...PENGEKSPORAN, PENGIMPORAN, DAN IMBAL DAGANG DISUSUN OLEH: Mutia Putri Ayu R. 135020200111019 Karlina Siti F. 135020200111071 Rista Amalia J. 135020207111010 Anggie Rena S. 135020207111012 Anindya Kusuma M. 135020207111016 Pangraetha Meydhawani A. 135020207111024 Jurusan Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya 2015 I. PENDAHULUAN Meskipun kita menerima begitu saja bahwa banyak bisnis besar mengekspor atau memproduksi di luar negeri, beberapa usaha kecil juga melakukan hal serupa dengan manfaat yang besar. Volume kegiatan ekspor dalam perekonomian dunia meningkat karena ekspor menjadi lebih mudah. Pada saat yang sama, komunikasi modern dan teknologi transportasi yang semakin canggih telah meringankan masalah logistik yang terkait dengan pengeksporan. Di sisi lain, pengeksporan tetap menjadi tantangan bagi banyak perusahaan. Perusahaan yang ingin mengekspor harus mengidentifikasi peluang pasar asing, menghindari sejumlah masalah tak terduga yang sering dikaitkan dengan melakukan bisnis di pasar asing, membiasakan diri dengan mekanisme pembiayaan ekspor dan impor, dimana bisa mendapatkan pembiayaan dan asuransi kredit ekspor, dan belajar bagaimana harus berurusan dengan risiko nilai tukar. Mengatur pembayaran untuk ekspor ke negara – negara dengan mata uang yang lemah dapat menjadi masalah. Hal ini membawa kita ke topik perdagangan, dimana pembayaran untuk ekspor diterima dalam barang dan jasa sebagai pengganti uang. ...
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...Corruption: The Most Pressing Problem in Exporting and Importing 2013-2017 1 Corruption: An Overview Corruption exists all over the world, regardless of how social conservative, religious, or developed a nation may be. While some countries have taken an active approach to outlaw the practice, others have embraced the habit as a method in which to conduct business. Because of this disparity there are varying degrees of how prevalent corruption is by country. Transparency International, a global coalition against corruption, defines corruption as “the abuse of entrusted power for private gain” (Transparency International, 2012). As such, corruption is not limited to just one form or one sector of society and is a complex social issue that does not lend itself to an easy solution. Due to the nature of corruption it is difficult to quantify just how much money is lost to the practice each year. It is not until an organization is discovered engaging in corruption that a value can be placed on it. However, those are isolated incidents and the amount of money involved varies from one case to the next. A report in Global Financial Integrity stated that “illicit outflows increased from $1.06 trillion in 2006 to approximately $1.26 trillion in 2008” (Kar & Curcio, 2011). Illicit outflows consist of corruption, tax evasion, theft and embezzlement. Due to “abuse of entrusted power” corruption is difficult to measure and contain because of the human...
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...The American Economy By Charles R. Smith ECON/372 Juan Carlos Ginarte March 29, 2014 Abstract: The profound results on the American economy and how the government decision making controls rates and interest of importing and exporting goods and services. Furthermore, the issue of why importing and exporting is an absolute necessary component of the American income and why importing with other countries like China, Mexico, and Canada is of extreme importance; especially for America and its ever growing monetary deficit. The American Economy The American economy is a machine that runs off of the fluidity and cohesiveness of its people. The people must work together in order to better advance a rapidly growing population. This is done through various forms of economical business operations. Such operations are what control and or influence government choices on determined foreign exchange rates, surpluses of imported goods, and types of goods imported from other countries, specifically China. The economy’s population also has huge roles on international trades that explicitly affect Gross Domestic Product, also known as GDP, American markets, and the economy’s college students. The rate that our economy’s wealth grows or declines vs. how the rate of the population grows is determined on how well the government plays its proverbial money cards. The U.S. government and its choices on international relations and trade have fundamentally changed the way the U.S. operates...
