...Federation was when the colonies of Australia united on the 1st of January 1901, to form what is now called ‘The Commonwealth of Australia’. This federation didn’t happen overnight but through a period of 50 years of discussion by the people of Australia. This idea was achieved for many reasons including to unite the defense forces of Australia, a sense of nationalism and to have a ‘White Australia’. While there were many reasons supporting federation, there were also arguments that hindered the idea such as loss of worker rights, loss of cheap labour and also the thoughts of isolation by the smaller colonies. One of the key reasons for federation was to unite the defense forces of Australia. During a trip to the Australian defense units by Major General J.B, he deeply criticized about the wastage of the separate colonial defense units. As Major General J.B stated ‘the defense forces should at once be placed on a proper footing but this however quite impossible without a federation of the forces of the different colonies’. During the late 1800s, Australia became very concerned about the ‘threat’ from Asia and it soon became very clear when Queensland feared Germany’s intentions on taking Papa New Guinea. Supporters such as Sir Henry Parkes argued and supported for the idea of federation as it is clearly necessary for Australia’s defense forces to come together and protect Australia against foreign powers. Another obvious reason supporting the idea of federation was due...
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...RELATIONS? 4 4 AUSTRALIA’S FEDERATION – HOW IS IT OPERATING? 5 5 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 8 6 INTERNATIONAL FEDERAL SYSTEMS: A BRIEF OVERVIEW 9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 PRINCIPLES OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS EFFECTIVENESS TRANSPARENCY ACCOUNTABILITY EFFICIENCY INDEPENDENCE 11 11 33 34 37 40 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 INTERGOVERNMENTAL FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS REVENUE RAISING SPENDING FISCAL EQUALISATION MONITORING POLICY 43 43 51 55 56 57 9 CONCLUSION 59 INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS IN FEDERAL SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION 1| INTRODUCTION Australia, like many other systems of government around the world, is a federal system. Federations, while divided into different levels of government inevitably have a degree of interdependency between governments. Inescapably there arises a degree of conflict or ineffective governance. For example, disputes may arise between different governments on the basis of service provision or infrastructure, constitutional jurisdiction, fiscal arrangements (e.g. vertical fiscal imbalance or spending powers) or environmental or social issues. Most federations have developed a system of intergovernmental consultation and cooperation to deal with such issues, and to manage and foster cooperation between governments. The character of intergovernmental arrangements is unique to each federation, and depends on various factors such...
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...Russian Federation Health Care System in Transition Rebecca Segal Amanda McCarter Yasiah Hurtado Grand Canyon University: Verree Laughlin Organizational Structure and Management Curative health care services Maternal and child health care Medical nursing education Sanitary epidemiological services • Sanatoria and resorts • • • • • The Russian Federation is divided into three levels: Federal, Regional, and Municipal • Each city manages their own city hospital and polyclinics. • Regional sections govern tertiary and secondary hospitals and outpatient services. • Rayons oversee the smaller territories or districts and provide a central hospital and outpatient services. Hospitals and Providers • “Rural Health Post: They take care of minor injuries, do routine exam’s, and immunization they take care about 4,000 people” (Healthcare in Russia, 2012) • “Special Focus Polyclinics: This is a place where children under the age of 19 are treated” (Healthcare in Russia, 2012). • • “Health Centes: They have a range of physicians, nurses, pediatricians, a therapist and midwife or gynecologist. They are able to perform minor surgeries along with a range of primary care services. They cover larger rural areas of approximately 7,000 people” (Healthcare in Russia, 2012). “Urban Polyclinics: They provide services which are normally considered general practice. The door screening and treat chronic illnesses and on-going care...
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...Nathan Worling Z5057106 ZEIT8303 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE Federation Square Project Designed by Donald Bates and Peter Davidson – LAB Architecture Studio Opened 26th of October 2002 Estimated cost - $473 million NATHAN WORLING -‐ Z5057106 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. 3 2 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 4 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT KNOWLEDGE AREAS ....................................... 5 3.1 PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENT ..................................................... 5 3.2 PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENT ......................................................... 6 3.3 PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT ........................................................ 7 3.4 PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS MANAGEMENT ................................ 9 4 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................... 10 5 RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................... 11 6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 12 ZEIT8303 – PROJECT MANAGEMENT BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 2 NATHAN WORLING -‐ Z5057106 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...
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...------------------------------------------------- too many cooks spoil the broth ------------------------------------------------- It means that if too many people try to do the same thing, they end up ruining it. If you have too many cooks trying to cook one broth or soup, they get in each other's way and end up adding the wrong things. It means that a simple thing like a broth (or a movie script) is better when it doesn't have many authors contributing to it. If more than one cook handles one pot of soup the ingredients like salt, for example, may be doubled or tripled (according to how many cooks handle the pot) thus spoiling it. Too many people trying to do the same thing together are likely to ruin the job. if too many people are involved in something it often gets too complicated. if its used it means that some people need to back off When too many people take charge on a task, it might end up ruining the whole thing. Rosalind is a fictional character and the romantic female lead in the play As You Like It (1600) by William Shakespeare. She is the daughter of the exiled Duke Senior and niece to his usurping brother Duke Frederick. Her father is banished from the kingdom which breaks her heart. She then meets Orlando and falls in love with him. After angering her uncle, she leaves his court for exile in the Forest of Arden. There, she lives disguised as a shepherd named Ganymede with her sweet and devoted cousin, Celia, disguised as his sister, Aliena and...
