...Elizabeth Dressel Excelsior College Abstract The study of lifespan and development requires research to understand what makes people who they are. There are different types of research, which assist with gathering data and measuring outcomes. The three I will be describing are the longitudinal, cross sectional and sequential design. There are also different formats of collecting data such as systemic observation, self reports, the clinical method and ethnograpy, which I will explain my understanding of the similarities and differences. Keywords: longitudinal design, cross sectional design, sequential design, systemic observation, self-reports, clinical method and ethnograpy Research and Design Methodology In the longitudinal design the participants are monitored frequently for a short or long period of time and data is analyzed as the participant ages. By monitoring the participants in this way it unfolds patterns and allows the researcher to more easily see relationships over a period of time. For example our textbook used an example of behavior types and then added male and female to further see relationships. The limitation to this study is the possibility of drop out of the participants due to the length of study. The cross sectional seems to be a more convenient type of research due to the time frame. It does study different age groups but at one period of time not over a period of time as in the longitudinal research. The strengths are there...
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...components. Section 8.2 provides guidelines on preparing a profile of health service delivery for the country of interest, including instructions on how to customize the profile for country-specific aspects of the health delivery process. Section 8.3 presents the indicator-based assessment, including detailed descriptions of the indicators. Section 8.4 discusses how to summarize the findings and develop recommendations. 8.1.1 What Is Health Service Delivery? The World Health Organization (WHO) defines service delivery as the way inputs are combined to allow the delivery of a series of interventions or health actions (WHO 2001b). As noted in the World Health Report 2000, “the service provision function [of the health system] is the most familiar; the entire health system is often identified with just service delivery.” The report states that service provision, or service delivery is the chief function the health system needs to perform (WHO 2000). As such, Figure 8.1 (see also Chapter 1, Figure 1.1) shows the relationship between service delivery and the other modules of this health systems assessment and their relationship with health system objectives. Because of the limited time to conduct this assessment, more emphasis will be placed on personal health (as opposed to public health) services and service delivery functions at the subnational level (i.e., the district, hospital, health center, health post, and dispensary levels). Health sector planning is covered in the Governance...
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...Method by Saul McLeod email icon published 2008 Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history). The case study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing ‘the case history’ of a single participant or group of individuals (such as a school class or a specific social group), i.e. the idiographic approach. Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’. The case study is not itself a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies such as qualitative techniques (unstructured interviews, participant observation, diaries), personal notes (e.g. letters, photographs, notes) or official document (e.g. case notes, clinical notes, appraisal reports). The data collected can be analyzed using different theories (e.g. grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis, text interpretation (e.g. thematic coding) etc. All the approaches mentioned here use preconceived categories in the analysis and...
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...Clinical Assessment Amanda Harrison PSY/270 April 15, 2012 Kenna Bush Clinical Assessment There is more information that Dr. Mason needs to be obtained before the interview with Clara and her family comes to an end. Dr. Mason will need to know some background information on Mr. and Mrs. Lawson for example their age, background of them as individuals and as a couple, and the background of how they adopted Clara. In addition, there also needs to be a description of the events in the last couple of months that have lead up to Clara’s change in behavior. In a clinical assessment interview it should reveal the client and family history, personality factors, and the client’s social contexts (Butcher, 2000). To obtain this information there are many questions that need to be asked her are some examples. What was Clara’s life like before the adoption and does she remember anything from that time? Also how is Mr. and Mrs. Lawson’s relationship and how do they act in front of Clara? What does her preschool teacher say about her behavior? Has there been anything that has happened recently that might be significant to Clara’s behavior? The answer to these questions will give insight into the possible problems. The other assessment tools that would be helpful besides a clinical interview would be a projective kit for Early Childhood (P.K.E.C.) which is a projective play test for children ages six months to four years old (Roman, Dublineau, & Saboia, 2011) . This test will...
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...Belongingness: A prerequisite for nursing students’ clinical learning Tracy Levett-Jones a a,* , Judith Lathlean b,1 School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia School of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Southampton, Nightingale Building (67), University Road, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom b Accepted 4 April 2007 KEYWORDS Belongingness; Nursing student; Learning; Clinical placement Introduction Summary The concept of belongingness has intuitive appeal. Human beings are social creatures; the need to belong and be accepted is fundamental, and social exclusion can be devastating. This paper reports on the selected findings from the qualitative phase of mixed-methods study that explored nursing students’ experience of belongingness while on clinical placements. The 18 interview participants in this study were from Australia and the United Kingdom. They provided a range of perspectives on belongingness and how it influenced their placement experience. Central to this discussion was their strong belief that belonging is a prerequisite for clinical learning. This theme dominated all of the interviews. Given that the primary purpose of clinical placements is for students to learn to nurse, there needs to be a clear understanding of the relationship between belongingness and learning. With reference to the published literature and excerpts from interview transcripts, this paper proposes that reconceptualising...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology PSY/480 Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is a profession that focuses on helping individuals with various troubles and concerns they experience during their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. One example of what a clinical psychologist can do is to see if a child has a learning disability or an attention problem that might contribute to poor school performance by using intellectual and educational tests (Plante, 2011). In this paper, the history of clinical psychology will be examined as well as its role of research and statistics. In addition, clinical psychology will be furthered examined and how it differs from other mental professions such as social work, psychiatry, and school psychology. The field of clinical psychology was founded in 1896 by Lightner Witmer (1867–1956) who opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1888, Witmer completed his undergraduate studies and earned his PhD in psychology at the University of Leipzig (Plante, 2011). Further he returned to the University of Pennsylvania to become director of their psychology laboratory. He applied his principles of human behavior to help a student that was not performing well in school and as a result, found out he had trouble in spelling, reading, and memory, and recommended tutoring, which later proved to be a successful intervention (Plante, 2011). He focused on assisting children with primarily school-related...
