...The Protestant Reformation was the dawn of multiple ideas, as it inspired people to see the Roman Catholic Church in a new light. Multiple new religions were brought up and new philosophical thoughts were spawned. Then, along came the Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1526 in Germany. This savage war was not only sprung up from the religious ideas of Martin Luther, but also from the dissatisfaction of peasants about their poor working conditions and the unfair treatment from their lords. German peasants had been displeased of their living conditions with being continuously faced with ludicrous feudal dues and state taxes. Upon hearing Martin Luther’s remarks, the peasants’ economic troubles and religious beliefs? combined to be the sparks that were...
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...HST5152: CATHOLICS AND ELIZABETHAN POLITICS IN ENGLAND, 1558-1603: BOOK REVIEW Christopher Haigh- English reformations, religion, politics and society under the Tudors (Oxford University Press 1993) Through Haigh’s analysis, his book does not seek to offer explanations of a great English Reformation event; instead, it will seek to tell the story of all the lesser events which in sum became some English Reformations. This suggests Haigh’s book is delving into more detail over the causes which constituted a reformation. According to Christopher Haigh, in recent attempts to get at the grass roots of Reformation history are frustrating and perhaps futile. Why has it been so difficult for historians to uncover English Reformations? One historical and geographical reason could be: In Tudor England there was no public opinion polls and in a fragmented and localized society there was no public opinion towards the measure of reformation. Thus, there is no form of evidence that will tell us unequivocally what people believed. However there are several sorts of evidence which Haigh displays throughout his book, one being...
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...After reading the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, I utilized much time in comparing and contrasting whether or not the young people of 2014 relate to Hamlet. There are some thoughts that had come across me as to why I could see some similarities of Hamlet to the young people of 2014, but in the end, I realized there was a lot more to Hamlet that I have not seen in any children of the present day. Therefore, I do not believe the young people of 2014 relate to Hamlet. William Shakespeare was the most influential writer in English literature. He was born in 1564 to a successful middle-class glove maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further. In 1582 he married an older woman, Anne Hathaway, and had three children with her. Around 1590 he left his family behind and traveled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and critical success quickly followed, and Shakespeare eventually became the most popular playwright in England and part-owner of the Globe. The play of Hamlet is mainly about a boy named Hamlet who is trying to avenge his father’s death. Throughout the play he has many thoughts and suspicions of the cause and of the murderer but being as contemplative and thoughtful by nature, he holds back from entering a state of craziness and madness. The two watchmen discover the ghost that walks the ramparts of Elsinore Castle in Denmark and believe it to resemble the recently deceased King...
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... 2. Apostolic Succession. 3. Veneration of the Saint/ Virgin Mary. B. Mass/ Sacraments/ Eucharist/ Purgatory. III. Protestant Reformation. A. Council of Trent. 1. Vatican Counsel II. 2. Biblical Canonization/ Apocrypha B. Evangelical Attitude toward Contemporary Roman Catholicism? 1. Areas of Agreement. 2. Area of Disagreement. 3 Different views of Church of Authority. 4. Different view on Salvation on justification. IV. Conclusion: Evangelicals persist that some of the Contemporary Roman Catholic teachings can be misleading, in spite of this salvation to the believer can still be achieved. Introduction Since the Vatican Council II commenced in 1963, the Roman Catholic Church had a paradigm shift in regard to its interaction with Protestant believers. The Catholic Church reformed their approach from a strict theological tradition to a refashioned tolerance to modern culture. The Roman Catholic Church has also reached out to Protestants and formed organizations such as...
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...Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East.[4][5] And for others again it refers to "adhering to the catholic faith as it has been inherited from the earliest Christians ... seeking to restore the faith and order of the primitive church",[6] as claimed by the Anglican Communion, various Lutheran churches,[6][7][8] and other Reformation and post-Reformation churches.[9][10] The Catholic claim of continuity is based on, among other factors, Apostolic succession, especially in conjunction with adherence to the Nicene Creed.[11] In the sense of indicating historical continuity of faith and practice, the term "catholicism" is at times employed to mark a contrast to Protestantism, which tends to look solely to the Bible as interpreted on the principles of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation as its ultimate standard.[12] It was thus used by the Oxford Movement.[13] This contrast, however, is not so clearcut for Anglican theologians such as Alister McGrath: "Anglicanism is not a 'middle way' between Protestantism and Catholicism. For that reason ... it is neither Protestant nor Catholic, but combines the strengths of both. Yet historians such as Diarmaid McCulloch, an Anglican, have claimed that the 'middle way' developed in England in the late 16th century was between Lutheranism and Calvinism—two quite distinct versions of Protestantism. The 'middle way' which...