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...different country? A) importing B) countertrading C) exporting D) freight forwarding Answer: C Diff: 1 Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) Small and medium-size enterprises, such as SpinCent as seen in the opening case for chapter 13, account for ________ of all U.S. exporters. A) 38% B) 54% C) 79% D) 97% Answer: D Diff: 1 Learning Outcome: Discuss the roles of exporting, importing, and countertrade in international business Skill: Concept Objective: 1 3) Which of the following best explains why SpinCent decided to export? A) growth opportunities in Asia B) labor demands in the U.S. C) declining tariffs in the EU D) promising market locations in South America Answer: A Diff: 2 Skill: Concept Objective: 1 4) Iverson Products is a U.S. firm that is considering expanding internationally by exporting. Which of the following is the LEAST likely benefit for Iverson? A) boosting marketplace flexibility B) improving economies of scale C) facing lower business risk compared to other foreign market entry options D) requiring fairly few resources Answer: B Diff: 2 Learning Outcome: Discuss the roles of exporting, importing, and countertrade in international business Skill: Application Objective: 1 5) Which of the following transactions refers to the purchase of goods or services produced by a company based in one country from sellers that reside in a different country? A) importing B) countertrading C) exporting D) freight forwarding ...
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... Currently, the U.S. has an increasing trade deficit in fresh fruits. Cranberry growers in the United States are battling steep surpluses and declining prices, along with increased competition from Canadian and overseas producers ("Fruit Growers News", 2013). GDP and International Trade, Domestic Markets, and University Students Increasing U.S. exports and imports may have beneficial and detrimental effects on the economy. Exporting goods and services from our country will create income here at home, which supports GDP. In contrast, imports create income for foreign countries. Ultimately, the goal in international trading should be decreasing the gap between the import and export percentages while supporting economic. The same applies to the way in which international trade affects domestic markets and university students in the U.S. The import of products represents money earned somewhere else rather than the U.S., consequently slowing our economy down and negatively affecting GDP. This would also reflect the decline in employment due to importing products. Increasing exports would increase demand for products made here in the U.S. which would aid in boosting the...
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...Foreign Market Entry Modes Expansion into foreign markets can be achieved via the following mechanisms: Exporting is the process of selling of goods and services produced in one country to other countries. There are two types of exporting: direct and indirect. Direct exports Direct exports represent the most basic mode of exporting made by a (holding) company, capitalizing on economies of scale in production concentrated in the home country and affording better control over distribution. Direct export works the best if the volumes are small. Large volumes of export may trigger protectionism. Types Sales representatives Sales representatives represent foreign suppliers/manufacturers in their local markets for an established commission on sales. Provide support services to a manufacturer regarding local advertising, local sales presentations, customs clearance formalities, legal requirements. Manufacturers of highly technical services or products such as production machinery, benefit the most form sales representation. Importing distributors Importing distributors purchase product in their own right and resell it in their local markets to wholesalers, retailers, or both. Importing distributors are a good market entry strategy for products that are carried in inventory, such as toys, appliances, prepared food. Advantages • Control over selection of foreign markets and choice of foreign representative companies • Good information feedback from target market • Better...
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...the companies will lose their jobs because of businesses closing in the United States. If you should ask most Americans they are in favor of keeping jobs in the United States instead of the jobs going overseas. This means that Americans are in favor of reducing international trading and buying American made products. The change in government policy, inexpensive communication and shipping has increased due to the results of international trading. Governments have changed policies that effect international trading by lowering the tariffs rates. When we bring goods into the country a tax that is charged for the goods is called a tariff. When we purchase goods or services from another country the is called importing goods from another country. Exporting and importing have increased over the last couple of years. This is an easy way for a country to purchase something for the consumer that is in demand when the...