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...Examination of Clinical Psychology PSY/480 Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is a profession that focuses on helping individuals with various troubles and concerns they experience during their relationships, emotions, and physical selves. One example of what a clinical psychologist can do is to see if a child has a learning disability or an attention problem that might contribute to poor school performance by using intellectual and educational tests (Plante, 2011). In this paper, the history of clinical psychology will be examined as well as its role of research and statistics. In addition, clinical psychology will be furthered examined and how it differs from other mental professions such as social work, psychiatry, and school psychology. The field of clinical psychology was founded in 1896 by Lightner Witmer (1867–1956) who opened the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1888, Witmer completed his undergraduate studies and earned his PhD in psychology at the University of Leipzig (Plante, 2011). Further he returned to the University of Pennsylvania to become director of their psychology laboratory. He applied his principles of human behavior to help a student that was not performing well in school and as a result, found out he had trouble in spelling, reading, and memory, and recommended tutoring, which later proved to be a successful intervention (Plante, 2011). He focused on assisting children with primarily school-related...
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...Depression Symptoms in Police For years mental illness has always been a negative stigma. People would rather do nothing about their illness then ask for help. Luckily in the past 15 years the stigma is beginning to be removed and our country is beginning to help our troops returning from war with PTSD. Unfortunately often times we forget that police work can at times be very mentally trying. With long hours and dangerous situations we have to find a way to care for the ones protecting us at home. The follow study was done to help find predictors of depression symptoms in police service. By finding the outline problems maybe we can find solutions to avoiding the problems. Police work is often regarded as one of the most stressful jobs in our society. The purpose of this research study was to examine predictors of depression symptoms in police service. The study was done using a prospective longitudinal design. The hypothesis of the study was “that greater exposure to childhood trauma, higher neuroticism and lower appraisals of self-worth assessed during academy training, and higher levels of critical incident exposure, negative life events and routine work environment stress during the first year of police service would predict greater levels of depression symptoms after the first year of police service” (Wang, 2010). Participants of this study comprised on 119 healthy police recruits who were recruited during police academy training from four urban police...
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...DESIGNING A STUDY TO GENERATE EVIDENCE FOR NURSING * The choice of research method is dictated by the problem statement and goal of the research. Because research goals and problem vary, research methods also vary. Research design can be thought of as the structure of research, the “glue” that holds together all of the elements in a research project. One of the biggest challenges of a nurse researcher is to decide which research design and method to use. * Research Design is the researchers overall plan of how the study will be conducted. The plans contains such details as the type of data to be collected, the techniques or the means to be used to obtain these data, the basis for the choice of the subjects, the manner of determining sample size, the instruments to be used and their validation, and the data analysis scheme which includes the application of the statistical tools for treatment of data. Criteria for choice of Research Design * Logically sound * Comprehensive enough to solve the problem * Reasonably clear & precise * Clearly spelled out * Free from weaknesses Elements to consider in the choice of Research Design * The total population from which to select the study samples * The method of selecting the samples or study respondents * The alternative versions of independent variable under study * The criterion measures evaluating the effects of the independent variables * The statistical treatment of data, using...
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...Elements of Clinical Psychology Paper Leah Syberg PSY/480 October 5, 2015 Tara Thompson Introduction There are different approaches and disciplines in psychology (Plante, 2010). The different approaches have different understandings of how people develop cognitively, and how personality (including behavior) is formed. For example, some people can be treated sufficiently with pharmacology (medication), while others can benefit from a psychoanalytical approach to thinking and behavior (uncovering unconscious thoughts and feelings). In this way, each perspective and form of treatment has its own benefits. Clinical psychology, on the other hand, can use all perspectives and approaches (Plante, 2010). This is true because clinical psychology is an art- using all researches, methods, and approaches to define the problems a person can have. In addition to defining the problem, clinical psychology can offer different forms of treatment. For example, one person’s depression can be best treated with medication, and another person can benefit from cognitive-behavioral therapy. Also, people with multiple problems can benefit from the treatment of a clinical psychologist. This is true because the clinical psychologist can offer different forms of treatments for the many problems one person can face. This paper will discuss the field of clinical psychology, the history, research methods, and the differences in different fields of psychology. Clinical Psychology ...
