...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...Describe and Evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Bowlby presented the evolutionary theory of attachment, which suggested that children come into the world biologically programmed to form attachments with others (it’s innate) because it will help them survive. It suggested that there was a sensitive period for developing attachments (o-4 years) and to form these attachments the infant produces innate ‘social releaser’ behaviours such as crying which causes caregiving to happen and so the attachments are formed though care and responsiveness (not food as the learning theory suggests). These attachments allow the baby to form a secure base so it can explore the world and develop independence and they are often formed with the infant’s primary caregiver (monotropy) and is of special significance in emotional development. This primary caregiver (often the infant’s mother) can then help the infant to build more attachments with others. These early emotional attachments are consistent with the attachments they are able to form when they are an adult (continuity hypothesis). It acts as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences as the child will suffer from irreversible developmental consequences. For example if the infant never had an attachment then they are less likely to be able to form one with their own baby in the future. Monotropy has two very similar studies done which both provide evidence for it. It was first...
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...Describe and Evaluate Bowlby’s theory of attachment. Bowlby presented the evolutionary theory of attachment, which suggested that children come into the world biologically programmed to form attachments with others (it’s innate) because it will help them survive. It suggested that there was a sensitive period for developing attachments (o-4 years) and to form these attachments the infant produces innate ‘social releaser’ behaviours such as crying which causes caregiving to happen and so the attachments are formed though care and responsiveness (not food as the learning theory suggests). These attachments allow the baby to form a secure base so it can explore the world and develop independence and they are often formed with the infant’s primary caregiver (monotropy) and is of special significance in emotional development. This primary caregiver (often the infant’s mother) can then help the infant to build more attachments with others. These early emotional attachments are consistent with the attachments they are able to form when they are an adult (continuity hypothesis). It acts as a prototype for all future social relationships so disrupting it can have severe consequences as the child will suffer from irreversible developmental consequences. For example if the infant never had an attachment then they are less likely to be able to form one with their own baby in the future. Monotropy has two very similar studies done which both provide evidence for it. It was first...
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...Discuss one or more explanation of attachment. (12 marks) One explanation of attachment is the Learning theory. The learning theory proposes that all behavior is learned rather than inborn. This means when a child is born they learn a certain thing over time rather than being born with it. The leaning theory, put forward by behaviourists who prefer to focus their explanations solely on behaviour, tells us what people do rather than what may or may not being going on in their minds. They also suggest that all behavior, including attachment, is learned through either classical or operant conditioning. According to Ivan Pavlov ‘learning is a conditioned reflex also known as classical conditioning. The learning theory states that when an infant is hungry, milk (unconditioned stimulus) naturally produces a sense of pleasure (unconditioned response). The person who feeds the infant (conditioned stimulus) becomes associated with the food thus an association between the feeder and the pleasure produced when the infant’s hunger is satisfied (conditioned response), creating a stimulus-response (S-R) link. This new association is the attachment bond. However according to Skinner ‘learning is due to the kind of reinforcing response our actions produce’ also known as operant conditioning. Dollard and Miller’s theory of attachment suggests that infant’s naturally seek to reduce their discomfort of hunger. Feeding satisfies this need and thus the child learns to repeat this behaviour whenever...
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...This tutorial contains all of the required attachments for the entire QLT1 Quantitative Literacy course at WGU. All of the attachments passed the Taskstream evaluations. Task 1 Solving Algebraic Equations: The attachment contains the graphs for parts A1 (graphing values on a number line), A2 (graphing points on a single coordinate plane), and A3 (graphing functions on spearate coordinate planes). There are six graphs total. Task 2 Solving Algebraic Equations: The attachment pertains to a man shining a laser beam from a third-story window and contains the calculation for part A1, the graph for part A2, the identification of points for part A3, the height for part A4, the explanation for part A4a, the determination for part A5, and the explanation for part A5a. Task 3 Solving Algebraic Equations: The attachment pertains to a person saving money according to a rigid savings schedule and contains the equations for part A1, the solutions to the equations for part A2, the graph for part A3, the determination for part A3a, and the explanation for part A4. Task 4 Constructing Arguments and Reasoning: The attachment contains the logical progression of steps to develop a reasonable and complete geometric proof of isosceles Triangle ABC. Task 5 Solving Algebraic Equations, Applying Probability and Statistics, Interpreting and Communicating Quantitative Information, Applying Technology to Quantitative Problems The attachment pertains to a teacher looking for the best...
