments, managers are there to measure the impact one has on the other. The issues found in the nonmarket environment are directly related to the market environment of the firm. The nonmarket environment is a little more difficult to control than the market environment, but each firm is aware of the importance...
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...types. Topic 1 Functionalist and New Right views of the family How have functionalist and New Right thinkers explained family life and the relationship between families and social change? 1 The organic analogy refers to the extended comparison made by functionalists between the human or other living body and society, with the organs of the body equivalent to institutions and structures in society. 2 Primary socialisation refers to the first and most important stage of the socialisation process by which young children absorb the norms and values of their culture, mainly from their parents. Note: make sure your answer explains both ‘primary’ and ‘socialisation’. 3 One way in which the nuclear family is more suited than other types of family to modern industrial society is that it allows for geographical mobility; it is easier to move a nuclear family to a new area for, say, a new job than to move an extended family. A second way is that the division of roles by gender means that the male breadwinner can work long hours in a workplace while his wife cares for the children and home. Note: the word ‘suggest’ in the question indicates that you do not have to provide evidence that your answers are correct. There will be more than two possible answers. 4 One change...
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...Name: SCLY 1: Families and Households Revision Notes 2011-12 By the end of this unit you should be able to * answer any question on families and households ! Key definitions: A family is usually a group of people related by marriage or blood. A household is a person living alone or a group of people living together who may or may not be related. Theories of the family From the specification: The relationship of the family to the social structure and social change * Functionalist views: the importance of the nuclear family, the universality of the family, changing functions, how the nuclear family ‘fits’ modern society. * Marxist views: the family as part of the ideological state apparatus, as an agent of social control. * Feminist views: patriarchy; liberal, radical and Marxist feminism. Consensus/Positive views of the family | Conflict/critical views of the family | * Functionalist theories: the family performs positive functions for individuals and society * New Right theories: the family is the cornerstone of society, but it is under threat | * Marxist theories: the family provides important functions for capitalism * Feminist theories: the family reinforces gender inequality and patriarchy | Functionalist theories GP Murdock | Evaluation | Murdock argues that the family is a universal institution (it exists everywhere) that performs four major functions: * Stable satisfaction of the sex drive with the same partner, preventing the...
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...is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@etal.uri.edu. 1 Running head: LOVE Love: A biological, psychological and philosophical study. Heather Chapman University of Rhode Island 2 LOVE Dedication This paper is dedicated to the love of my life Jason Matthew Nye October 4,1973 - January 26, 2011 3 LOVE Abstract The concept of love has been an eternally elusive subject. It is a definition and meaning that philosophers, psychologists, and biologists have been seeking since the beginning of time. Wars have been waged and fought over it, while friendships have been initiated and have ended because of this idea. But what exactly is love, and why is it important to define this enigma? In order to help define this idea of love, several books and numerous research articles were consulted, and interviews were conducted with faculty of The University of Rhode Island. Dr. Nasser Zawia was interviewed, in order to help understand the role of neurobiology in the process of falling in love....
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...A Report to the Nation Maggie Gallagher, Principal Investigator The Age of Unwed Mothers Is Teen Pregnancy the Problem? Institute for American Values This report comes from the Marriage Project of the Institute for American Values. Maggie Gallagher, the principal investigator, is an affiliate scholar at the Institute and the director of its Marriage Project. The Institute is grateful to Amara Bachu, Douglas J. Besharov, Norval Glenn, Dana Mack, Steven L. Nock, and Maris Vinovskis for their scholarly and editorial suggestions, and to the William H. Donner Foundation for its generous financial support of this initiative. The contributions of other supporters are also greatly appreciated. On the cover: Maternity (1950) by Milton Avery. Oil on canvas, 32 X 46 inches. Collection of Sally M. Avery. ©1999, Milton Avery Trust/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York, NY. © 1999, Institute for American Values. All rights reserved. No reproduction of the materials contained herein is permitted without the written permission of the Institute for American Values. ISBN 0-9659841-5-X Institute for American Values 1841 Broadway, Suite 211 New York, NY 10023 Tel: (212) 246-3942 Fax: (212) 541-6665 info@americanvalues.org www.americanvalues.org The Age of Unwed Mothers Is Teen Pregnancy the Problem? Executive Summary Why have three decades of intensive national effort to reduce teen pregnancy not been more successful? Largely because for three decades, we have framed...
