...SHOOTING AN ELEPHANT PRATIK THAPA "Shooting an Elephant" tells a story of George Orwell as he struggles between his moral objection to not shoot an elephant and legal responsibility to shoot it. Throughout his adventure, he decides that it is best to kill the elephant however he believes that It is against his rationale. Though, he feels bad about killing the elephant, he kills it at last and he tries to justify his act throughout the whole essay explaining how pressuring and compelling the situation was and why he had to do it. First of all, he describes how destructive the elephant was. I think this, as his first justification for killing an elephant. He thinks it is important to kill something that is endangering public lives and public property. He quotes, “It had already destroyed somebody's bamboo hut, killed a cow and raided some fruit-stalls and devoured the stock; also it had met the municipal rubbish van and, when the driver jumped out and took to his heels, had turned the van over and inflicted violence upon it.” Even with this judgment, it seems difficult for him to decide if he really has to kill that animal and he waits for alternative. Secondly, he continues to describe the Elephant being more violent. As he passes, the village, he sees many acts of the elephant that he describes as cruel and unkind. He also sees “a dead man’s body sprawling in the mud.” His use of words such as “head sharply twisted to one side”, “the teeth bared and grinning with an...
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...forms of an argument, and know whether they are valid: Affirming the Antecedent (Modus Ponens), Denying the Consequent (Modus Tollens), Denying the Antecedent, and Affirming the Consequent. Ethics • • • • • • • You should know what the following words mean: ethics, right, wrong, permissible, obligatory, impermissible. You should know the difference between ethics and axiology, and the difference between ethics and law. You should understand: Ethical Relativism, Personal Relativism, and Cultural Relativism. o You should understand the objections to these views that we discussed in class. o You should understand and be able to assess the Cultural Differences Argument and the Provability Argument. You should understand: Divine Command Theory, the Euthyphro Dilemma, and the limitations of religious guidance in ethics. You should understand: Ethical Darwinism, and the Naturalistic Fallacy. You should understand: Utilitarianism. o You should be able to give the proper formulation of Utilitarianism, and be able to explain why the other formulations that Feldman considers...
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...Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? Predict. What might be an example of a “low” animal? The Lowest Animal (1896) Mark Twain What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) What’s Twain’s thesis? (the main argument he is proposing) 1 I have been studying the traits and dispositions of the lower animals (so-called), and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals, since it now seems plain to me that that theory ought to be vacated in favor of a new and truer one, this new and truer one to be named the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals. What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? What does Twain do to establish his credibility (ETHOS APPEAL) with his reader in this paragraph? 2 In proceeding toward this unpleasant conclusion, I have not guessed or speculated or conjectured, but have used what is commonly called the scientific method. That is to say, I have subjected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment and have adopted it or rejected it according to the result. Thus, I verified and established each step of my course in its turn before advancing to the next. These experiments were made in the London Zoological Gardens and covered many months of painstaking...
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...Conflict Killed the Cat Hamlet is a man with problems. He is the Prince of a kingdom in turmoil and darkness. When I think of Hamlet, something that comes to mind is the DreamWorks film, Shrek. In the first Shrek movie, the titled character refers to him as being like an onion. Shrek explains that onions have layers and so does he. Shrek is more complex than one might think him to be. Hamlet is very similar in this way. I chose to use this play because of how real Hamlet’s character is. Hamlet is faced with an impossible situation. The play opens with an apparition walking the night. The night watchmen see him and tell Hamlet’s friend Horatio. In the meantime, Hamlet is introduced along with his mother Queen Gertrude and his uncle King Claudius. The couple remarks to Hamlet about getting over his mourning period and cheering up. Claudius tells Hamlet to consider that all men have fathers that die. Eventually everyone’s father dies. Hamlet is sad and angry at the same time. I think that Hamlet is resentful towards his mother, Gertrude. Hamlet feels that his mother has not mourned his father appropriately, that her mourning was too brief. He is also angry with her and his uncle for getting married. Hamlet feels that the marriage was too soon after the late King’s death. I think Hamlet is also bothered by the fact that Gertrude married her brother-in-law. Hamlet views it as being incestuous. There are more layers added to Hamlet’s mind. The ghost of...
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...What Is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions. In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges...
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...CAT Reading Comprehension CAT Study Materials Reading Comprehension Sample Questions Directions: Each reading passage in this section is followed by questions based on the content of the reading passage. Read the passage carefully and chose the best answer to each question. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. 1. But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink. 2. 1. The main point from the author's view is that A. Man's soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers. B. Man's destiny is not fully clear or visible. C. Man's soul and spirit are immortal. D. Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in E. terms of nuclear weapons. Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation. Ans : E 2. The phrase 'Go to the brink' in the passage means A. Retreating from extreme danger. B. Declare war on each other. C. Advancing...
