...the Internet and a different level of digital skills. The explanation of these differences has far less attention. One of the reasons for this state of affairs is the predominance of individualistic notions of inequality. Like most social scientific and economic investigations, digital divide research works on the basis of so-called methodological individualism (Wellman & Berkowitz, 1988). Differential access to information and computer technologies (ICTs) is related to individuals and their characteristics: level of income and education, employment, age, sex, and ethnicity, to mention the most important ones. This is the usual approach in survey research, which measures the properties of individual respondents. Making multivariate analyses of several individual properties and aggregating them to produce properties of collectivities, one hopes to find background explanations. This kind of research might produce useful data, but it does not automatically result in explanations, as it is not guided by theory or by hypotheses derived from theory. They remain on a descriptive level of reasoning. One is not able to explain, for example, what it is about age and gender that produces the differences observed. Another disadvantage of the individualistic approach to inequality is...
Words: 2142 - Pages: 9
...INX COLOUR BOOK PROJECT Eslsca 10 May 2015 Group (4) Shereif Gawish; Khaled Mousa; Mostafa Gamal; Marwa Said; Nevein Mahmoud; Basem Abdalla; Sherif Saad; Gamal Abd Elatif; Colour Book Project: 2 What is color book ? It is a book containing all colors made by INX applied on aluminum substrate sorted according to color categories 3 1. Introduction: Ali ElKattan 1.1. Project Description and Vision 4 Rexam is a beverage can making company where it stands as the 2nd biggest company in the industry of can making in the whole world. INX company is a pioneer company in the ink industry where it’s the main supplier for inks for Rexam & other companies. The company Vision is to grow through strategic partnerships, organic growth, and product innovation and to keep its aggressive market share. The project idea is to have and create a “Colour Book or Catalogue” where it is a book containing all colours applied on aluminium substrate sorted according to colour categories. Why ?? 5 The Project idea came because of the high spoilage of Ink & Cans & the long time for customer approval cycle was an important action point to Rexam & INX where the process almost took from 20 to 30 days where at this cycle processes INX & Rexam kept back & fourth with the customer for the colour satisfaction on the can colour. In addition to every time the customer refuses a sample almost 15,000 cans where...
Words: 1784 - Pages: 8
...Introduction The workplace varies drastically from country to country and culture to culture. An employee from the United States will need to have pre-departure training on a variety of things to be successful on an assignment in France. The following information should provide insight into French culture, communication, and business etiquette, to improve both the training and the success of an expatriate being sent to France. I. France Overview France is one of many countries in the western part of Europe and has an estimated population of approximately 65 million people and continues to grow at about .5% each year (www.indexmundi.com). France is the largest Western European country and is approximately 4/5 the size of Texas (www.cyborlink.com). It is also one of twenty-seven countries that is a member of the European Union. Although France does not have an official religion, the majority of French people are Catholic (www.foreigntranslations.com). The country is bordered by six European nations, which include Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy to its east and Spain to its southwest. Not only does France border many countries, but it is also is bordered by the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel to its west and northwest respectively. Communication The primary language in France is French, but most people in business speak English as well (www.foreigntranslations.com). Language is important...
Words: 3325 - Pages: 14
...Cand.soc /MSc in social Science Leadership and Strategy in Service Management 03/05/2015 Stefano Di Nicola CPR 081190-3523 Tomás Vaz De Carvalho CPR 190491-4025 Leadership and strategic Management Mini-Project Why Starbucks failed in Israel? COPENHAGEN BUSINESS SCHOOL 2015 Program: Cand.soc Service Management N° of pages: 14 N° of characters: 30,946 Hand-in the 03/05/2015 1 Cand.soc /MSc in social Science Leadership and Strategy in Service Management 03/05/2015 2 Cand.soc /MSc in social Science Leadership and Strategy in Service Management 03/05/2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1. 1.2. 2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................ 5 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 5 Analysis ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Cultural Analysis .................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1. Introduction to Hoftede’s 5 Cultural Typologies Framework ..................................... 6 2.1.2. Israeli culture vs. United States culture...........................................................................
