...Examples: Confirmatory Factor Analysis And Structural Equation Modeling CHAPTER 5 EXAMPLES: CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS AND STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to study the relationships between a set of observed variables and a set of continuous latent variables. When the observed variables are categorical, CFA is also referred to as item response theory (IRT) analysis (Baker & Kim, 2004; du Toit, 2003). CFA with covariates (MIMIC) includes models where the relationship between factors and a set of covariates are studied to understand measurement invariance and population heterogeneity. These models can include direct effects, that is, the regression of a factor indicator on a covariate in order to study measurement non-invariance. Structural equation modeling (SEM) includes models in which regressions among the continuous latent variables are estimated (Bollen, 1989; Browne & Arminger, 1995; Joreskog & Sorbom, 1979). In all of these models, the latent variables are continuous. Observed dependent variable variables can be continuous, censored, binary, ordered categorical (ordinal), unordered categorical (nominal), counts, or combinations of these variable types. CFA is a measurement model. SEM has two parts: a measurement model and a structural model. The measurement model for both CFA and SEM is a multivariate regression model that describes the relationships between a set of observed dependent variables and a set of continuous latent...
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...Risk Factor Analysis— A New Qualitative Risk Management Tool John P. Kindinger, Probabilistic Risk and Hazards Analysis Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory John L. Darby, Probabilistic Risk and Hazards Analysis Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory Introduction Project risk analysis, like all risk analyses, must be implemented using a graded approach; that is, the scope and approach of the analysis must be crafted to fit the needs of the project based on the project size, the data availability, and other requirements of the project team. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) has developed a systematic qualitative project risk analysis technique called the Risk Factor Analysis (RFA) method as a useful tool for early, preconceptual risk analyses, an intermediate-level approach for medium-size projects, or as a prerequisite to a more detailed quantitative project risk analysis. This paper introduces the conceptual underpinnings of the RFA technique, describes the steps involved in performing the analysis, and presents some examples of RFA applications and results. project activity flow chart to help organize the RFA. The flow chart defines the tasks to be modeled and their interrelationships for the project schedule analysis. WBS and schedule tasks may be consolidated and/or expanded to explicitly highlight those tasks and influences that are expected to have a significant technical risk and/or significant uncertainty in schedule or cost performance. The flow chart is developed...
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...What is PEST Analysis? A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.S.T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firm's control and sometimes present themselves as threats. For this reason, some say that "pest" is an appropriate term for these factors. However, changes in the external environment also create new opportunities and the letters sometimes are rearranged to construct the more optimistic term of STEP analysis. Many macro-environmental factors are country-specific and a PEST analysis will need to be performed for all countries of interest. The following are examples of some of the factors that might be considered in a PEST analysis. It is very important that an organization considers its environment before beginning the marketing process. In fact, environmental analysis should be continuous and feed all aspects of planning. The organization's marketing environment is made up from: 1. The internal environment e.g. staff (or internal customers), office technology, wages and finance, etc. 2. The micro-environment e.g. our external customers, agents and distributors, suppliers, our competitors, etc. 3. The macro-environment e.g. Political (and legal) forces, Economic forces, Sociocultural forces, and Technological forces. These are known as PEST factors. Political Factors The political arena has...
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...Grid Analysis Making a Decision By Weighing Up Different Factors Also known as Decision Matrix Analysis, Pugh Matrix Analysis, and Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) Imagine that your boss has put you in charge of taking on a new outsourced IT supplier. You've already identified several different suppliers, and you now need to decide which one to use. You could decide to go with the lowcost option. But you don't want to make your decision on cost alone - factors such as contract length, underlying technology, and service levels need to be taken into consideration. So how can you make sure you make the best decision, while taking all of these different factors into account? Grid Analysis is a useful technique to use for making a decision. It's particularly powerful where you have a number of good alternatives to choose from, and many different factors to take into account. This makes it a great technique to use in almost any important decision where there isn't a clear and obvious preferred option. Being able to use Grid Analysis means that you can take decisions confidently and rationally, at a time when other people might be struggling to make a decision. How to Use the Tool Grid Analysis works by getting you to list your options as rows on a table, and the factors you need consider as columns. You then score each option/factor combination, weight this score by the relative importance of the factor, and add these scores up to give an overall score for each option. While...