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...Metaethics Metaethics is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the status, foundations, and scope of moral values, properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied ethics and normative theoryfocus on what is moral, metaethics focuses on what morality itself is. Just as two people may disagree about the ethics of, for example, physician-assisted suicide, while nonetheless agreeing at the more abstract level of a general normative theory such as Utilitarianism, so too may people who disagree at the level of a general normative theory nonetheless agree about the fundamental existence and status of morality itself, or vice versa. In this way, metaethics may be thought of as a highly abstract way of thinking philosophically about morality. For this reason, metaethics is also occasionally referred to as “second-order” moral theorizing, to distinguish it from the “first-order” level of normative theory. Metaethical positions may be divided according to how they respond to questions such as the following: * Ÿ What exactly are people doing when they use moral words such as “good” and “right”? * Ÿ What precisely is a moral value in the first place, and are such values similar to other familiar sorts of entities, such as objects and properties? * Ÿ Where do moral values come from—what is their source and foundation? * Ÿ Are some things morally right or wrong for all people at all times, or does morality instead vary from person to person, context to context...
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...Company Law for Business: Assignment 1 (i): Is the cat contract with Feline Fertility Pty Ltd enforceable? Your answer should include an analysis of the reason put forward by Lassie Ltd for terminating the contract. The area of law relating to this particular question is the Corporations Act 2001 section 124, which mentions the legal capacity and powers of a company, and section 125 (2), which refers to a company's objects within its constitution. As Lassie Ltd is a company, it is a separate legal entity, meaning it can enter into contracts in the same legal way a normal human being could. Lassie Ltd's constitution includes the objects clause stating that the company's activities are to be restricted to the breeding and selling of dogs and goods and services associated with dogs, this is why Lassie Ltd wants to terminate the contract. This objects clause does not prevent the company from entering into any contracts as the company can enter into any contract that it wants to as it is a separate legal entity. Despite the fact that Lassie Ltd broke its company constitution, the contract is still enforceable with Feline Fertility Pty Ltd due to the abolishment of doctrine of ultra vires. The abolishment of doctrine of ultra vires means a company cannot enter into contracts beyond their power and then later avoid their legal obligations on the grounds that they had no legal capacity to enter into the contract. Lassie Ltd knowingly entered into the contract to purchase 300...
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...did you attend? (e.g. sentence, summary trial, committal hearing, jury trial, mention, call-over etc) I attended a sentence hearing for the matter R vs Williamson. His Honour Judge D Frearson SC presided. The defendant had pleaded guilty prior to this hearing on 15th October 2013. 3. What were the charges against the defendant? Were these summary or indictable offences? How did you know this? Williamson entered a guilty plea to four major charges related to cheating and defrauding Health Services Union (HSU), creating false documents with the intention to deceive, and the recruiting of others to hinder a police investigation. Of these four charges, Williamson was charged with two counts of Director Cheat and Defraud which, which according to s.176A of the NSW Crimes Act 1900 No 40 carries a maximum penalty of ten years, one count of Officer Publish False Statement which carries a maximum of seven years according to s.192H of the Act, and two counts of Recruiting Another to Assist in Carrying out a Criminal Act s351A(1) of the Act. There were four forms of this count each carrying a maximum penalty of seven years per form. In Australian common law jurisdictions (New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria) an indictable offence is an offence that is tried on an indictment where an individual has been formally accused of a crime and those charges must be brought before a court due to the more serious nature of the offence compared to that of summary offences...
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...including Pavlov's classical conditioning and Skinner's operant conditioning. Additional research in this field by scientists such as Thorndike is also included. As a result of this critical look at behaviorism, its weaknesses as a comprehensive personality theory are revealed. At the same time, its merits when restricted to certain areas of psychology and treatment of disorders are discussed. For as long as human beings can remember, they have always been interested in what makes them who they are and what aspects of their being set each of them apart from others of their species. The answer according to behaviorists is nothing more than the world in which they grew up. Behaviorism is the theory that human nature can be fully understood by the laws inherent in the natural environment. As one of the oldest theories of personality, behaviorism dates back to Descartes, who introduced the idea of a stimulus and called the person a machine dependent on external events whose soul was the ghost in the machine. Behaviorism takes this idea to another level. Although most theories operate to some degree on the assumption that humans have some sort of free will and are moral thinking entities, behaviorism refuses to acknowledge the internal workings of persons. In the mind of the behaviorist, persons are nothing more than simple mediators between behavior and the environment (Skinner, 1993, p 428). The dismissal of the internal workings of human beings leads to one problem opponents have with...