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...Department of Justice Ministère de la Justice Canada Canada WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED Research and Statistics Division/ Division de la recherche et de la statistique Policy Sector/ Secteur des politiques WORKING DOCUMENT THE EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN A Selected Literature Review Research and Statistics Division October 1997 WD1998-2e UNEDITED The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice Canada. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 2.0 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................. 3 3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING CHILDREN’S POSTDIVORCE ADJUSTMENT ................. 6 3.1 Child Characteristics............................................................................ 6 3.1.1 Gender ................................................................................. 6 3.1.2 Age at Divorce ....................................................................... 8 3.2 Family Characteristics.......................................................................... 9 3.2.1 Socio-economic Status .............................................................. 9 3.2.2 Ethno-cultural Background...................................................
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...GENDER RELATIONS AND DIVORCE AMONG THE ELITES A CASE STUDY OF GULU MUNICIPALITY BY HENRY EGYEYU ABSTRACT This study is aimed at establishing the relationship between Gender relations and Divorce such that possible approaches are sought to mitigate them. The study set out to assess the sex-differentiated impact of divorce, which are normally part of family life. These include changes in residences by children to accommodate changes in their relationships with their parents, changes in parental employment, remarriage, and stepfamily formation still; most children suffer from declining father. The study found that such changes affect individuals within households differently. Some lose while others gain. Women, however, have been singled out as the most affected. Changes in marriage and divorce laws and policies have further affected individual household members in different ways that is, children live in many different family forms, but the most common pattern is that they live with their mothers and have less contact with their fathers. As a result, a common alteration that children are forced to make is an adjustment to life without their father at home. Most children share time between the mother's household and the father's household, and families are creative in finding ways for children to maintain meaningful relationships with both parents involvement after divorce The conflicts over ownership of...
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...Presumable they are still able to at least feed themselves, and this is already far better than the situation in some developing countries. However, when we investigate and compare poverty in both places after drawing up a definition, one would find poverty in cities not as easy as they presume. The definition of poverty has been a long debate between scholars of social policies. Not only does it reflect the real situation of the poverty, it also affects the making of welfare policies in Hong Kong. Traditionally the expenditure and the income approaches are used to define poverty. Here, the two approaches would be used to show how poor and how many the poor are respectively. In 1993, the Legislation Council invited Professor MacPherson to examine the poverty...
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...PART I WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? 1 THE CONTEXT OF DESIGN Before examining types of research designs it is important to be clear about the role and purpose of research design. We need to understand what research design is and what it is not. We need to know where design ®ts into the whole research process from framing a question to ®nally analysing and reporting data. This is the purpose of this chapter. Description and explanation Social researchers ask two fundamental types of research questions: 1 2 What is going on (descriptive research)? Why is it going on (explanatory research)? Descriptive research Although some people dismiss descriptive research as `mere description', good description is fundamental to the research enterprise and it has added immeasurably to our knowledge of the shape and nature of our society. Descriptive research encompasses much government sponsored research including the population census, the collection of a wide range of social indicators and economic information such as household expenditure patterns, time use studies, employment and crime statistics and the like. Descriptions can be concrete or abstract. A relatively concrete description might describe the ethnic mix of a community, the changing age pro®le of a population or the gender mix of a workplace. Alternatively 2 WHAT IS RESEARCH DESIGN? the description might ask more abstract questions such as `Is the level of social inequality increasing or declining?', `How secular is society...
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...Government innovation 19-21 Conclusion 22 References 23-24 INTRODUCTION The UK housing market has experienced a varied rate of ups and downs in house prices for past few decades. During the past 30-year period, the nominal and real average annual price in UK has undergone volatile changes. There were three boom periods: 1980s, late 1990s and early 2000 and a bust in early 1990s (Sloman, John2006). These rise and falls in house prices had been primarily caused by the changes in demand for housing. Being a big open economy, UK is not really affected by external shocks caused by changes in international prices and currencies but by various internal and associated factors. Money supply and government policies are believed to be important factors behind the booms. The primary reason behind the increase of money supply was continuing high economic growth during the concerned period. From examination of historical development of the UK housing market, it can be argued that house prices fundamentally come under pressure from many aspects: demographic pressure, increasing income, accumulated wealth and so on. However, present trend of the housing market has not given birth to any alien determinant that is causing the market to behave abnormally. This paper attempts to analyze the determinants of house market price, review the market in retrospect, examine the present scenario and forecast prospect for near...
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