...ships,” was coined during World War II when it appeared on propaganda posters to warn civilians that leaking any kind of important information to the enemy could in fact result in danger for the soldiers. (Martin) This slogan can be classified as a faulty casualty. The slogan stated that because of “loose lips” citizens could be responsible for “sunken ships,” when in reality, most of the general public were probably never in direct contact with the enemy. The claimed outcome was highly unlikely when considering the first statement. What the propaganda was meant for, was to create hatred for the enemy and build up nationalization. I think for what the phrase was truly meant for, it was a success, however, the phrase itself, if taken literally, was a failure and definitely a fallacy. “Remember the Alamo" is a non sequitur fallacy in today’s society. Originally, the phrase was used as a battle cry during the “massacres by Mexican forces at the Alamo in San Antonio.” (Answers) I believe the original rendition of the slogan was completely relevant to its said situation, but today, people use the phrase as a way to convey strength and honor in essentially any situation. In this case the slogan can be a non sequitur fallacy because the original claim usually has no correlation to what a person may be talking about. People like to use the slogan simply because it can add power to a statement, therefore making it a fallacy and unsuccessful in its purpose. “Guns don’t kill people...
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...Jodi Burton argument critique is on Cameron English article, GMO Foods: Why We Shouldn’t Label (Or Worry About) Genetically Modified Products. She did an overall good job on it, however, there were something’s that she wrote that committed some of the same issues that the piece she critique did. Let drive in to her critique. Burton opens with the thesis of English and does a great job at summarizing it, but if I were to nitpick one thing it would be her commit, “Many people believe GMO’s are harmful, and that they should be labeled…” I think this statement is leading into the bandwagon fallacy. She then moves on addressing his credentials and gives us what he says about them, “he is a ‘public health and nutrition science education writer’.”...
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...Different Types of Advertising Here is an article that talks about the different types of advertising. Read on... Advertising is the promotion of a company’s products and services carried out primarily to drive sales of the products and services but also to build a brand identity and communicate changes or new product /services to the customers. Advertising has become an essential element of the corporate world and hence the companies allot a considerable amount of revenues as their advertising budget. There are several reasons for advertising some of which are as follows: * Increasing the sales of the product/service * Creating and maintaining a brand identity or brand image. * Communicating a change in the existing product line. * Introduction of a new product or service. * Increasing the buzz-value of the brand or the company. Thus, several reasons for advertising and similarly there exist various media which can be effectively used for advertising. Based on these criteria there can be several branches of advertising. Mentioned below are the various categories or types of advertising: Print Advertising – Newspapers, Magazines, Brochures, Fliers The print media have always been a popular advertising medium. Advertising products via newspapers or magazines is a common practice. In addition to this, the print media also offers options like promotional brochures and fliers for advertising purposes. Often the newspapers and the magazines sell the advertising...
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...thereby weakening the manipulators attempts at control. Identifying Fallacies There is no place for being a self-deceived or fallacious thinking in my life. When reality is warped or contorted it results in a fallacy and conclusions based on flawed information cannot OPTION #1 SELF-ASSESSMENT ESSAY 4 be justified. While these mistakes can be intentional or not they still exist. I do not want to be they type of individual who, when shown a fallacy in their thinking simply changes to a new justification for behavior and is therefore using the fallacy to achieve an advantage is not honorable and I do not want any part of it. Yet, to eliminate fallacies I must be able to identify them in my own thinking as well as in the arguments of others. To identify fallacies in my own thinking I will be very careful when discussing a topic where I have intense emotions involved or topics where a position appears crystal clear. This is important because when these conditions are apparent it is highly probable that assumptions have been made and that evidence was obtained carelessly (The Writing Center at UNC, 2014). This will help to ensure that my position is not weakened by fallacies. When looking for fallacies in the position of others, I will realize that just because an argument is persuasive does not mean it is fallacy free (The Writing Center at UNC, 2014). Moreover, it can be difficult to spot a fallacy because of the strength of an argument. Some parts of an argument...
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...of a country's political chaos. Of course there are many things that are unsaid and under explained in this tragic novel which, in my observation, is an oversimplification. There is also a heavy use of emotional appeal, and an underlying message. This is a flag for propaganda. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini begins in the 1970s in Kabul, Afghanistan, when the country is in a time of an ending monarchy. The main character, Amir, is the son of wealthy Afghanistan business man, and his playmate, Hassan, the son of his father's houseman, Ali. Hassan is a Hazara and Amir is a Pashtun, which makes them from different social classes. The author has undoubtedly stirred my emotions and I admit that I did cry several times. I think that this was the author's objective; this is an appeal to emotion, one of the fallacies of propaganda. Propaganda is a message or an idea that persuades the audience to change their perspectives in one way or another. There are many faces of propaganda but this to my knowledge is one that is easy to recognize. I m not saying I didn't like The Kite Runner, the author had me after the first chapter and then I couldn't put it down. However I am naïve when it comes to politics and propaganda, so at first I didn't even consider this book a form of persuasion. But as I thought about it, I came to the conclusion...