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...Company PEST Analysis History and Use PEST is a type of analysis used in strategic management which takes into account Political, Economic, Social and Technological (PEST) factors. The term "PEST" was first coined by Francis Aguilar in his 1967 book, "Scanning the Business Environment." The analysis also often includes Legal and Environmental factors, thus creating a PESTEL analysis. The "EL" was added by Liam Fahey and V.K. Narayanan in their book, "Macro-environmental Analysis in Strategic Management," published in 1986.Frequently combined with Michael E. Porter's Five Forces Model and Albert Humphrey's SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis is a useful tool for understanding market demand/decline, current business positions and potential opportunities/obstacles. The factors it analyzes should not be considered solely at the company level. Rather, these external factors must be examined at a company, national and global level. Political Factors A business could flourish under one political entity, and be run out of business by another; as in additional taxes, regulations, or bans. This can be seen as the degree by which government legislation impacts the company. Some examples include tax policy, trade restrictions and tariffs. Less obvious examples include inter-country relationships, political trends, types of government, war, terrorism, treaties and currency. Economic Factors While closely related to political factors, the economic factors analyzed by PESTEL analysis focus more...
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...5. 5. 2016 PESTLE Analysis of Starbucks What are you looking for? PEST ANALYSIS MARKETING SWOT ANALYSIS STEEP ANALYSIS BUSINESS PEST Analysis, PEST Examples GET MORE ANALYSIS Subscribe to our mailing list and get our articles and updates to your email inbox. Enter your name here PESTLE Analysis of Starbucks Jim Makos 1 Year Ago FACEBOOK 0 Comments PREV ARTICLE NEXT ARTICLE PESTLE is a strategic analysis tool. It is often seen as the most effective analytical tools to analyze the Enter your email here impacts of external issues. It is an extended version of PEST analysis. Other forms of this tool are PESTEL, SIGN UP NOW STEEP, and STEEPLE. The acronym PESTLE stands for 6 factors which affect the business. The factors are: We respect your privacy Political Economic http://pestleanalysis.com/pestleanalysisofstarbucks/ 1/9 5. 5. 2016 PESTLE Analysis of Starbucks Social Popular Recent Technological Legal Environmental In this article, I am discussing the PESTLE analysis of SWOT Analysis Examples for Every Business Situation December 30, 2013 Starbucks. The constant global economic recession has dented the macroeconomic environment which Starbucks operates in. The recession has hurt the consumer’s purchasing power. Recent market research re䈠ects that consumers have not cut down on their coffee...
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...Chapter 14 Factor analysis 14.1 INTRODUCTION Factor analysis is a method for investigating whether a number of variables of interest Y1 , Y2 , : : :, Yl, are linearly related to a smaller number of unobservable factors F1, F2, : : :, Fk . The fact that the factors are not observable disquali¯es regression and other methods previously examined. We shall see, however, that under certain conditions the hypothesized factor model has certain implications, and these implications in turn can be tested against the observations. Exactly what these conditions and implications are, and how the model can be tested, must be explained with some care. 14.2 AN EXAMPLE Factor analysis is best explained in the context of a simple example. Students entering a certain MBA program must take three required courses in ¯nance, marketing and business policy. Let Y1, Y2 , and Y3 , respectively, represent a student's grades in these courses. The available data consist of the grades of ¯ve students (in a 10-point numerical scale above the passing mark), as shown in Table 14.1. Table 14.1 Student grades Student no. 1 2 3 4 5 Finance, Y1 3 7 10 3 10 Grade in: Marketing, Y2 6 3 9 9 6 Policy, Y3 5 3 8 7 5 °Peter Tryfos, 1997. This version printed: 14-3-2001. c 2 Chapter 14: Factor analysis It has been suggested that these grades are functions of two underlying factors, F1 and F2, tentatively and rather loosely described as quantitative ability and verbal ability, respectively. It is...