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...There are many explanations for attachment such as learning theory and evolutionary perspective (Bowlby). Discuss one explanation of attachment (8 marks) A01 – Description (4 marks) Bowlby’s attachment theory states that attachment is adaptive and innate (genetic). Infants elicit care giving and become attached to those individuals who respond sensitively to their signals (social releasers). The relationship with the primary attachment figure (monotropy) acts like a framework for future adult relationships through the internal working model. Bowlby stated that infants are born with innate social releasers, e.g. crying, smiling and cute faces (big eyes and large foreheads), which encourage (or elicit) the caregiver to provide care. Attachment is a two-way process, depending on the involvement of the parent and the infant and social releasers. Bowlby claimed that infants need one special relationship, this he called primary attachment which forms with one individual who has offered sensitive responses to the infant’s social releasers. This attachment is also referred to as monotropy. Infants also form secondary attachments, which form what Bowlby called a hierarchy. These secondary attachments are essential for emotional development. Primary attachment relationships are the basis of his internal working model. This is supported by Harlow’s study of rhesus monkeys and their dysfunctional attachment as adults. Infants have a mental model of their environment; one example is...
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...The learning theory, firstly proposed by Dolland Miller (1950) argues that attachment is a form of nurture and so is learnt. Behaviourists came up with the idea that it is learnt either through classical or operant conditioning. The learning theory was introduced by behaviourists who base most of their explanation on the effects of nurturing. They proposed that all behaviour is learned rather than inborn and In terms of attachment, through either classical or operant conditioning. Psychologists have based their explanation of attachment on Pavlov’s experiments into classical conditioning. They argue that for infants the sensation of hunger and the need for food is an unconditioned stimulus and producing a sense of pleasure happens when the baby receives food. The baby then has an unconditioned response to receiving food. The person who produces the food becomes associated with the pleasure the baby feels. If that is repeated enough the baby then reacts in a similar way to the mother as it does to food, even in the absence of food. The baby then learns to become attached to the mother. Operant conditioning states that, any behaviour that produces a positive reinforcement such as food will be repeated. Behaviours that switch off something unpleasant are also likely to be repeated (negative reinforcement). This can be applied to attachment in the sense that a new-born baby will cry in response to feelings of discomfort, which come from being hungry or cold. The sound of a baby...
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...1. a. Describe the propinquity effect, and explain how it plays a role in relationships. i. The propinquity effect is the effect for people to form friendships or romantic relationships based close they are, in regards to their physical or psychological status. This is important because it concludes that we are often to from relationships with others when we are physically or psychologically close with them. b. Which piece of folk wisdom, “Birds of a feather flock together” or “Opposites attract”, is more accurate when it comes to developing relationships, and why? (+1 for propinquity effect, +2 for explanation, +1 for identifying folk wisdom, +1 for explanation) i. The folk wisdom “Birds of a feather flock together” is more accurate when it comes to developing relationships due to the propinquity effect. The propinquity effect explains that people have the tendency to form relationships with others whom they feel close to, in terms of their physical or psychological status. Therefore, the folk wisdom “Birds of a feather flock together” says that people who have similar interests and beliefs will gather together. This is because these people have a higher propinquity in regards to their psychological status, so they tend to form relationships with each other. 2. How do stereotypes of...
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...A-Level Psychology Attachment Revision Day Care Explanations of Attachment (Learning Theory |Bowlby's Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning. * The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant. * The infant gains pleasure / a reward as they are being fed. * The behaviour of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver (the caregiver gains pleasure from smiles etc. – reward). * The reinforcement process is therefore reciprocal (two way) and strengthens the emotional bond / attachment between the two. Explanations of Attachment (Learning Theory |Bowlby's Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning...