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...position in more subtle ways. Many major events in global history including the rise of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis were related to this war. So the things that I am going to talk about is what are some effects that USA made during cold war to other countires? I think first of all, many countries get rich because of their buy of aliiances, for example, During the 1950s, U.S. propaganda, as an instrument of the Cold War, was intended "to expose the fallacies of communism" and to warn of its dangers. Other goals for the Middle East included strengthening "Western-oriented elements," increasing awareness of the Soviet threat, and building "greater willingness to cooperate both regionally and with the West." In Iraq, "an emotional response" overcoming antagonism toward the West was sought, since "A realization of a common, global foe" could "forge a common, global bond between Iraq and the Western defense powers." In Iran, propaganda promoted the view that close relations with the West would "provide the "most profitable course." In all Arab countries, U.S. propaganda sought "Reversal of the Anti-American trends of Arab opinion" and guidance of "the revolutionary and nationalistic pressures throughout the area into orderly channels not antagonistic to the West." So the US use this kind of ways to let the middle east know that communist is not a very good thing, and also convince them to join the Americans....
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...of a country's political chaos. Of course there are many things that are unsaid and under explained in this tragic novel which, in my observation, is an oversimplification. There is also a heavy use of emotional appeal, and an underlying message. This is a flag for propaganda. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini begins in the 1970s in Kabul, Afghanistan, when the country is in a time of an ending monarchy. The main character, Amir, is the son of wealthy Afghanistan business man, and his playmate, Hassan, the son of his father's houseman, Ali. Hassan is a Hazara and Amir is a Pashtun, which makes them from different social classes. The author has undoubtedly stirred my emotions and I admit that I did cry several times. I think that this was the author's objective; this is an appeal to emotion, one of the fallacies of propaganda. Propaganda is a message or an idea that persuades the audience to change their perspectives in one way or another. There are many faces of propaganda but this to my knowledge is one that is easy to recognize. I m not saying I didn't like The Kite Runner, the author had me after the first chapter and then I couldn't put it down. However I am naïve when it comes to politics and propaganda, so at first I didn't even consider this book a form of persuasion. But as I thought about it, I came to the conclusion...
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...Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial issue in our society today. Although many slanderous claims have been made about cannabis over the last seventy years, the truth about it is slowly starting to resurface. Unfortunately, all these years of propaganda has led to a stereotypical view of the typical “pot smoker.” This skewed perception of a lazy and unmotivated American is the result of over seventy years of propaganda and misinformation spread by private interests who needed cannabis illegal for their own personal gains. Most of the accepted reasons that marijuana should be illegal are complete fallacies. I strongly believe that marijuana should be legalized for all uses. The reason marijuana is illegal today has a very clear, well-documented past with the United States government. Hemp (the plant that is grown to make marijuana) is a very powerful biomass source. It can be used as fuel. It could end our dependence on fossil fuels forever. In fact, Dr. Rudolph Diesel created an engine that ran on peanut oil, which is another type of biomass fuel that is made in the same way as hemp fuel. Biodiesel made from hemp can run in any diesel engine, without having to modify the engine in any way. Obviously, this poses a big threat to oil companies. They fought from the very beginning to criminalize marijuana because of this reason. Instead of importing massive amount of crude oil from foreign nations, we could grow hemp locally and cut down...
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...There are always lines that should never be crossed. It is like when a helicopter flies around the Himalayas, however, becoming lost by taking a wrong route, but decides to travel further. This will only make the situation worse, as it lowers the possibility of returning to the original route. The pilot has crossed the line, which means he can no longer turn back to find his home. In similar ways, propaganda plays an important role in twisting an individual’s view, making one feel the need to follow and believe whatever it states. This causes one to lose their ability to distinguish truth from false ideas; stumbling from their own pool of confusion, they are forever changed, and cannot return to their old past. Often times, propaganda evokes...
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...continue nonetheless. The real question becomes-- to what extent should we secure our borders? Here is where we reach a fork in the river. On one side, you have the conservative right-wing view, pushing to secure our borders at all costs. On the other side, is the liberal left-wing view, advocating for leniency when it comes to securing our borders. Let’s start with the conservative viewpoint. In the article “At the Border, on the Night Watch”, Marc Lacey reports on decreased border crossings in the border town of Douglas, Arizona. For example, “no matter the dire rhetoric often heard in political circles, crossings at this stretch of border are nowhere near what they once were” (Lacey). This is a good example of a slippery slope fallacy appealing to the fear factor (i.e. claim that a certain way of thinking or acting will necessary lead to more of the same). Proponents for border patrol argue an increase in staffing serve as a deterrent to thwart border crossings and help to apprehend drug traffickers, which ignores the possibilities of lesser financial incentive due to a weaker U.S. economy for immigrants or perhaps, more attractive crossing routes elsewhere. Another argument of proponents is improved fencing. For example, “Douglas used to have a modest barrier right around the port of entry. Smugglers took drugs and migrants around the edges and just ran north, playing the odds. Over the years, the fences near Douglas grew in length and height” (Lacey). This could...
