...A King that Wanted a Son, Challenged the System and Brought Down an Over-Powerful Religious Empire. According to doctrine, Jesus Christ founded the Catholic Church and Peter made it official in about 50-75 CE. The early church struggled for acceptance, wherein Christians were outcasts for the first couple hundred years of the Church’s existence. However, in the year 313, Emperor Constantine-I legalized Christianity and it eventually became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the decree of the Emperor. Even after the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Catholic Church and the state remained closely linked. More specifically, the duties of every political authority and commoner including: kings, queens, princes, knights, serfs and soldiers were to the embrace the Catholic faith and to support, sustain and nurture the church. Kings believed that "God establishes kings as his ministers and reigns through them over the people.” For over a thousand years, the Catholic Church reinforced the political authority of the states and the states reinforced the authority of the church. However, in 1527 King Henry-VIII of England challenged the authority of the Church to exert its political and economic authority over sovereign lands. By establishing the Church of England, King Henry-VIII changed the way most European monarchs viewed the authority of the Pope. After complicated power struggle with the Catholic Church, involving political and theological issues, King Henry-VIII...
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...imagine what one can learn from television. For example, The Tudors can be used to gain academic knowledge based on the representation of factual events that truly happened in the past, which can be used for psychological teachings. One can visually and audibly learn different human traits despite the fact that the place setting for the show was so far in the past. The love of gossiping, the need to get ahead in life, the power of love, the fear of change, and a need to leave a lasting impression on the world...
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...Look at sources C, D, E, F and G. How far do you agree with the statement that Henry was Wolsey’s puppet? From the sources C, D,E,F, and G I can create a judgement about whether or not Henry was Wolsey’s puppet or not. Firstly source C agrees with the statement. Source C is an extract from a textbook written in 1955 to educate the reader, this tells me that is a reliable source. The first point that I can learn from this source is that Wolsey was in charge of Henry VIII. It describes Wolsey as the ‘Kings chief minister’ and that ‘he was virtually the only one’. This suggests that Wolsey had control and was trusted by Henry and therefore another respectable minister was not needed. The phrase ‘the only one’ implies that Wolsey was in charge, because there was no need for any other advisors to work with him, giving the impression that he had control of the king and of his role. I can infer that the fact he was the ‘only one’ shows that he had control of Henry’s decisions to not employ any other advisors or ministers to help him. I know from my own knowledge that henry was looking for someone young and new after many of the old ministers left and Wolsey being an opportunist snapped up the job and saw a prime opportunity to gain control once in the role. He was so respected and trusted by the king, that he had no need for any other advisors because he trusted everything that Wolsey said, showing how he was the puppet and Wolsey the master. In comparison to source...
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...HENRY VIII AND FOREIGN POLICY Introduction Henry VIII was an ambitious aggressive monarch. Unlike his father Henry VII, whose interests were mainly defensive, Henry VIII was an interventionist. He wanted to raise England’s profile in European power politics and was prepared to go to war to capture French territory. He saw himself as the equal of Francis I of France and Charles V of Germany and wanted to show off England's power by claiming that England held the balance of power between them. His chief minister, Wolsey, the humanist, wanted the glory of international diplomacy but wished to avoid the waste of war. His quest for peace, helped to dampen Henry’s martial ambitions. During Wolsey’s period of high office, England only went to war once – in 1523. Wolsey probably spent more time on foreign affairs than on domestic issues. Relations with France 1513 War with France: Why? Henry VIII wanted glory. He wished to renew the Hundred Years War with France. In 1422 Henry VI of England was proclaimed king of France; by 1453 the English had been expelled from France, except for the port of Calais. Henry wished to reassert his claim to the throne of France. Within weeks of his accession, Henry married Catherine of Aragon in order to renew England’s alliance with Spain. Spain might be the ally England needed. What happened? Wolsey organized the expedition. Henry led 30,000 men and captured the towns of Therouanne and Tournai. The French...
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...Notorious Queen. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. Susan Bordo analyzes Anne Boleyn's trial extensively and King Henry VIII's actions and orders during it. When Anne was arrested for treason and adultery, King Henry VIII was otherwise occupied with planning his wedding to Jane Seymour as well as erasing Anne from essentially everything such as portraits, her things at all royal residences and inscriptions of their initials that were carved throughout different places. In fact, Bordo says that there are still several inscriptions of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's initials around famous European monuments. After Anne's execution, Henry VIII destroyed...