Words: 6270 - Pages: 26
...Harley Davidson (HD): Preparing for the Next Century Q1 How would you characterize HD’s primary challenge(s) as of the end of 2005? Stock prices dropped 17% due to lower forecasts, in spite of positive trending financials. Lower forecasts were due to growing saturation within their target market. Saturation was occurring due to fewer younger buyers replacing aging buyers. Fewer younger buyers was occurring because HD did not have a highly successful plan to win them over, noting pointed attempts with Buell and the V-Rod. Therefore: * their issues are not cyclical, but structural * their issues are not urgent in the sense that creditors will force bankruptcy in the immediate future * however, they must be addressed to maintain long-term strength as an organization * further, this is more of a strategic issue than it is tactical * and, HD may be approaching the upper limits of their current business model Stock analysts were seeing that HD stock was inflated as a strong working solution did not appear to be in place to address these issues. All things being equal, past performance did not appear to be sustainable. Q2 Deconstruct HD’s macro environment (PEST) and industry (Porter’s 5). Economic: Given that HD is a big ticket discretionary consumer luxury product, the strength of the economies in their principle markets is very important. An economic downturn would have a downward pressure on sales. Conversely, further economic growth would create a...
Words: 3135 - Pages: 13
...it can be seen. * According to P.Robbins and A.Judge(2012), there are seven elements, with the help of which you can define the culture in an organization. These elements are mostly degree to which people in organization, for example, take risks, pay attention to details, focus on team work, orient on the outcome, etc. All these characteristics can be high or low. * In my opinion, the following elements, taken together, can make a picture of the culture in an organization: Awareness of yourself and your place in the organization. For example, some cultures value hiding employee’s emotions, others - encourage their openness. In some cases, independence and creativity are demonstrated through the partnership, and in others - through individualism. Communication system and communicational language. The use of oral, written, non-verbal communication, " telephone laws" and openness of communication varies from group to group, from organization to organization. Worker’s appearance, clothing and presentation of himself at work. There is a big variety of uniforms, business styles, neatness, cosmetics, hair, etc. All these confirm the presence of multiple micro-cultures. What and how people eat, customs and traditions in this area. For example, some people bring their own food, some visit a coffee shop inside or outside the organization Frequency and duration of eating also play role. It is also important if the workers of different levels eat together or separately, etc...
Words: 2925 - Pages: 12
...Culture Impact on German Negotiation Style Chen Shuqi SEIB Abstract As the increasing frequency of international trades， international negotiation skills draw a lot of attention. Regarded as a major barrier for cross-cultural communication, understanding culture difference is of signification . This essay will firstly introduce the study history and relevant definitions of international negotiation and how culture factors impact on negotiation style. Considering the gradual closed trade relationship between Germany and China and the commonly acknowledged differences of national cultures between them, this essay would firstly analyzes images of Germans for the general Chinese in a book, Die Langnasen . Further, it clarifies German negotiation style basing on analysis from Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory. We find out that some of German business behaviors from the theory don’t fit with our general impression as the book concludes. After discussion about the deficiency of the theory or possible stereotype of the book, we try to present a modification of the prevalent impression about German negotiation style, and give some suggestion about how to carry out a better international business negotiation with Germans. It may be possible to provide us a better understanding in successful negotiation process with Germans. Key words: International negotiation, German culture, German negotiation style 德国文化对其谈判风格的影响 陈舒祺 国际商务英语学院 2011级国际商务管理 摘 要: 随着跨国贸易的频率迅速增长，国际商务谈判技巧尤为重要。...
Words: 7943 - Pages: 32
...TU-53.1360 Cross-Cultural Management Assignment 1.12 Mister Y Mister X Mister Z Mister W Mister Q Table of Contents 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Group Members and Dynamics of Team............................................................................... 2 2.1. Mister Y ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2. Mister X ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Mister Z ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.4. Mister W ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.5. Mister Q ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 2.6. Dynamics of the team .................................................................................................................
