...1-36 a. The objectives of an independent audit. Because audits involve examinations of financial information by independent experts, they increase the credibility of the information contained in the statement. Decision makers both within and outside the organization can use audited financial information with confidence that it is not likely to be materially misstated. And also they reduce the overall risk of making various types of economic decisions. The nature and emphasis of auditing has changed over the years. Auditing began with the objective of detecting fraud by examination of all, or most, business transactions. Today the objective of an audit is to attest to the fairness of the financial statements. Because of the large size of business organizations, audits necessarily involve the use of sampling techniques based on the auditor's consideration of the organization's controls. b. Identify five ways in which an independent audit may be beneficial to Feller. 1. Improve the internal control. 2. Increase the credibility of information in the statement. 3. Reduce the overall risk of making various types of economic decisions. 4. Not only has internal auditor, but also has external auditor. 5. Provide the require information to external user. 1-37 Evaluate the opposing views expressed by Peters and Ferrel. For Peters, he thinks CPA should be independent from social activities. Because CPA must be fair and objective, if a CPA has closed...
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...hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered through an integrated approach. If the course content is offered through integration, the college or university must advise the Board which course(s) contain the research and analysis content. Courses identified through integration must dedicate 1 semester hour, or quarter hour equivalent, to research and analysis. Courses used to meet this requirement may not be used to meet the requirement for accounting or business communications described below. Course(s) identified by a university to meet the requirements for research and analysis in accounting or taxation should primarily address the identification, organization, and integration of diverse sources of information such as authoritative literature and pronouncements, to reach a conclusion or make a decision; and should analyze accounting and taxation issues by reviewing information, using empirical data and analytical methods, recognizing data in patterned activities, forecasting, and integrating data. CPAs may be asked to conduct research and analysis when providing attest services, professional accounting services, or professional accounting work for clients and/or employers. The Texas State Board of Public Accountancy requires each candidate to complete a minimum of two semester hours in accounting communications or business communications from a recognized college or university. The semester hours may be obtained through a discrete course or offered...
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...Businesses fall under one of two federal tax systems: Taxation of both the entity itself (on the income it earns) and the owners (on dividends or other profit participation the owners receive from the business). This system applies to the business S-corporation-called the "C-corporation" (C-corp) for reasons we'll see shortly-and the system of taxing first the corporation and then its owners is called the "corporate double tax." "Pass through" taxation. The entity (called a "flow-through" entity) is not taxed but its owners are each taxed (more or less) on their proportionate shares of the entity's income. The leading forms of pass through entity (further explained below) are: Partnerships, of various types. "S-corporations" (S-corps), as distinguished from C-corps. Limited liability companies (LLCs). A sole proprietorship such as John Doe Plumbing or Marcus Welby, M.D. is also considered a pass through entity even though no "organization" may be involved. The first major consideration (in this case, a tax consideration) in choosing the form of doing business is whether to choose an entity (such as a C-corp) that has two levels of tax on income or a pass through entity that has only one level (directly on the owners). Losses are directly deductible by pass through owners while C-corp losses are deducted only against profits (past or future) and don't pass through to owners. The major business consideration (as opposed to tax consideration) in choosing the form of business is...
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...total test questions associated with the area. The ranges are designed to provide flexibility in building the examination, and the midpoints of the ranges for all areas in each section total 100%. The examination questions will be selected from each area to fall within the percentage allocation range. No percentages are given for groups or topics. The presence of several groups within an area or several topics within a group does not imply equal importance or weight will be given to these groups or topics on an examination. Auditing and Attestation (AUD) The Auditing and Attestation section tests knowledge and understanding of the following professional standards: Auditing standards promulgated in the United States of America (related to audits of an “Issuer” (a public company), a “Nonissuer” (an entity that is not a public company),...
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...advisor Mr. Khalid Mahmood whose supervision and guidance in relation to selection of material for perusal and formatting of the research paper helped us to do the work on time and in a professional manner. I extend my gratitude towards University of Lahore Islamabad Campus for giving me such kind of opportunities. Thank you Hooria Majid ABSTRACT Taxes affect citizens, economy of the country, businesses, governance mechanisms, etc. Not only revenue mobilization, an effective system of taxation helps in formalizing the economy, encourages economic growth, shapes political cohesion between tiers of the Government, and results in increase in social sector service delivery. We are now quite used to hearing the rhetoric by the government and bureaucracy on how Pakistan has one of the world’s lowest tax to GDP ratios since long (by their account it has stood between 9.50 and 10.40 percent in recent years), which also happens to be extremely low when compared to its neighboring countries and similar economies. So Government is unable to allocate reasonable funds for development projects. Although Pakistan has adopted best practices of the World through Income Tax Ordinance 2001 and formulation of Inland...