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...their personal customs and backgrounds, to his or her individual perception. So consequently Dr. McGrath labels his work Christianity’s Dangerous Idea. This model is seen inside the new Protestant reformation of the 16th and 17th centuries. Instead of a lone united Protestant society, it became an assembly of quite a few diverse “Protestants” emerging in a variety of places, acclimatizing examples and believing from those foundations. Brief Summary: Despite the fact that some Protestant societies presently have “immobilized” the arrangements of previous generations, some has opened up the reserved the system, and have tailored themselves swiftly to their surroundings. These subsequent assemblies more constantly mirror the brilliance of Protestantism, writes Dr. McGrath. His work is separated into three major segments. The 1st segment speaks to, “Origination,” [p. 15] tracks the record of the progress beginning with the German, Swiss, French, and English Reformers, particularly Luther along with Calvin, during the disputes of European traditions and accounts, to its development into the United States up throughout the 19th century. Essentially, the review is swift and frequently shallow. The 2nd segment, “Manifestation,” [p.197] reviews the main convictions and arrangements in use by Protestants. A variety of chapters speaks to the theological outlook of the Word of God, and important teachings concerning humanity and salvation, the church and...
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...“Independent Project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree BA (Hons) History, in the Department of History and Economic History, Manchester Metropolitan University”, 29 March 2014 Cultural Changes and the Growth of Christianity in Medieval and Early Modern England By Janine Scambler I certify that, apart from the guidance provided by my supervisor and the references cited in the text and bibliography, this dissertation is the sole work of Janine Scambler and has not been previously submitted as part of the assessment requirements for any academic reward. Signed: Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Visual Culture 8 Chapter 2: Ancient Practices 21 Chapter 3: Beliefs and Superstition 30 Conclusion 41 Bibliography 43 Appendix 56 Abstract This dissertation will demonstrate cultural changes in England through the period c.700-1660. The changes studied will focus on visual sources, or visual culture; ancient practices, or festivals and the cult of saints; and superstition and belief. It will show how changes occurred around political and religious change, and that different areas were affected by different factors. Introduction This dissertation will assess the extent to which ancient beliefs and practices survived the introduction of Christianity and their subsequent development in England. This will be achieved through the study of visual culture; the survival of ancient practices; and an investigation...
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...GOLDEN GATE BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CAMPUS ILLUSTRATION #1: MARTIN LUTHER A WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT PRESENTED TO DR. CHRIS CHUN IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR CHURCH HISTORY ll: REFORMATION TO THE PRESENT, L1111-21 BY Rodney Odom BOX # 125 BREA, CA January 23, 2016 Subject/Theme Possibilities: Courage, Faith, Transformation, Testimony, Leadership Text of the Illustration: Martin Luther became one of the most influential figures in Christian history when he began the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. He called into question some of the basic tenets of Roman Catholicism. Martin Luther nailed a sheet of paper with 95 theses on the university’s chapel door. His followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin the Protestant tradition. 5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons.6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has been remitted by God and by assenting to God's remission; though, to be sure, he may grant remission in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in such cases were despised, the guilt would remain entirely unforgiven. Historical Context of the Illustration: In 1517, Pope Leo X announced a new round of indulgences to help build St. Peter’s Basilica. On October 31, 1517, an angry Martin Luther nailed a sheet of paper...
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...The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as: Answer Selected Answer: nonmaterial culture. Correct Answer: nonmaterial culture. Question 2 2 out of 2 points Correct A Marxist analysis of U.S. culture suggests that our competitive and individualistic values reflect: Answer Selected Answer: this nation’s capitalist economy. Correct Answer: this nation’s capitalist economy. Question 3 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that: Answer Selected Answer: has biological instincts. Correct Answer: relies on culture to ensure survival. Question 4 2 out of 2 points Correct According to scientists, homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago? Answer Selected Answer: 250,000 years Correct Answer: 250,000 years Question 5 2 out of 2 points Correct The United States and Canada are both _______; however, Canadian culture is more _______ than U.S. culture. Answer Selected Answer: multicultural; collectivist Correct Answer: multicultural; collectivist Question 6 0 out of 2 points Incorrect Sociologists...
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...The consolidation of Elizabeth’s rule, 1558-71: Succession and Settlement The establishment of Elizabeth’s authority 17 November: Nicholas Heath announced Mary’s death to parliament and proclaimed Elizabeth’s succession → showed the political elite collectively assented to Elizabeth’s accession 20 November: Appointed Sir William Cecil as Principal Secretary → established partnership Thomas Parry was appointed Comptroller of the Household Robert Dudley was appointed Master of the Horse 23 November: Elizabeth left Hatfield for London 28 November: Took up residence at the Tower of London 15 January: Coronation led by Marian bishop Owen Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle 25 January: First Parliament The ideas and policies of Elizabeth I • Elizabeth believed she was entitled to rule the kingdom and it was clear she was in charge • Spanish ambassador, Count of Feria: Elizabeth was more feared than her sister had been and gave orders ‘as absolutely as her father did’ • No desire to involve herself in the details of government in the same way as Henry VII • She took an informed interest in decision-making processes • She was determined to preserve the prerogative powers of the Crown → she wanted to make the most important decisions • She had to overcome the prejudice against female rulers and the inferior woman stereotype The Role of Key Personalities • Most important person: Sir William...