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...is not easily defined. We can maybe explain it as a high amount of occurrence of rapes which condones physical and emotional violence and torture against women as the norm. Rape culture results in creating a belief amongst men and women that sexual violence is a fact of life and that the only way to curb this menace is by “controlling women”. We see it in the way that most members of society have begin to accept it as “just the way things are”. Rape culture is when all activities in a society are carried out in a manner which accepts hegemonic masculinity. “Hegemonic Masculinity”– according to Wikipedia- refers to a belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior. It is said to be marked by a tendency for the male to dominate other males and subordinate females. I would like to approach the topic of “rape culture” in our society by first talking about the basic freedom and rights the women in our society, and in fact, all citizens are provided by our constitution. Though we all have equal rights and the freedom to exercise these rights, in practice we generally only see the men using these freely, while women still do not feel secure enough to make use of the same. A woman can protect her right to life and liberty, but not her body, within her marriage, which is just ironical. Let’s take the example of the freedom of women in public spaces as it has been explained in a beautiful and shrewd manner in the book Why Loiter...
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...Case Study: Crime That Pays (and Pretty Well, Too) I stride toward ground zero of counterfeiting-the notorious Silk Market of Beijing. As do more than 10 million people a year, I enter a 35,000 square-meter, seven-level piracy temple, packed with nearly 2,000 small stalls, staffed by thousands of hard-charging, take no prisoner vendors, offering cheap knockoffs of the leading branded products in the world. Navigating a surreal bazaar gone wild, I stroll by stalls boldly displaying bogus Prada purses, Hugo Boss shirts, ad Hermes scarves; depending on how well you negotiate, each can be had for an absurd fraction of the price of the genuine version. Moving on, stall after stall offers infamous “copywatches,” Nike gear, Sony Jump Drives, Wii Remotes, Gillette razors, Oakley sunglasses, Zeiss binoculars, Nikon lenses, North Face jackets – one after another, in a seemingly endless procession of premier brand names. Despite spot-on comestic resemblance, virtually all is counterfeit. Moving around, one comes to digital zones, finding copies of software, music, games, and movies. Rack upon rack displays products from some of the best and the brightest minds of the world, now selling for ludicrously low prices-Microsoft Windows 7 for about a buck, Microsoft Office for $0.75, Wii Guitar Hero for a buck, Photoshop for two bucks, AutoCad for five dollars. Each stall is packed with an ever-changing collage of customers-Germans, Indians, Canadians, Brazilians, British, and Americans, and so...
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...control, thrill and excitement, basic needs and revenge. Combined outline. I. Introduction II. Drug addiction. III. Anger and frustration. IV. Power and control. V. Thrill and excitement VI. Basic needs VII. Revenge. VIII. Conclusion Kocsis (2002) “Over the last 30 years the Australian population has grown by 50 per cent, while recorded arsons have increased by almost 2,000 per cent.”(p. 236). If the current arson rate continues to grow as it has, the numbers of cases reported to police nationwide will approximately double every 10 years. Motive is the why, the reason in the darkest chapter in the darkest book in the darkest library. Motive plays an important role in criminal law. It is necessary to prove liability for some offenses; it is a key component of several defenses; and it has been a traditional consideration at sentencing. Motive is usually used in connection with Criminal Law to explain why a person acted or refused to act in a certain way for example, to support the prosecution's assertion that the accused committed the crime. Most criminals are influence to the way of crime by some kind of ambition or purpose. Pressure, motives or weakness are examples of ambitions that might turn an ethical person into a criminal. According to Shakespeare (1871), Macbeth formerly a good man falls to the trap of evil as a result of being negatively ambition. He was persuaded by pressure, motives, and weakness to completely change around his heroic and humane way of life...
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...associated with this area of psychology • Knowledge and understanding of ethical issues associated with this area of psychology. |Content outline | |Social influence |Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational | | |social influence and normative social influence | | | | | |Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance | | | | | |Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey | |Social...
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...ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND By Lewis Carroll This book, Alice in Wonderland, is a Mid-Frequency Reader and has been adapted to suit readers with a vocabulary of 4,000 words. It is about 27,500 words in length. It is available in three versions of different difficulty. This version is adapted from the Project Gutenberg E-text prepared by the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net/). In this book, the adaptation involved replacing over 152 word families. There are 82 different word families at the 5th 1000 level and 62 words beyond that, totalling a target vocabulary of 144 words. It was adapted by Sonia Millett. This famous children’s story written in 1865 is an early example of the fantasy or nonsense genre. The story plays with time, imagery, logic and language and for this reason remains popular with adult readers as well as children. You will meet many species of talking animals as well as characters from the pack of cards. You will encounter unusual interesting usages of language such as 'curiouser' and 'uglification'. CHAPTER I. Down the Rabbit-Hole Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had looked into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, 'and what is the use of a book,' thought Alice 'without pictures or conversation?' So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her...
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