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...The Washington State Board of Accountancy has specific education requirements that are current after July 2000. In order to be eligible to take the CPA exam, a person must have a Bachelor’s degree or higher and must have completed at least 150 semester credits of college education (Board of Accountancy Washington State). Within these 150 semester credits, 24 credits must be in accounting subjects with 15 credits at the upper or graduate level and 24 credits must be in business administration subjects (Board of Accountancy Washington State). The Board must also recognize your school as an accredited college. If your education was outside of the United States or was received from a non-accredited US college or university, the education has to be evaluated by a recognized evaluation service (Board of Accountancy Washington State). The CPA exam consists of multiple choice questions, written communication, and task based simulations. There are two sections to the CPA exam: the content specification outlines (CSOs) which covers auditing and attestation, financial accounting and reporting, regulation, and business environment and concepts; and the skill specification outlines (SSOs) which covers knowledge and understanding, application of the knowledge, and written communication (American Institute of CPAs, 2013). The auditing and attestation section of the CSOs covers auditing standards for public and non-public entities, government entities, and not-for-profit entities. It also covers...
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...MULTISTATE CORPORATE TAX COURSE John C. Healy | Michael S. Schadewald 2014 EDITION CPE CoursE! BONUS Earn CPE Credit and stay on top of key Multistate Corporate Tax issues. Go to CCHGroup.com/PrintCPE 2014 EDITION MULTISTATE CORPORATE TAX COURSE John C. Healy | Michael S. Schadewald ii Contributors Authors ........................................................... John C. Healy, MST, CPA Michael S. Schadewald, PhD, CPA Technical Review ....................................................... Sharon Brooks, CPA Production Coordinator ................................................... Gabriel Santana Production ......................................................................... Lynn J. Brown Layout & Design..................................................................Laila Gaidulis This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional service. If legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. © 2013 CCH Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. 4025 W. Peterson Ave. Chicago, IL 60646-6085 800 344 3734 CCHGroup.com No claim is made to original government works; however, within this Product or Publication, the following are subject to CCH’s copyright: (1) the gathering, compilation...
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...business ventures only one needs one person to function with no employees needed 3. If employees are needed different factors will change the decisions on which business should be established. II. Creating a SMLLC. c. The business owner there are steps that must be taken to make the business legal and recognized but the state has made once the decision. iii. Establishing an Article of Certificate. 4. The name of the limited liability company, within the requirements of the state 5. The name and address of the registered agent. 6. The address of the registered office. III. Advantages and disadvantages of SMLLC. d. Advantages iv. There are no federal income tax complications, because the entity doesn't exist in the eyes of...
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...The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was passed into law in 2010 and implemented in 2014. The goal of the bill was to create affordable health insurance policies so most individuals throughout the United States are covered by a health insurer. If an individual does not comply and purchase a mandated health insurance policy, he or she is subject to a penalty tax. This tax is the greater of a flat tax of up to $695.00 for each individual or 2.5% of the household income. This expansion of federal taxation is unprecedented and dangerous. The policy is fundamentally instructing the taxpayers how, where and when to spend their money. Once the Supreme Court upheld the ruling that the fines for non-compliance are actually taxes and not penalties, the law-makers have essentially been given permission to create other similar policies that require the taxpayers to spend money in a specific manner if the legislators believe it is in the best interest of the country. There are currently few issues that would require a similar policy. However, if a similar issue arises in the future, a precedent to implement a similar law mandating that citizens spend their money in a particular manner exists. The idea that the government determines how citizens spend money is not groundbreaking. Tariffs and subsidies have instructed citizens how to spend money in this country for decades. Both tariffs and subsidies indirectly form spending. The government decides which industries are...
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...a tax position will be sustained upon examination. If a tax position meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold it is then measured to determine the amount of benefit to recognize in the financial statements. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. The Company classifies gross interest and penalties and unrecognized tax benefits that are not expected to result in payment or receipt of cash within one year as non-current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company is subject to taxation and files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and in many state and foreign jurisdictions. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, all years prior to 2004 are closed. The Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) has completed its field audit of the Company’s federal income tax returns for the years 2004 through 2006 and...