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...where, why, when, how, so what? Martin Luther Henry VIII Council of Trent Thirty Years’ War Protestant Siege of Vienna Glorious Revolution Peter I St. Petersburg Ninety-Five Theses missionary Society of Jesus Treaty of Westphalia Charles V Spanish Inquisition Louis XIV Versailles Catherine II balance of power Adam Smith VOC Ptolemaic universe Newton John Locke capitalism joint-stock companies putting-out system Copernican universe deism Discussion Questions Examine the centralizing efforts in countries like France, Spain, and England. How and in what ways were they successful? Why was the Holy Roman Empire not as successful as other European states in centralizing power? Examine the idea behind the balance of power. How did this concept play itself out in Europe? How was this balance of power different from the political patterns in the rest of the world? Examine the career of Martin Luther. What were the foundations of his Reformation? What legacy did he leave Europe? Why did earlier reformers not have the same impact? Examine the rise of capitalist thought and practice. What factors led to this rise? Examine the...
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...Short answer: With the short answers, you will be expected to write a paragraph answering one or more questions posed to you. a. Describe the importance of the individual in Renaissance humanist thought. Humanism, an educational and philosophical outlook that emphasizes the personal worth of the individual and the central importance of human values as opposed to religious belief, developed in Europe during the Renaissance, influenced by the study of ancient Greek and Latin literature and philosophy. Humanists believed that people should enjoy life on earth, and question the bible while interpreting how they wish. Humanism was more independent from the Roman Catholic Church, and allowed people to think about other things rather than just Religion. In art, music, philosophy, and political theory, the new emphasis was on what was human; hence the word humanism has come to describe much of the Italian Renaissance This effected the Renaissance Worldview because people of the time started to believe more in Humanist ideas and life on earth rather than just working to death, just to go to heaven. Or Individualism. People thought it right to be themselves - the great man can shape his own destiny. Humans are the center of the universe and the "measure of all things." Humans could do well at many things: "The Renaissance Man." Humans began to have a questioning attitude and challenged tradition and authority. They believed life on earth was more important than the afterlife...
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...* People were firm believers in an afterlife. This made people follow religion much more closely, so with that in mind they would obey anything the church would say. * The church manipulated the followers of the church to believe that they would essentially make the decision whether they were destined to heaven or hell. The church took full advantage of this and collected taxes from its followers. * Followers were required to pay a 10th of their earnings to the church. This was called tithing, the people were asked to pay a 10th of income, crops, seeds, or livestock. * The church also convinced its people that they would either go to heaven, hell or purgatory after death. Purgatory was believed to be a place that the soul went to after death if one wasn’t condemned to hell and wasn’t a firm enough believer in god to go to heaven. So the person’s soul would remain in purgatory until his or her soul was purified. The important part to this was the more prayers the person received while in purgatory the faster there souls were purified. So people would buy what they called indulgences with money and in return the church would reduce the time they spent in purgatory. This was another tactic used by the church to increase its wealth and dominance. * PS 1…Tetzel’s Sermon on Preaching Indulgences How many mortal sins are committed in a day… , and those that commit them must needs suffer endless punishment in the burning pains of Purgatory. * Luther, The Ninety-Five...
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...power, the Catholic Church abused it by exploiting the uneducated laity in a variety of different ways. Luther had his tower experience in 1516, while he was studying the Bible he came to a realisation that the Catholics have misinterpreted it and they are not following the word of God. One year later, Luther published his ideas on how the Catholic Church could reform and make it into a more complete religion, these were the Ninety-five Theses. This was the start of Luther’s challenge to the Catholic Church. The most significant reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in 1517-25 is because of the role of Luther, as he was the figurehead of Lutheranism and was very key to the challenge to the Catholic Church. Another significant reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in 1517-25 is because of the response of Church and the Holy Roman Empire. Furthermore, the support of Luther made it easier for Luther to challenge the Catholic Church and so was an important reason. The role of Luther is the most important reason why Luther was able to challenge the Catholic Church so successfully in the years 1517-25. The Ninety-five Theses in 1517, the 1520 pamphlets and printing press were very significant factors in making the word of Luther more public to the uneducated laity about how the Catholic Church is exploiting them. The printing press helped Luther challenge the Catholic Church easily because Luther’s Ninety-five...
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...Study Guide: Module 6 |I. Christianity is a Practical Religion |Instructions to Student: | | |Write your answers in this column. The cell will expand as you type. | |Core Christianity (textbook): Chapter 10 | | | |What is the relationship between works and salvation? |If you are saved you will do good works. | | |Why do Christians do good works? |For the Love of God, compassion to others, it’s a command in the bible | |II. Christianity is a Movement that | | |Transforms Culture | | |A. Core Christianity (textbook): Chapter 11 | | | |When did Christianity become Rome’s national religion? |AD 313 | | |What was the...
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