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...Theoretical explanation of singlehood as a lifestyle A person who is not in a romantic intimate relationship is considered to be single. “Unclaimed treasure”, “old maid” and “spinster” are terms that are used synonymously to refer to women who remain single throughout their lives Baumbusch (2004). There’s a number of ways in which singlehood can be viewed, some may see it a personal choice while others might believe that it’s a symptom of problematic attachment styles. The purpose of this paper is to discuss explanations for why people may adopt single lifestyles, to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of these explanations and to finally support why I believe singlehood is seldom a choice but more of a response to circumstances that do not offer the opportunity for another alternative like marriage. This thought is also supported by Buambusch J. L. (2004, p 9)) when it says that none of the participants had consciously chosen single life; this is demonstrated in their short term plans in anticipation of future marriage. The theories that will be examined in this paper are the Sternberg’s typology of love and connectedness, theories of interpersonal attraction and attachment styles in intimate relationships. Psychologist Robert Sternberg (1988) created his influential triangular theory of love. He believed that different types of love (liking, infatuated love, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous love and consummate love) arise from different combinations...
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...Attachment can be defined as an emotional bond which is formed between two individuals, an infant and its primary caregiver – a tie that binds them together and gradually makes them becomes closer over a period time time." Attachment is not just a connection between two people; it is a bond that involves a craving for regular contact with the primary caregiver and the experience of distress once they are no longer next to eachother. The 4 features of behaviours of attachment are seeking proximity, safe haven, secure base and separation distress. The Learning theory also known as the behavioural theory of attachment states that during classical conditioning the person who provides the food becomes known for the pleasure of when it is being eaten. The unconditioned stimulus is the process of being fed which fills the infant with pleasure which is the unconditioned response, consequently the primary caregiver who provides the source of food (conditioned stimulus) will now be the source of pleasure for the infant, this is how an attachment bond is formed. Anytime the mother is around the infant she will be known for the food which suggest this is the reason for this attachment in the first place. In addition, the learning theory is just one explanation of attachment which has some flaws even though the explanation is sufficient and very detailed. Lots of research and evidence has been gathered up and collected, such as that of the Harlow’s monkey study which goes against the learning...
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...Examine one evolutionary explanation of behaviour. (SAQ: outline, describe, analyse, explain; ERQ: discuss, evaluate) This essay will talk about one specific evolutionary explanation of behaviour which is the theory of attachment. First of all what is the theory of evolution. The theory of evolution suggests that all the living organisms in this world fo through a process of natural selection (survival of the fittest per say) in order to have the most beneficial genes carried on. This was proposed by Charles Darwin also known as the father of evolutionary psychology, then again John Bowlby was the first to come up with such theory. How is this linked to behaviour? In essence if a certain behaviour exists in humans(or other) today , then it...
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...Social Influence 1. What are the three types of conformity? 2. What are two explanations of conformity? 3. What is meant by compliance? 4. What is meant by internalisation? 5. What is meant by identification? 6. How did Zimbardo provide evidence for identification? 7. What is meant by normative social influence? 8. What is meant by informational social influence? 9. What were the findings from Asch’s experiment? 10. What was Asch’s procedure? 11. Describe Milgram’s procedure for his obedience experiment. 12. What were the findings from Milgram’s experiment? 13. Describe Milgram’s variation where proximity was changed, and state the findings. 14. Describe Milgram’s variation where location was changed, and state the findings. 15. Describe Milgram’s variation where uniform was changed, and state the findings. 16. What is the agentic shift explanation of obedience? 17. What does the dispositional explanation of obedience say about obedience? 18. What is meant by Locus of Control? And how does it affect resistance to obedience? 19. What features of a minority are needed for social change? 20. What was Moscovici’s procedure? 21. What did Moscovici’s results tell us about minority influence? Memory 1. Draw a diagram showing the MSM and the processes involved. 2. What is the coding, duration and capacity of Sensory, Short-term and Long-term memory? 3. Describe two research studies that...
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...|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |BEH/225 Version 4 | | |Introduction to Behavioral Science | Copyright © 2011, 2009, 2007, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course focuses on human personality, motivation, learning, and cognition. The theories and insights of major figures in psychology are discussed. Neuroscience, psychological disorders, and therapies are also considered in relation to human behavior. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class...
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