Words: 14700 - Pages: 59
...THE KOREAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Cultural, Political, Economic Foundations Chan Sup Chang and Nahn Joo Chang Q Quorum Books Westport, Connecticut London Preface We approached the Korean management system from a cultural context. Although they share a common Oriental culture with other neighboring nations, Koreans maintain a unique culture. This culture, combined with the impact of the geopolitical environment of the Korean peninsula, results in a unique behavioral pattern. Thus, managers and workers in the Korean management system behave differently from their counterparts in other countries. The Koreans have accomplished remarkable economic success since the 1960s, and their management system has played a major role in contributing to this phenomenal economic achievement. Entrepreneurs, top executives, managers, and workers in the management system are all integral parts of the system, and they have performed their assigned jobs effectively. Therefore, to comprehend the unique nature of this Korean management system, we performed an in-depth analysis on its performance. The external environment of the Korean management system is a crucial factor in understanding it. In this kind of environment, the role of government is prominent because without active support from the government, no enterprise can survive and prosper. The government, in return, demands some favors from these enterprises, making this a quid pro quo, a unique feature of the Korean management system. We will...
Words: 18055 - Pages: 73
...Beyond Selfishness A syndrome of selfishness, built on a series of half-truths, has taken hold of our corporations and our societies, as well as our minds. This calculus of glorified self-interest and the fabrications upon which it is based must be challenged. Henry Mintzberg, Robert Simons and Kunal Basu O n Wall Street, where shareholder "value" is vigorously pursued through ever leaner and meaner organizations, business as usual changed ahruptly on September 11, 2001. Within hours after the tragedy, obsession witb self gave way to serving others. At the very epicenter of self-interest, people became engaged in collective et^brt. There is a message for managemenl in this. Tbe point is not tbat concern lor otbei's is suddenly going to replace self-interest, but that there bas to be a balance between tbe two. The events of September 11 and the following days belped to make evident how out of balance our society has become. The role of management •— responsible management — is to work toward restoration of that balance. urged to ignore broader social responsibilities in favor ol' narrow sbareholder vaiue; chief executives have been regarded as if they alone create economic performance. Meanwhile, concern for the disadvaiKaged — simple, old-fasbioned generosity — has somebow been lost. A society devoid of selfishness is certainly difficult to imagine. But a society tbat glorifies selfishness can be hnagined only as base. Tbe intention here is to challenge such a society...
Words: 6505 - Pages: 27
...Leadership, Management and Command: The Officer’s trinity.[1] W B Howieson & H Kahn The acts of leading, managing and commanding (based on either philosophy or practice) have had to adapt throughout the history of the Royal Air Force, in concert with changing environments; these acts will have to change again in the 21st century and will require new skills, new attitudes and differing perspectives of the Officer’s trinity. INTRODUCTION There is a plethora of literature on leadership, management and command. In the civilian (business) market, there are – literally – thousands of books on leadership; management; and leadership and management as a ‘dual’ concept. However, there are no books in the business market on what the military call ‘command’.[i] In contrast, in the military domain, there are an equal amount of books on leadership; command; and leadership and command together. However, very little has been written – to date – about military management; this represents a very serious limitation. New business practices and performance management systems now require capable senior managers and leaders and private sector organizations have found clear strategic benefit in providing a structured approach to the developmental needs of senior executives. Although it is recognized that leadership, management and command are closely related (especially in the military environment), comparatively little has been written on the nature and practice...