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...diagnostic category. Research information that will support my argument will be discussed also. If personality disorders are to be considered as a diagnostic category, they should have a clear defined criteria of what each personality disorder is. The Challenges in Diagnosing Personality Disorders Distinct care is in command concerning the identification of personality disorders because more misidentifications possibly happen here than in any other classification of disorder. There are various explanations for this. One issue is that analytic standards for personality disorders are not as distinctly explained as they are for most Axis I analytic classifications, so they are frequently not easy to follow in practice or exact. For example, it might be challenging to identify dependably whether a person sustains a given standard for dependent personality disorder such as “has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others“ or “goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others.” Because the standard for personality disorders are described by consistent patterns of behavior or incidental behaviors rather than by more unbiased behavioral criteria (such as having a prolonged and persistent depressed mood or a panic attack), the psychologist needs to use more judgment in making the identification than is the case for most Axis I disorders. With the increase of...
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...INTERVIEW A PROFESSIONAL IN THE FIELD Matthew J. Rick Senior Seminar in Psychology American Military University 09/17/13 Abstract For my interview I came up with several questions pertaining to becoming a Military Psychologist and what the job entails. My goal was to find out what a Military Psychologist does and if it is better to be an active duty Psychologist or a civilian. Throughout the interview I got the impression from the Psychologist that I interview that she loved what she is doing. She mentioned that there isn’t anything else that she would want to do. Over the course of this interview I was able to get all my questions answered and felt that I received strait forward answers and not just what I wanted to hear. Being a military Psychologist entails a lot more than I thought it did however it is still a very intriguing career field. I have listed all the questions that were asked during this interview along with the answers that where given by the interviewee. Where can you apply for a military psychologist job? To become a Psychologist in the Military there are multiple ways to go about it first you can become a Psychologist in the Military by talking to a medical officer recruiter to find out the requirements and to get you started. If you are interested in becoming a civilian Psychologist with the military and already possess a license to practice in the state where the base is located you can apply for jobs on USA jobs website. (Dr...
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...Professional Development: Critiquing Research The ability to critique (critically analyse and evaluate) research from both the qualitative and quantitative paradigms is an essential skill for occupational therapists. It is this skill, integrated with expertise gained from clinical practice that underpins evidence based practice (EBP). Although there are many definitions of EBP, Muir Gray (1997) defines it as “an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available, in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option which suits the patient best." The purpose of this assignment is to enable the development of skills in critical analysis by critiquing a research article, which will contribute to further development of knowledge and skills in using EBP in clinical settings. A framework developed by Hek and Moule (2006) (see pages 3- ) has been used to guide the critique of a research article. A framework was used as Caldwell et al (2010 pg e1) argue that “ frameworks assist the novice healthcare practitioner with learning about approaches to research by giving consideration to aspects of the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms.” This framework was chosen as it is comprehensive and covers points/questions raised during the critiquing process, although it is important to remember that it is not a definitive checklist and other...
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...organizational improvements can help. The research highlights some important considerations to be aware of that gives evidence-based medicine a bad name, the pitfalls to avoid, and some ways providers and institutions are working to overcome them. Introduction This paper begins by giving an overview of evidence-based medicine, what it is, and the benefits to be realized by providers, insurers, and patients. I compared that to what providers were using before EBM. Next, I examine the barriers to successfully incorporating evidence-based medicine, and the negative perceptions that dissuade their use by clinicians. Identified are the disadvantages such as source information bias, ethics considerations, and the dangers in using EBM to set Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG). The research highlights some important considerations to be aware of that gives evidence-based medicine a bad name. I looked at pitfalls to avoid and some ways providers and institutions are working to overcome them. Finally, I included an overview, from a pharmacy management perspective, of how improvements techniques...
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...CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN HEALTH CARE: EMERGING FRAMEWORKS AND PRACTICAL APPROACHES Joseph R. Betancourt Massachusetts General Hospital–Harvard Medical School Alexander R. Green and J. Emilio Carrillo New York-Presbyterian Hospital–Weill Medical College of Cornell University FIELD REPORT October 2002 Support for this research was provided by The Commonwealth Fund. The views presented here are those of the authors and should not be attributed to The Commonwealth Fund or its directors, officers, or staff. Copies of this report are available from The Commonwealth Fund by calling our toll-free publications line at 1-888-777-2744 and ordering publication number 576. The report can also be found on the Fund’s website at www.cmwf.org. CONTENTS About the Authors.......................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... iv Executive Summary......................................................................................................... v Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Findings........................................................................................................................... 3 Defining Cultural Competence ..............................................................................
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