...Chapter 6 6-19 a. (1) A misappropriation of assets may exist, and it is more likely to be detected by independent auditors b. (2) Lends credibility to the financial statements c. (1) form an opinion on the financial statements 6-20 a. (1) misappropriation of an asset or groups of assets b. (2) Reasonable, Reasonable, Reasonable c. (2) An audit is designed to provide reasonable assurance of detecting material errors, but there is no similar responsibility concerning fraud. 6-27 a. “Management assertions are implied or expressed representations by management about classes of transactions and the related accounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Transactions related audit objectives provide a framework to help the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence.” b. a. 3.) Accuracy b. 4.) classification c. 3.) accuracy d. 4.)classification e. 2.)completeness f. 5.) cutoff c. a. 8.) Accuracy b. 8.) accuracy and 9.) posting and summarization c. 7.) completeness d. 10.) classification e. 7.) completeness f. 11.) timing Chapter 7 7-14 Unusual fluctuations, the auditor must determine the reason and be satisfied that the cause is a valid economic event and not a misstatement. This is usually called attention directing, because there are more detailed descriptions. 7-27 a. (2) Confirmation of an account payable balance mailed by and returned directly to the auditor b. (1) Physical examination...
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...Chapter 7 Audit Evidence Key objectives: 2. Identify the four evidence decisions made by auditors in creating an audit program. 3. Specify the characteristics that determine the persuasiveness of evidence. 4. Know the eight types of evidence used by the auditor, including the quality of each type of evidence. 5. Understand the purposes of audit documentation. The focus in chapter 7 is on the evidence accumulation process, which falls under the third standard of field work. We will be especially interested in the types of evidence, and the characteristics that make that evidence competent or reliable. The auditor must gather sufficient appropriate audit evidence to support the audit opinion. 1. Four Evidence Decisions 1. Which audit procedures to use. 2. What sample size to select for a given procedure. 3. Which items to select from the population. 4. When to perform the procedures. These are planning decisions. The most important decision is reaching an audit conclusion for each procedure based on the evidence. 1. Audit procedures are designed to meet the general audit objectives discussed in Chapter 6, and are laid out in the audit program. 2. Sample Size - Sampling is discussed in 49 detail in chapters 15 and 17. The sample size should be sufficient to reach a conclusion about the population. Sample size may be set by statistical formula, firm policy, or auditor judgment. 3. Sample Selection - Sample selection is a function of the objective of the test, and is also discussed...
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...Statement (to be proposed) (Chapter 2) C. Mission Statement (to be proposed) (Chapter 2) D. External Audit (Chapter 3): Opportunities: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Threats: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. CPM – Competitive Profile Matrix (Example: Chapter 3 : p. 103) | | | | Critical Success Factors | Weight | Rating | Weighted Score | Rating | Weighted Score | Rating | Weighted Score | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Total | | | | | | | | External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix (Example: Chapter 3 : p. 111) Key External Factors | Weight | Rating | Weighted Score | Opportunities | | | | 1. | | | | 2. | | | | 3. | | | | 4. | | | | 5. | | | | 6. | | | | 7. | | | | Threats | | | | 1. | | | | 2. | | | | 3. | | | | 4. | | | | 5. | | | | 6. | | | | Total | | | | E. Internal Audit Strengths: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Weaknesses: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix (Example: Chapter 4 : p. 153) Key Internal Factors | Weight | Rating | Weighted Score | Strengths | | | | 1. | | | | 2. | | | | 3. | | | | 4. |...
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...PART Overview of Accounting Information Systems Chapter 1 The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective 3 Introduction to Transaction Processing 31 Ethics, Fraud, and Internal Control 91 Chapter 2 I Chapter 3 1 CHAPTER The Information System: An Accountant’s Perspective nlike many other accounting subjects, such as intermediate accounting, accounting information systems (AIS) lacks a well-defined body of knowledge. Much controversy exists among college faculty as to what should and should not be covered in the AIS course. To some extent, however, the controversy is being resolved through legislation. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002 established new corporate governance regulations and standards for public companies registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). This wide-sweeping legislation impacts public companies, their management, and their auditors. Of particular importance to AIS students is the impact of SOX on internal control standards and related auditing procedures. Whereas SOX does not define the entire content of the AIS course, it does identify critical areas of study that need to be included for accountants. These topics and more are covered in the chapters of this text. The purpose of this chapter is to place the subject of AIS in perspective for accountants. Toward this end, the chapter is divided into three major sections, each dealing with a different aspect of information systems. The first section explores the...
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...| |UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR) | | |FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND FINANCE (FBF) | | |Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) Accounting | Unit Plan | | | | | |Unit Code & |UBAF 2023 AUDITING | | |Unit Title: | | | | | | | |Course of Study: |Bachelor of Commerce (Hons) Accounting | | | | | | |Year...