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...Exporting[edit] Exporting is the process of selling of goods and services produced in one country to other countries.[4] There are two types of exporting: direct and indirect. Direct Exports[edit] Direct exports represent the most basic mode of exporting made by a (holding) company, capitalizing on economies of scale in production concentrated in the home country and affording better control over distribution. Direct export works the best if the volumes are small. Large volumes of export may trigger protectionism. The main characteristic of direct exports entry model is that there are no intermediaries. Types[edit] Sales representatives Sales representatives represent foreign suppliers/manufacturers in their local markets for an established commission on sales. Provide support services to a manufacturer regarding local advertising, local sales presentations, customs clearance formalities, legal requirements. Manufacturers of highly technical services or products such as production machinery, benefit the most form sales representation. Importing distributors Importing distributors purchase product in their own right and resell it in their local markets to wholesalers, retailers, or both. Importing distributors are a good market entry strategy for products that are carried in inventory, such as toys, appliances, prepared food.[5] Advantages[edit] * Control over selection of foreign markets and choice of foreign representative companies * Good information feedback from target...
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...Chapter THIRTEEN Export and Import Strategies Objectives • To introduce the ideas of export and import • To identify the elements of export and exporting strategies • To compare direct and indirect selling of exporting • To identify the elements of import and import strategies • To discuss the types and roles of third-party intermediaries in exporting • To discuss the role of countertrade in international business Chapter Overview The first part of Chapter Thirteen is devoted to an examination of export and import strategies. Table 13.1 identifies the steps to consider when developing an export (or import) business plan. Next, the roles of a wide variety of third-party intermediaries are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the major issues related to export financing, including the use of countertrade as a form of payment mechanism. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: Grieve Corporation—A Small Business Export Strategy A small firm located near Chicago, Grieve Corporation manufactures laboratory and industrial ovens, furnaces, and heat processing systems for the U.S. market. Grieve began losing business as (i) foreign competitors began to penetrate the U.S. market and (ii) its customers began to move overseas and started sourcing locally. With the help of the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Grieve was able to identify potential Asian distributors. During a business trip to Asia, the...
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...Practical Exercise on TRADE MAP PART I: GETTING TO KNOW TRADE MAP IDENTIFYING THE HS OF THE PRODUCT Identify the harmonized system code of the product you want to focus on. Name of the product: Potatoes Provide the harmonised system (HS) code for both the product group and product in question Note: To avoid ambiguities throughout your analysis, it is important to ensure that the description and corresponding trade classification, or tariff code is correct. 4-digit HS: 0702 6-digit HS: 070200 Note: In the selection menu of Trade Map, click on Advanced Search. You can search by keyword the corresponding HS code of the product using one or several keywords through the HS label at 2,4,6 digits level of the Harmonized system and at the national tariff line level. Provide the national tariff line code of the product (NTL) for Vietnam (indicate if several): NTL code: 07101000 NTL code: 20041000 NTL code: 07019000 Provide the national tariff line code of the product (NTL) for USA (indicate if several): NTL code: 0701100000 NTL code: 0701100020 ...
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...percentage point higher in the last two or three years had prices remained at mid-2001 levels. Fears of OPEC supply cuts, political tensions in Venezuela and tight stocks have driven up international crude oil and product prices even further in recent weeks. By March 2004, crude prices were well over $10 per barrel higher than three years before. Current market conditions are more unstable than normal, in part because of geopolitical uncertainties and because tight product markets – notably for gasoline in the United States – are reinforcing upward pressures on crude prices. Higher prices are contributing to stubbornly high levels of unemployment and exacerbating budget-deficit problems in many OECD and other oil-importing countries. The vulnerability of oil-importing countries to higher oil prices varies markedly depending on the degree to which they are net importers and the oil intensity of their economies. According to the results of a quantitative exercise carried out by the IEA in collaboration with the OECD Economics Department and with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund Research Department, a sustained $10 per barrel increase in oil prices from $25 to $35 would result in the OECD as a whole losing 0.4% of GDP in the first and second years of higher prices. Inflation would rise by half a percentage point and unemployment would also increase. The OECD imported more than half its oil needs in 2003...