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...Do you agree with the view that in the years 1515-1525 Henry VIII wholly surrendered power in government to Cardinal Wolsey? To a certain extent within Source 4 (by J.J. Scarisbrick 1968) supports the idea that possibly Henry VIII actually did surrender power over to Wolsey. The evidence within the source that suggests this possibly for being the truth is ‘a self-indulgent King had wholly surrendered the cares of the state into the Cardinals hands’. To further support this case, it is clear that Wolsey was extremely powerful, he had vast amounts of bishoprics (Archbishop of Canterbury, Tournai, Durham just to name a few) and was the head of things such as the Star Chamber where Wolsey got himself heavily involved with. This is shown when you compared the number of cases Wolsey took on (120) compared to that of Henry VII who dealt with only 12. Also Wolsey had control of all of the state finances and could make large changes to things such as the taxation system he was able to introduce a new form of tax known as the ‘Subsidy’ which was more popular since it meant the poor payed far less tax than previously than with the old 15’s and 10’s taxation method. This new taxation method allowed Wolsey to pay for king’s foreign affairs. As well as this ‘subsidy’, since Wolsey had such significant power he was able to also raise considerable amounts of capital through other means, such as through ‘benevolences’ and enforced loans from the nobility, which raised £200,000 in 1522. This...
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...monarchs, the first being that Henry VII wanted to avoid entering a war, whilst his son Henry VIII wished to become a "warrior king" and welcomed the idea of war. It could be suggested that this difference is due to another - Henry VII came to power through the Battle of Bosworth, which could have fuelled his ambition to avoid war, whereas Henry VIII inherited the throne after his Father's death, meaning that he had little experience of war, let alone a negative experience. "How did the reign of Henry VII shape the beginning of the reign of Henry VII?" There were several ways in which the reign of Henry VII helped shape the reign of his son, Henry VIII. The first being that while Henry VII was in power he kept his finances in good condition through promoting trade, avoiding war and increasing taxes to the point of ruthlessness. This meant that when his son, Henry VIII came to power, he inherited a stable surplus of money. Another way in which Henry VII helped shape his son's reign was because of his involvement in the War of the Roses. When Henry was made king, he fulfilled his promise to his supporters to marry the daughter of Edward IV, Elizabeth of York, after becoming England's new monarch. This resulted in the opposing sides in the War of the Roses, York and Lancaster, becoming united. This meant that Henry VII helped shape the beginning of his son's reign as he left him with a reasonable stable and united country. "How far did Henry VIII's reign begin a new era...
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...F961A3: Henry VIII to Mary I, 1509-1558 A: What were Henry VIII's aims as king from 1509-1529? Henry VIII's personality and role in government ▪ Henry VIII was a confident and energetic monarch. He had a much stronger claim to the throne than his father and there were no threats to his throne from pretenders. ▪ Henry VIII wanted to achieve glory for himself, his Court and for England. He would attempt to achieve this mainly through his foreign policy. ▪ Henry VIII was not, unlike his father, interested in the day to day administration of English government. ▪ He played a very important role at Court and he had the final say in all matters, but the running of the government and administration, he left to Wolsey - his chief minister from 1514-1529. ▪ Henry VIII was always the centre of attention but he hated writing and debating. Instead he preferred the thrill of hunting and sportsmanship and the excitement of diplomacy. ▪ Although Henry and Wolsey had their disagreements in the period up to 1527, none was serious enough to cause serious problems. ▪ Wolsey was brilliant at managing Henry's overdeveloped ego and Henry may have seen Wolsey as a surrogate father. ▪ After 1527, Henry VIII's energies were focused on the gravest crisis of his reign, the attempt by Henry to have his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled. This problem would lead eventually to Wolsey's fall from power. Henry VIII and foreign policy Introduction ▪ Henry VIII...
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...How far do sources 1&2 suggest that the young Henry VIII saw the nobility as his friends and supporters? Henry VIII saw the nobility as his entertainers and play things rather than his supporters or friends and did not show them any respect which differed massively from the way that his father, Henry VII, as his father respected his nobility and controlled them by limiting their power so that they stayed loyal to them. Source 1 describes how Henry interacted with the nobility whereas source 2 shows his anger towards him. Source one is “from a description of some of the festivities enjoyed by Henry and his friends at court in 1510.” It says in the title of the source “and his friends” indicating that Henry was friends with his nobles. Similarly in the source it goes on to describe the activities that Henry and his “friends” took part in for example “they all laughed and danced” and the King “joked with all” which is something that friends would do and this indicates that Henry enjoyed being around his nobility and not only had a work relationship with them but also a social one. Also in this source it says that the nobles came to “the Queens bed chamber one morning” which suggests that Henry trusted his nobles enough to go in an area that would usually be off limits and private showing that the nobles were some of Henry’s most trusted associates. In this source it also says that his nobles staged a play for him and dressed like Robin Hood. This could be seen as a sign of respect...