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...Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis is a business management tool used to evaluate an organization’s strength’s, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The tool is used to produce a model that can serve to provide direction in the development, formulation, and evaluation of project management plans. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis is an important step in the planing process that is often undervalued and omitted in constructing the project management plan. This basic management tool is straightforward and easy to use. Basically, factors are divided into internal and external issues. Based on the analysis of the information provided by the model, project management can better decide if the information gathered is something that will assist in accomplishing its objectives. Conversely, Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis can also identify potential obstacles to success, as well as faults in the plan that must be addressed, controlled, or eliminated if the desired results are to be achieved. In order for the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis to be effective, project management must do more than simply identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats involved. Risk management demands that it is necessary to avoid, eliminate, or at the very least, minimize identified weaknesses and threats. Weaknesses should be closely scrutinized in order to determine...
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...Strategic Planning Template Macro Environment Analysis Whatmakesagoodleader.com 1.1 External or Macro Environment Analysis Review the macro environment and list the trends that may affect your business. When completing a macro environment analyses you will be seeking to answer the questions “what will affect the growth of our industry as a whole” and “What is the likely impact of all of the things that affect the growth of our industry” The things that may affect your industry as a whole may also affect many industries, such as interest rate rises, however you are only concerned with the things that affect your industry. This template contains examples of trends to consider, the list is to be considered by no means exhaustive. You will have to review the examples provided and update the list with the trends that are more likely to affect your industry. Effect on industry growth Positive/negative Environmental factor Technological Factor Web for business transactions Technology for your products Technology for you process Genetic engineering Voice recognition computing Fibre-optics Electronic communications Composite materials Nanotechnology Comments Example: increased ecommerce. Page 1 of 4 Strategic Planning Template Macro Environment Analysis Whatmakesagoodleader.com Environmental factor Economic Factors Personal income rate Disposable income Average household debit Personal saving rate Unemployment rate Inflation rates Interest rates Exchange...
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...swot analysis SWOT analysis method and examples, with free SWOT template The SWOT analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding and decision-making for all sorts of situations in business and organizations. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats. Information about the origins and inventors of SWOT analysis is below. The SWOT analysis headings provide a good framework for reviewing strategy, position and direction of a company or business proposition, or any other idea. Completing a SWOT analysis is very simple, and is a good subject for workshop sessions. SWOT analysis also works well in brainstorming meetings. Use SWOT analysis for business planning, strategic planning, competitor evaluation, marketing, business and product development and research reports. You can also use SWOT analysis exercises for team building games. Note that SWOT analysis is often interpreted and used as a SWOT Analysis 2x2 Matrix, especially in business and marketing planning. In addition to this 2x2 matrix method, SWOT analysis is also a widely recognized method for gathering, structuring, presenting and reviewing extensive planning data within a larger business or project planning process. See also PEST analysis, which measures a business's market and potential according to external factors; Political, Economic, Social and Technological. It is often helpful to complete a PEST analysis prior to a SWOT analysis. In other situations it may be more useful...
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...PEST Market Analysis Tool PEST analysis method and examples The PEST analysis is a useful tool for understanding market growth or decline, and as such the position, potential and direction for a business. A PEST analysis is a business measurement tool. PEST is an acronym for Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors, which are used to assess the market for a business or organizational unit. The PEST analysis headings are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can also, like SWOT analysis, and Porter's Five Forces model, be used to review a strategy or position, direction of a company, a marketing proposition, or idea. Completing a PEST analysis is very simple, and is a good subject for workshop sessions. PEST analysis also works well in brainstorming meetings. Use PEST analysis for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. You can also use PEST analysis exercises for team building games. PEST analysis is similar to SWOT analysis - it's simple, quick, and uses four key perspectives. As PEST factors are essentially external, completing a PEST analysis is helpful prior to completing a SWOT analysis (a SWOT analysis - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats - is based broadly on half internal and half external factors). pest variations The PEST model, like most very good simple concepts, has prompted several variations on the theme. For example, the PEST acronym is sometimes shown as STEP, which...