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...media production and consumption where it may be suggested that there is scope for both resistance and ambiguity (and there is evidence, for example, in popular music culture and in some online networks and bulletin boards that this is the case).” (Silverstone, R., 2002). It’s the media, producers and the fortune 500 companies that produce consumer goods and those companies that feed our imaginations with fallacies through “entertainment” television. i. Thesis: It is my belief that we should hold the media accountable for its not only on a deontological level but, a judicial level as well. II. Ethnics: while not mandatory is in good character. i. Promote your business in a positive light. ii. Provide positive influences for children. III. Where the stereotypes are: “There are many formal fallacies, mistakes in reasoning that occur due to the structure of the argument (the fallacy of affirming the consequent is, therefore, a formal fallacy). There are also hundreds of informal fallacies.” (Mosser, 2010) i. Stereotypes and the media influence consumers with fallacies such as Slippery Slope, False Authority and Hasty Generalizations. ii. It’s “reality”, not the consumers’ reality but the producers, advertisers and writers. IV. Blame it on the media: there ignorance and why they are wrong, “Even after a person leaves a situation where they faced negative stereotypes, the effects of coping with that situation remain,” says Inzlicht. “People are more likely to be aggressive...
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...To witness propaganda at its finest and most obvious, look no further than the ongoing Presidential campaign. Through different means and methods, the forces of propaganda is felt as candidates (or propagandists) battle for their end goal—to become the President of the United States. Following the campaign will expose a person to a wide range of propaganda techniques as the candidates struggle to gain the support of Americans. These techniques are varied as candidates strategize the most effective way to appeal to their target audience. Democratic and Republicans have specific states they know to target, as the majority of the population in those states will identify with one or the other of the political parties. Thus, depending on which...
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...Prevalent Feminist Media Fallacies of Female Empowerment While many efforts have proven successful to halt them, the danger of pervasive toxic ideas still poses a large threat to the building of female character. Ideas and thoughts shape the way humans perceive and therefore experience life. Moreover, women have learned, and continue to learn how to hate their inherent qualities and some modern feminist ideals have not helped to resolve this. Surprisingly, an essay by Herbert Kohl titled Should We Burn Babar has brought this to my attention. To summarize his main idea, the Babar children’s book series, by Jean de Brunhoff, according to Kohl has powerful and potentially harmful negative influence on American children’s perspective of life,...
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...There has been much discussion of the current economic system in the western world, capitalism. This is mainly because of the growing anti-capitalist movement. However, as the owners of the free media are the wealthy, the anti-capitalist side of the debate has not been fairly covered. This list is not to suggest a viable alternative, although there are many. It is merely to cover the disadvantages of the current system, which have often been ignored by the media and governments. 10 Inequality The common capitalist mantra that “anyone can be rich if they work hard enough” is a fallacy. There’s only so much room at the top. In order to make money, first you have to take it from someone else. This can be done through selling things, taxation or any other means. But this means that the rich cannot exist without the poor. Any way you look at it, there’s never going to be equality under capitalism. 9 Waste In a society where resources are not evenly distributed, there is always going to be the wealthy who have an excess of resources. While occasionally these resources are given to the poor, often this excess is wasted. Millions of dollars worth of food is wasted by those who have more than they need, while there are many others who desperately need it. 8 Starvation Of course, if some have an excess of the resources in society, there are others who do not have enough. In Third World countries, many are starving because they cannot afford to feed themselves, while those...
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...Misuse of Statistics Studying about misuses of statistics with example: Statistics: Statistics is an aggregate of facts. Individual facts do not constitute statistics.The height of an individual does not constitute statistics. But the heights of 50 students in a class constitute statistics, since they are affected by multiplicity of causes, like age, heritage etc.The facts must be related to some department of enquiry. Collection of facts will not form statistics unless they are subjected to enquiry.Statistical data should be collected in a systematic manner keeping the purpose in view. Statistics means the methods used for collection, classification, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. Statistics is also defined as the science which deals with collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data. Limitations and Misuses of Statistics with Examples: Statistics can be used only to study numerically valued data. Statistics deals only with aggregate and not with individuals. Statistical data are true only on an average. Statistical data collected for given purpose cannot be applied to any situation. It is not always possible to compare statistical data, unless they are homogeneous in character. Misuses of Statistics with Examples: Statistical methods should be intelligently and carefully used as their misuses may lead to unsatisfactory results and dangerous conclusions. False conclusions will follow if the data collected is incomplete...
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