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...Assess the reasons behind Wolsey's fall From the beginning of Henry VIII reign to 1529, Cardinal Wolsey was a influential figure and Henry's key advisor. However by 1529 Wolsey had been charged with praemunire and was due to be executed in November 1530. The most important reason for this was because of Wolsey's failure to obtain a divorce between Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII. The main reason behind Wolsey's fall was his failure to obtain a divorce between Catherine of Argon and Henry VIII. Henry's desire to end his marriage began in 1527 in which Wolsey promised would be a quick and easy problem to resolve due to his influence with the pope. However after two years of waiting Henry became desperate for a divorce. Wolsey made three attempts to obtain divorce: the first was to try and get the current pope to admit that the previous pope was in the wrong, the second attempt was on technical grounds that there was an error in dispensation, and the third was to get the case heard in England in which Wolsey would play a big role in the verdict. However by the failure of the third attempt Henry accused Wolsey of upholding papal law without the Kings permission and charged him with praemunire on the 9th October 1529. By the 29th November Wolsey was due to be executed, but died on the journey to London. This was the most important reasons for Wolsey's fall as in the space of one year Wolsey had lost all influence and power and also Henry's trust. Resulting in him being sentenced...
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...Year 12 Henry VIII Revision Guide 1 How to answer questions on the Tudors Section A Essays: How far do the sources agree that? Introduction: Explain what you can learn from each source Briefly cross reference the sources Provide an argument in response to the question Main paragraphs: State a similarity or difference between the sources – make sure you focus on ‘How Far’ Select relevant information from the sources to support this point Place this in context using your brief own knowledge Use provenance to explain this similarity/difference Conclusion: Sum up how far the sources agree based on content and provenance Section B Essays: Do you agree with the view that? Introduction: State your line of argument – how far do you agree with the view? State the main similarities and differences between the sources Main paragraphs: State a reason for yes/no. Make sure you phrase this in a way that links to your line of argument and answers the question. Remember that each source will suggest a different reason for yes/no. Support this reason with evidence from the sources and your own knowledge Cross-reference between the sources Weigh up the evidence of the sources. Consider provenance for primary sources and judge secondary sources based on the evidence included and the weight given to certain evidence Link back to your line of argument Conclusion: Explain how your argument has been proven with reference to the sources and your own knowledge...
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...Referring to the previous paragraph, Haigh persuasively argues that the Supremacy Bill which would provide freedom of theology as mentioned in previous paragraphs; was due to political rather than theological motives. Haigh clarifies the main purposes behind the Supremacy Bill, Chantries Act and the Treason Act 1533-1534. Haigh believes these Acts were devised due to political and economic reasons. This was economical because Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries this politically weakened the Catholic church as a political and fiscal institution, this ensured the transfer of property from the Church to the Crown, attached to monasteries were financial benefits. Nevertheless, hypothetically historians could interpret these acts as a way to...
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...The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction VERY SHORT INTRODUCTIONS are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes- a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANCIENT P H I L O S O P H Y Julia Annas THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE John Blair ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn ARCHITECTURE Andrew Ballantyne ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes ART HISTORY Dana Arnold ARTTHEORY Cynthia Freeland THE HISTORYOF ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin ATHEISM Julian Baggini AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick BARTHES Jonathan Culler THE B I B L E John Riches BRITISH POLITICS Anthony Wright BUDDHA Michael Carrithers BUDDHISM DamienKeown CAPITALISM James Fulcher THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe CHOICETHEORY Michael Allingham CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson CLASSICS Mary Beard and John Henderson CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY Simon Critchley COSMOLOGY Peter Coles CRYPTOGRAPHY Fred Piper and Sean Murphy DADAAND SURREALISM David Hopkins DARWIN Jonathan Howard DEMOCRACY Bernard Crick DESCARTES TomSorell DRUGS Leslie Iversen TH E EARTH Martin Redfern EGYPTIAN...
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...Although Martin Luther and the King of England, Henry VIII, were very different individuals with distinct beliefs, they were both able to create significant changes during the Reformation. Both of them focused on the doings of the church, whether it was because of political or religious doctrines. The abuse and the desire of power lead to many disputes among the people of Europe and eventually became a national phenomenon. They both brought religious change to the country of Europe however; Luther was disgusted at the corruption of the church while on the other hand Henry created religious controversy in his desperation to have a male heir. Martin Luther did not fully agree with certain aspects of the church therefore he established his own beliefs and managed to gain many followers during the Reformation. One of Luther’s most important arguments was his opposition to the selling of indulgences, when the Pope was basically making money off of sacred artifacts. It disgusted Luther to see how many people believed that a piece of a paper could actually help you achieve salvation and so he created the Ninety-Five Theses. He expressed the idea that salvation could be achieved by faith alone in an attempt to stop people from buying the false hope of indulgences. He caused major upheaval when he refused to recant his statements in the Diet of Worms, creating tension between the people who wanted him dead for opposing the church and those who praised him and shared his beliefs....
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...Chesterton said that Thomas More "may come to be counted the greatest Englishman, or at least the greatest historical character in English history." There are three main reasons why he was and continues to be of great importance to the Church: He fought strongly against the Protestant Reformation, he refused to recognize King Henry VIII’s first marriage as invalid, and he was...
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