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...accountancy' (Elliott, 1998: 7). However, it is all too easy to become caught up in this stampede for change, but how far can accounting change and for it still to be called accounting? This chapter seeks to explore the major issues facing contemporary ®nancial reporting ± this will include its interrelationship with external auditing and the provision of assurance to those outside the reporting entity. After all, `[e]ffective reporting and accounting, and external scrutiny from auditors, are essential for effective corporate governance' (Company Law Review Steering Committee, 2001: para. 8.1). To understand the ®nancial statements, one needs to appreciate the auditors' work and opinion, and, conversely, to understand the auditors' work and opinion, it is necessary to appreciate the scope and limitations of the ®nancial statements. All too often, ®nancial reporting and external auditing are treated and discussed in isolation despite being inextricably linked. However, the ®nal ®gures in the ®nancial statements may come about as a result of negotiations between management and their auditors ± with the auditors examining the reasonableness of management's justi®cations for their representations. Indeed, the modern audit with its emphasis on high-level business risks could almost be viewed as the `audit of motivations' ± to understand the ®gures in the ®nancial statements, it is important to understand management's motivations. Financial reporting and auditing are not just technical subjects...
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...functions of auditing. Relate your explanation to the audit functions in your organization, or an organization with which you are familiar. In your paper, be sure to address the following: Describe the elements of the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). Describe how these standards apply to financial, operational, and compliance audits. Explain the effect that the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), will have on audits of publicly traded companies. Discuss the additional requirements that are placed on auditors from this Act, and the actions of the PCAOB. ACC 491 Week 1 DQs Access the SEC home page at http://www.sec.gov. What is one of the most recent litigation brought by the SEC against a public firm or against an accounting firm? Read the abstract of the complaint and download the document filed with the court. Comment on the nature of the litigation. What is one the most recent Staff Accounting Bulletin that provides guidance to the profession? What was the guidance given? The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has been described as the most far-reaching legislation affecting business since the passage of the 1933 Securities Act. What are the specific portions of the legislation that affect the external audit profession, and how do they affect the profession? How does the legislation affect the internal audit profession? What are some activities that...
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...Article Review: McDonald and Leppard (1993) The Marketing Audit The Marketing Audit Model Any marketing plan will only be as good as the information on which it is based, and the marketing audit is the means by which information for planning is organised. A marketing audit is a systematic, critical and unbiased review and appraisal of all the external and internal factors that have affected an organisation’s commercial performance over a defined period. By providing an understanding of how the organisation relates to the environment in which it operates, the marketing audit enables management to select a position within that environment based on known factors. Any organisation carrying out an audit will be faced with two kinds of variable: those over which if has no direct control and those over which it has complete control. The former include economic and market factors, while the latter usually concern the organisation’s resources, or operational variables. This suggests that the marketing audit should be structured in two parts: * External audit—the uncontrollable variables (business and economic environment, the market, the competition). * Internal audit—the controllable variables (organisation’s strengths and weaknesses, operations and resources in relation to the environment and competitors). Chapters 1—6 McDonald and Leppard’s The Marketing Audit Model is a comprehensive set of exercises that a company can go through to develop insight into all aspects...
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...Chapter #1 1. What is assurance engagement? * An engagement performed by an auditor to enhance the reliability of the subject matter * Involves auditor arriving at an opinion about the fair representation of financial statements 2. Explain why there is a demand between types of assurance services * Users demand audited financial statements because of their remoteness from the entity, accounting complexity their incentives competing with those of the entity’s manager and their need for reliable information on which to base decisions. 3. Differentiate between types of assurance services * Financial Statement – provides reasonable assurance regarding GAAP * Compliance- Determine whether the entity has followed the rules * Operational Audit – Assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. * Comprehensive- range of audit, which covers FS, compliance, and operational audit. * Internal-Independent service within the entity that evaluates control, procedures, and governance 4. Explain different level of assurance * Reasonable assurance- Assurance that provides high but not absolute assurance on the reliability of the subject matter * Moderate Assurance- Assurance the provides negative assurance on the reliability of the subject matter * Review/compilation- No assurance, minimal work has been done . 5. Outline different audit opinion Unmodified > modified > adverse Unmodified...
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...OBJECTIVES, DESCRIPTION, TOPICS, AND ASSIGNMENTS ACCT-5600 DR. NICOLAOU Fall 2010 COURSE STRUCTURE In the modern world, the majority of accounting entries occur electronically. Accountants and auditors store information in databases, managed by enterprise systems that have a set of controls to ensure that transactions and record keeping happen as expected. E-business Web sites handle transactions automatically, with the accounting data going directly into the necessary databases. The concept of a paper trail has become a bit of a misnomer; today, because of accounting information systems, there is often no paper involved at all; however, it is important to establish the flow the data in different areas of the organization, or audit trail, so as to properly exercise internal controls. AISs help in this purpose. At the outset of this course, you will learn the basics of accounting information systems and business processes. Next, you will learn about database management systems, and the design of various database models. Finally, you will learn about how to use internal controls effectively for risk management, as well as the requirements for business reporting. After completing this course, you should not only have a clear idea of how accounting information systems work, but you should also be prepared to design and configure them to meet the record-keeping and risk management requirements of the organization. In addition, you will be prepared to design them to...