Words: 7684 - Pages: 31
...Comparative Country Studies Country Factbook Comparing the IT industries of Ireland and Portugal Instructor: Mr. Ritsema Date: 12.03.2015 Group 2.03 Niklas Binter S2555611 Josef Richarz S2535688 Table of Content: 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 2.1 Prime Theories and Approaches 3.2.1 Hofstede´s model of national culture 3.2.2 Porter´s diamond 3.2.3 Porter´s five forces of competition 3.2.4 The PESTEL framework 3.2.5 National Innovation Systems 3.2.6 Varieties of Capitalism Framework 2.2 Data Collection 3. The IT Industry 3.1. Description of the IT-Industry 4. Country Comparison 4.1 Macro- Level Indicators 4.1.1 Geographic Indicators 4.1.2 Demographic Indicators 4.1.3 Macro- Economic Indicators 4.2 Historical Developments relevant to the IT industry 4.3 Socio Cultural Conditions 4.3.1 Cultural Systems 4.3.2 Level of Education 4.3.3 Labor Market Regulations 4.3.4 Protectionism of Intellectual Property 4.3.5 Tax Regulations 4.4 Market/ Industry Conditions 4.4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers and Subsidiaries 4.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers 4.4.3 Threats of New Entrants 4.4.4 Competitive Rivalry 4.5 Other Contextual Conditions 4.5.1 Related and Supporting Industries 5. Major Findings of Comparison 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Trends 5.3 Recommendation 1. Introduction In general, factbooks are conducted by...
Words: 8556 - Pages: 35
...Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR CAHRS Working Paper Series Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) 5-1-1995 Employee Compensation: Theory, Practice, and Evidence Barry A. Gerhart Cornell University Harvey B. Minkoff TRW Corporation Ray N. Olsen TRW Corporation Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp Part of the Human Resources Management Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) at DigitalCommons@ILR. It has been accepted for inclusion in CAHRS Working Paper Series by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@ILR. For more information, please contact jdd10@cornell.edu. Employee Compensation: Theory, Practice, and Evidence Abstract [Excerpt] As organizations continue to face mounting competitive pressures, they seek to do more with less and do it with better quality. As goals for sales volume, profits, innovation, and quality are raised, employment growth is often tightly controlled and in many cases, substantial cuts in employment have been made. To accomplish more with fewer employees calls for effective management of human resources. Typically, the employee compensation system, the focus of this chapter, plays a major role in efforts to manage human resources better. Keywords employee, compensation, organization, profit, human, resource, manage, pay, market Disciplines Human Resources...
Words: 11397 - Pages: 46
...Cornell University ILR School DigitalCommons@ILR CAHRS Working Paper Series Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) 5-1-1995 Employee Compensation: Theory, Practice, and Evidence Barry A. Gerhart Cornell University Harvey B. Minkoff TRW Corporation Ray N. Olsen TRW Corporation Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cahrswp Part of the Human Resources Management Commons DigitalCommons@ILR is celebrating its 10th anniversary! Please share your DigitalCommons@ILR story! This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies (CAHRS) at DigitalCommons@ILR. It has been accepted for inclusion in CAHRS Working Paper Series by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@ILR. For more information, please contact hlmdigital@cornell.edu. Employee Compensation: Theory, Practice, and Evidence Abstract [Excerpt] As organizations continue to face mounting competitive pressures, they seek to do more with less and do it with better quality. As goals for sales volume, profits, innovation, and quality are raised, employment growth is often tightly controlled and in many cases, substantial cuts in employment have been made. To accomplish more with fewer employees calls for effective management of human resources. Typically, the employee compensation system, the focus of this chapter, plays a major role in efforts to manage human resources better. Keywords ...
Words: 11410 - Pages: 46
...& Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The MIT Press and American Academy of Arts & Sciences are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Daedalus. http://www.jstor.org JUDITH N. SHKLAR Putting Cruelty First friend said to me, with deeply religious Roman Catholic must you liberals bring everything down to cruelty?" irritation, "Why What could he have meant? He was, and is, the most gentle and kindly of men, and a principled defender of political freedom and social reform. As a Christian, as a dreadful vice. He was not he obviously defending cruelty regarded cruelty or abandoning liberal politics; rather, he was explicitly rejecting the mentality abhor brutality, but that regards cruelty as the summum that does not merely most evil of all the evils. And he was reminding me that, although malum, the us we also, and of far might agree about right and wrong, intuitively, most of we rank the virtues and vices. more significance, in the way differ enormously it as a sin. They Those who put cruelty first, as he guessed, do not condemn the Seven...
Words: 6554 - Pages: 27