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...SAP Smartforms can be used for creating and maintaining forms for mass printing in SAP Systems. The output medium for Smartforms support printer, fax, e-mail, or the Internet (by using the generated XML output). According to SAP, you need neither have any programming knowledge nor use a Script language to adapt standard forms. However, basic ABAP programming skills are required only in special cases (for example, to call a function module you created or for complex and extensive conditions). SAP Smart Form Process Overview The basic structure of SAP Smart Forms consists of the Smart Form Builder, the Smart Form print form template (which you create or is given to you as a preconfigured starting point), the Smart Form function module, and the Smart Form print program (also described as a driver program). The Smart Form print programs are not the same as SAPScript programs, and you cannot use a SAPScript print program with a Smart Form print form. Programming Flow When an SAP Smart Form template is created, a user creates the form layout, defines the required fields, conditions, and special programming instructions in the Smart Form template using the Smart Form Builder. After the form design is complete, the form needs to be activated before it can be tested or accessible by print programs. Activating the form initiates the generation of a function module that handles all of the form’s processing. This function module interacts with the application program and print...
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...International Trade Simulation is to show how countries interact with one another when exporting and importing. International trade depends on nations working together, while looking out for their own personal interests. When I began the International Trade Simulation my strategy was to acquire as much wealth as I could for my nation, South America. As the game progressed I began to switch strategies and began to acquire as many different goods as I could for my nation, so that I could offer the people of my nation an array of goods. The global economy at the beginning of my game was horrible and did not proceed to get much better as the game went on. Even though the global economy was bad I was still able to achieve my first goal of acquiring as much wealth as I could. I did this by exporting my goods at top dollar. I found that some countries would buy what I was exporting no matter what price I would ask for even though the global economy was poor, especially when I was exporting crude oil. This made sense to me because most countries depend of crude oil for their countries to run and most countries do not produce crude oil. This is why in the real world our gas prices are so high because we have to pay other nations for importing their oil, among other things. Coffee was the other thing that I could get as much money for as possible even when the economy was bad. When it came to importing goods, I would only buy when the global economy was really bad...
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...Some things that I found interesting and very positive is the expansion that will have on the exporting numbers for Canada. Increasing the volume of quota to ship more swine meat will increase the pork industry by allowing pork producers to ship more cuts of their swine animals increasing the value of the pig due to more of the animal being used for exporting. I also admired the beef and veal expansion. With a large demand of beef and veal in the European market, this allows Canadian beef farmers to raise more cattle for an increased market. As stated in the article with a potential of 64,950 metric tonnes of duty-free meat from Canada to the European’s market. This shows that Canada can bring in approx. $6 million dollars in beef sales alone with this agreement in place. This is a substantial amount of money for Canada due to the fact it is just one market that is excelling for a positive outcome and having a vast optimistic result on this agreement. Finally the last positive that caught my attention was numbers obtainable due to the increase of exporting processed goods and how it would have an effect on Canadian economy. The article read that Canada could generate as much as $2 billion dollars annually if the market integrated with the European market. This is...
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...b Institute for Economic Structures Research (GWS), Osnabrueck, Germany University of Osnabrueck, Germany a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t The analysis concentrates on direct and indirect price increases, induced shifts in international trade and structural changes in the oil importing economies. The paper at hand asks, whether a stabilizing effect via international trade and domestic structural change on the GDP of oil importing countries can be observed, if a permanent oil price increase occurs. At least for Germany, structural change from consumer goods to investment goods industry and an improvement of international competitiveness limit negative impacts of increased energy prices. Analysis is based on the extensive and disaggregated global GINFORS model and the detailed INFORGE model for the German economy. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 15 July 2008 Received in revised form 13 January 2009 Accepted 27 May 2009 Available online 6 June 2009 JEL classification: Q43 C53 C67 F17 Keywords: Global modelling Energy prices and the macro economy International trade 1. Introduction Oil price shocks have negative impacts on oil importing countries. There seems to be evidence for this plausible result from the literature of econometric studies with vector autoregressive models conducted by Darby (1982), Hamilton (1983) and others. The impact has weakened over the last decades with lower energy intensity of the major economies...
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