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...Section A: Education 0 1 Explain what is meant by the term ... (2 marks) • Meritocracy: such as equal opportunity or a system in which rewards are based on achievement/ability or similar. Partial answer: [fair rewards] • Immediate gratification: wanting rewards now, or leaving school as soon as possible to get a job, or similar. • Cultural capital: the values, etc that the middle class transmit to their children or that confer advantage in the education system. • Compensatory education: additional educational opportunities/resources directed at deprived or under-achieving pupils. • Cultural deprivation: a lack or deficit of values (or of norms, attitudes, skills or knowledge). Partial answer [immediate gratification / a lack of culture] • Vocational education: relating to a career or specific work roles. • Ethnocentric curriculum: the subjects taught in school being biased towards one particular culture. One mark for a partially satisfactory answer. 02 Suggest three ways/reasons ... (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate ways. One mark will be awarded where there is a partially appropriate answers. Marxists see school as being similar to the world of work: • A hierarchy of authority • Fragmentation of work/learning • Extrinsic rewards • Based on competition • Alienation • Status differences. Boys’ educational under-achievement: • Lack of male teacher role models • Feminisation...
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...PESTLE Analysis Strategy Skills Team FME www.free-management-ebooks.com ISBN 978-1-62620-998-5 Copyright Notice © www.free-management-ebooks.com 2013. All Rights Reserved ISBN 978-1-62620-998-5 The material contained within this electronic publication is protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and treaties, and as such any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is strictly prohibited. You may not copy, forward, or transfer this publication or any part of it, whether in electronic or printed form, to another person, or entity. Reproduction or translation of any part of this work without the permission of the copyright holder is against the law. Your downloading and use of this eBook requires, and is an indication of, your complete acceptance of these ‘Terms of Use.’ You do not have any right to resell or give away part, or the whole, of this eBook. PESTLE Analysis Table of Contents Preface 2 Visit Our Website 3 Introduction 4 PESTLE Analysis 6 PESTLE Factors 10 Political Factors 12 Economic Factors 13 Social Factors 15 Technological Factors 16 Legal Factors 18 Environmental Factors 20 Summary 22 Other Free Resources 23 References 24 ISBN 978-1-62620-998-5 © www.free-management-ebooks.com 1 PESTLE Analysis Preface The PESTLE Analysis is a useful method to use in order to identify the external factors that influence...
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...Abstract The motivational force analysis is going to be examined in this paper and it is to be compared and contrasted with existing theoretical tools employed to understand motivation, since it’s redefining the way of using motivational tools in organizations. The Motivational force analysis is a tool used to find the appropriate measures taken to get the optimal output from employees. This is done by performing a theoretical, psychological and statistical analysis resulting in functions of cost, motivation and output of the business. These functions are used in an mathematical analysis that derive at the motivational-equilibrium i.e. value of optimal cost-output level of motivation. This paper will describe the process of performing a Motivational Force analysis in addition to consider its applicability to employees and organizations and examine it’s strengths and limitations by doing so. Table of Contents Introduction ………………………….......................…………......……………………………….. 1 Theoretical framework………………………….………………………………………………………….. 1 Why the motivational force analysis is needed …..…………………………………………………………2 Application of the analysis…………………………..……..………...………………………………………2 Data collection & experiment ………………..……………………………………………………………..3 Determine cost-output ……………………………………….........………………………………………….3 Determine cost-motivation…………………………………...……………………………………………….7 Mathematical analysis……………………………..............………………………………………………….7 Finding the motivational equilibrium…………………………...
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...WHAT IS SWOT ANALYSIS? SWOT analysis (alternately SWOT Matrix) is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in abusiness venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500companies. Setting the objective should be done after the SWOT analysis has been performed. This would allow achievable goals or objectives to be set for the organization. Strengths: characteristics of the business, or project team that give it an advantage over others Weaknesses (or Limitations): are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to others Opportunities: external chances to improve performance (e.g. make greater profits) in the environment Threats: external elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or project Identification of SWOTs is essential because subsequent steps in the process of planning for achievement of the selected objective may be derived from the SWOTs. First, the decision makers have to determine whether the objective is attainable, given the SWOTs. If the objective is NOT attainable a different objective must...
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