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...Accounting 411 Quiz 1 – Fall 2011 Professor Jones Chapter 01 Ethical Reasoning Implications for Accounting Multiple Choice Questions 1. Each of the following characteristics describes the importance of integrity in decision making except for: A. Acting out of moral principle B. Being loyal to one's superior C. Having the courage to do the right thing D. Not subordinating professional judgment to others 2. Ethical relativism can best be described as a: A. Point of view that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture. B. Concept that holds that integrity should be maintained in the face of pressure by others. C. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always act out of self-interest. D. An ethical reasoning method that holds one should always consider the effect of one's actions on others. 3. When is it appropriate to contact the audit committee about a difference of opinion with the CFO over an accounting or financial reporting manner? A. If the CFO does not agree to correct the financial statements B. The CEO supports the CFO and does not agree to correct the financial statements C. The external auditors support the CEO and do not agree to correct the financial statements D. The audit committee should always be the first to be informed about such a difference of opinion 4. An internal accountant should always take the following step after exhausting all avenues of appeal within the organization when there is a difference...
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...STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES A User Guide for Public Sector Auditors in the Pacific Developed by PASAI in 2012 Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI): Strategic Management and Operational Guidelines Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI) 2 Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI): Strategic Management and Operational Guidelines Foreword The purpose of these guidelines is to provide assistance for Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions (PASAI) members, especially heads of SAIs and managers to carry out their functions strategically, tactically and operationally. They do this by introducing the basics of planning, examining the types of objectives and differentiating the types of plans consisting of the corporate plan, strategic plan, business plan and operational plan for the management of their offices. PASAI recognises the importance of having these strategic management plans as it is top level management’s responsibility to define the SAI’s positions, formulate strategies and guide long term organisational activities. This is one of PASAI’s initiatives aimed at developing SAIs within the region. The guidelines have been produced to assist PASAI members in the effective, efficient and economic planning and management of their resources annually and in the long term. It provides guidance to SAIs in establishing and enhancing their strategic management functions. The guidelines...
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...B2GLOBAL PROGRAMME BTEC LEVEL 5 HND DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS UNIT SYLLABUS |Assignment Due: | |. Assignment 1: Slot 10 | |. Assignment 2: Slot 38 | |The student must pass these Assignments to pass the course | |Unit Title: |Business Strategy | |Unit Code |A/601/0796 | |QCF level |5 | |Credit value |15 credits | |Pre-requisite | | |Instructor | ...
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...CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background The auditor’s roles are to provide an opinion on financial statement and to ensure that the statements are based on true and fair image of company performance to the stakeholders. They are authorized in checking the accuracy of business records. Opinions given by the auditor gives an added credibility to the financial statements (Maqableh, 2014). Commonly, investors often rely on financial statements provided by auditor in making investment judgement and increase the productivity of financial markets. Financial statements provided by the auditors are often reviewed as credible, unbiased opinion that truly reflects the company financial positions. There’s no doubt that auditor independence is the core of auditing profession when establishing its objectivity and integrity. Auditor independence, in particular, indicates the ability of an auditor to disregard any influence or control when conducting an opinion (AAA, 1973). Therefore, auditor must be, and must be seen to be independent of company management. Lack of independence causes audits to be considered to have little value (Johnstone, Sutton, & Warfield, 2001). This is further supported by Elliott and Jacobson (1998) that a particular interest may trigger a risk that could weaken the outcome of the audit which in turn impairs the auditor independence. Hence, independence is fundamental to the purpose served by auditors (Moore et al., 2002). This study is limited to...
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...Mishkin Chapter 8 An Economic Analysis of Financial Structure (pp. 168-192) Modified & Extended Mishkin Notes Professor Leigh Tesfatsion Department of Economics Iowa State University Ames, IA 50011-1070 Last Revised: 6 April 2011 © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 8-1 Key In-Class Discussion Questions • What basic “stylized facts” characterize the current U.S. financial system? • Do transactions costs and asymmetric information help to explain these stylized facts? • Enron Case Study (Mishkin p. 177, and asymmetric information problems in securities markets exemplified by the Enron bankruptcy scandal? online html notes “Enron Scandal & Moral Hazard”): In what ways (if any) are © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 8-2 Financial Structure Manner in which firms finance their activities using external funds. MIX SOURCE Equity Debt Securities Markets FIs 8-3 © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved External Finance Sources 1970-2000 © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 8-4 The Decline of Banks as a Source of External Finance (Mishkin 12, Fig 2, p. 287) Source: Federal Reserve Flow of Funds Accounts; Federal Reserve Bulletin. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 8-5 One reason for the decline…the U.S. savings & loan crisis in the 1980s Mishkin Chapter 11, Figure 1 © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved 8-6 Recent Trends • Decreasing...
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