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...History of U.S. Taxation A. An income tax on individuals was used to provide financing for the Civil War. ألغى then the war ended, the tax was repealed . In 1894, a new individual income tax was enacted سنت but the Supreme Court held the tax to be unconstitutional. After a constitutional challenge to the taxation of income, the Sixteenth Amendment, this sanctioned both the federal individual and corporate income taxes, عقوبات was ratified in 1913. The present income tax on individuals was enacted in 1913. The corporate income tax, which was originally adopted in 1909, withstood صمدت constitutional challenge because it was viewed as an excise tax, not a direct tax. ضريبة المكوس B. Numerous revenue acts, which rewrote completely the federal tax provisions, were enacted between 1913 and 1939. These provisions were reorganized and included, in a more permanent form, in the Internal Revenue Code of 1939. Thereafter, tax laws were changed when Congress adopted amendments to the 1939 Code; a complete rewriting of the laws was unnecessary. A revised Internal Revenue Code was adopted in 1954. The 1954 Code was the controlling body of tax law until 1986. In 1986, Congress enacted the most comprehensive overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in over thirty years. As a result of the massive changes contained in the new law, the federal tax code was renamed the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Nevertheless, many of the provisions of the 1954 Code were carried over to the...
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...Chapter I:1 An Introduction to Taxation Discussion Questions I:1-1 The Supreme Court held the income tax to be unconstitutional in 1895 because the income tax was considered to be a direct tax. At that time, the U.S. Constitution required that an income tax be apportioned among the states in proportion to their populations. This type of tax system would be extremely difficult to administer because different rates of tax would apply to individual taxpayers depending on their states of residence. p. I:1 2. I:1-2 The pay-as-you-go withholding was needed in 1943 to avoid significant tax collection problems as the tax base broadened from 6% of the population in 1939 to 74% in 1945. Pay as you go permitted the federal government to deduct taxes directly out of an employee's wages. p. I:1-3. I:1-3 Under a progressive tax rate structure, the tax rate increases as the taxpayer's income increases. Currently, for 2011, tax rates of 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33% or 35% apply depending upon the taxpayer's filing status and taxable income levels. Under a proportional tax rate or "flat tax" structure, the same tax rate applies to all taxpayers regardless of their income levels. Under a regressive tax rate structure, the tax rate decreases with an increase in income level. The concept of vertical equity holds that taxpayers with higher income levels should pay a higher proportion of tax and that the tax should be borne by those who have the "ability to pay." Thus, Congressman...
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...justified by the complexity of certain regulatory and supervisory tasks that require expertise, the need for rapid implementation of public authority in certain sectors, and the drawbacks of political interference. Some independent regulatory agencies perform investigations or audits, and some are authorized to fine the relevant parties and order certain measures. Regulatory agencies are usually a part of the executive branch of the government, or they have statutory authority to perform their functions with oversight from the legislative branch. Their actions are generally open to legal review. Regulatory authorities are commonly set up to enforce standards and safety, or to oversee use of public goods and regulate commerce. Examples of regulatory agencies are the Interstate Commerce Commission and U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the United States, Ofcom in the United Kingdom, and the TRAI in India. See Internet regulation in Turkey for additional examples. regulatory agency The Regulatory Role If you own a business, you probably know it is subject to a cornucopia of laws. Your business is subject to laws that govern social and economic matters including income taxation, payroll taxation, environmental laws, occupational health and...
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...ir As a taxpayer filing a tax return, I am sure one of the thoughts running through their mind would be “what are the chances that my tax return will be selected for examination?” Just because the taxpayer wonders if their tax return may be selected for an examination it does not mean they may know exactly how the returns are selected for examination. What most taxpayers don’t know is that there is various ways to have your tax return selected for an examination. If all taxpayers would know the various ways that the Internal Revenue Service selects tax returns for examination, I am sure that they would only report what truly occurred throughout the year instead of telling their tax preparers to please work some magic to get the max refund they could possibly get. Being that I have worked for various years at CPA firms, you hear it all when it comes to getting a max refund. Therefore, I would like to discuss the various ways that returns are selected for examination in order to educate these taxpayers. The first thing a taxpayer should know is that when their tax returns are received by the Internal Revenue Service Center there is computers and employees that regularly check for obvious errors such as a signature was omitted on the return or the taxpayers social security number does not appear. These computers also check for mathematical mistakes. Once this process has occurred then there is a magnetic tape with pertinent information from each return which is sent to the...
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...The longevity potential for a private business depends on the ability to generate a profit. In contrast a non-profit relies upon tax dollars or donations. The stakeholders of a private corporation are the owners/stockholder/investors. The stakeholders of a public organization are the taxpayers and general public being served. The budget in the private sector is flexible, depending on revenues and directors. The budget within a public organization is typically not flexible and has to be followed exactly. 1-3. Identify and briefly describe the three organizations that set standards for state and local governments, the federal government, and nongovernmental not-for-profit organizations. FASAB: Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board provides accounting standards for congressional oversight groups, executive agencies, and other users of federal financial information. FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board provides standards within the private that govern the preparation of financial reports by nongovernmental entities GASB:...
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