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...allocation cum resource control. The paper takes a cursory look at virtually all previous attempts at arriving at equitable formula. The paper however, infers that in a deeply plural and divided society like Nigeria a polity that ‘robs Peter to pay Paul’ may eventually be both counter-productive and dysfunctional. The clarion call however is a federal system with fiscal policy that can imbue in the citizenry sense of justice, equity and fairness visà- vis revenue allocation. To do otherwise according to the findings of this paper is to jeopardize all efforts at national cohesion and integration. Keywords: Federalism, fiscal federalism, revenue, resource, Grants-in-aid Federal Governance ISSN 1923-6158 www.federalgovernance.ca Forum of Federations 325 Dalhousie Street, Suite 700 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7G2 Canada ♥ Ojo About Federal Governance Federal Governance is an online graduate journal on theory and politics of federalism and multilevel governance. Its mandate is to engage the global federalism community and reach out to outstanding graduate students interested in federalism and multi-level governance. By providing a platform for graduate students to have early success in their careers, Federal Governance seeks to promote and sustain interest in federalism and multi-level governance research among graduate students. Allied with the Forum of...
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...A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT ON NIGERIAN FEDERALISM: PATH TO A TRUE FEDERAL SYSTEM BY: IRABOR PETER ODION 07037830536 p24real2000@yahoo.com DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL STUDIES, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 4TH ANNUAL NATIONAL CONFERENCE ORGANISED BY COLLEGES OF EDUCATION ACADEMICS STAFF UNION (COEASU) FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION (TECHNICAL) POTISKUM CHAPTER HELD AT I.B.B HALL F.C.E (T) POTISKUM, YOBE STATE 31ST OCTOBER, 2011-4TH NOVEMBER 2011 ABSTRACT It is no gain saying that Nigeria is one of those countries that operates a federal system of government along side with the western world. Given the territorially delineated cleavages abounding in Nigeria and the historical legacy of division among ethnic groups, regions, and sections, the federal imperative was so fundamental that even the military government- characteristically Unitarian, hierarchical, and centralist- attached importance to the continuation of a federal system of government. But it must be said here that, while the system benefit most western countries, the reverse is the case for Nigeria considering the high level of political instability, ethnic crisis, and ethno/religious crisis among others The reason is not far fetch; Nigeria is operating a federal system in an awkward manner and this has make frictions and clashes possible which are currently posing a threat to her political development. To this end, this paper seeks to analyze Nigerian federalism from...
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...Introduction to Law Federal State and Pakistani Example SHAH BASIT HUSSAIN QURESHI 5/10/2015 Federal state with the reference of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 example SUMMARY Definition of Federal State Preamble Introductory Fundamental Rights Principles of Policy The President Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament) The Federal Government The Governors Provincial Assemblies The Provincial Governments Distribution of Legislative Powers Administrative Relations between the Federation and Provinces Special Provisions Regional State and Unitary State Federal state with the reference of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 example Page 2 Federal State with the reference of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 Example Definition of Federal State: A federal state is one that brings together a number of different political communities with a common government for common purposes, and separate “state” or “provincial” or “cantonal” governments for the particular purposes of each community. The United States of America, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Russia, Belgium, Germany, Pakistan and India are all federal states. Federalism combines unity with diversity. Preamble of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973: 12th, April 1973 Whereas sovereignty over the entire Universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone, and the authority to be exercised by the people of Pakistan within the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred...
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...divided by culture, distance or resources are discussed. It is concluded that federal systems ought to distribute a balance of power between the general and constituent governments in order to fulfill different level requirements. Provide three (3) examples of how federalism has evolved from its origin to the American political system in place today. Federalism refers to the form of government that unites separate political entities or states within a single national system. However, federalism has a principle which allows each political entity or state to retain its independence. There are a number of countries that adopt the idea of federalism to form their government. A state that follows the federal system is known as federation. In fact, a federation is a political union of several states, by which effect is given to a certain state or stage of political thought and feeling. Federalism can be seen in a number of ways. First and foremost, federalism has an internal structure which called the Senate. This chamber comprises an equal number of senators from each State, regardless of population. For example, in Malaysia, the Senate (Dewan Negara), the upper house of Parliament, was designed to represent the states and to be bulwark against federal...
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...Advantages WRITTEN 1.Hard to change. This is VERY beneficial. 2.It is easy to understand your rights. 3.It sets FIXED NON-NEGOCIABLE boundries, duties and resposibilities to the governmental bodies. 4.It can be "re-interpreted" over the generations without having to be modified. Disadvantages (from the point of view of Government): 1.Hard to change. 2.It is easy for you to understand your rights 3.It sets FIXED boundries, duties and resposibilities to the governmanetal bodies. 4.It can be "re-interpreted" over the generations without having to be modified. ADVANTAGES: UNWRITTEN An unwritten constitution based on conventions has the advantage of being extremely adaptable or flexible. Since it is unwritten, it can be changed easily to deal with new situations. All that is necessary for the practises to be changed is for Parliament to agree that change is necessary. Old constitutional practises do not become 'millstones' that make it difficult to deal with changed circumstances. There is an entrenchment, but one that given democratic consensus may be more easily modified than as a written constitution. So long as democratic processes are in place and Parliament and the Judiciary act as elected guardians, then in many ways the British Constitution appears more fitted to reflect a changing world and changing circumstances. Unwritten Constitution changes to reflect the times in which we live. DISADVANTAGE: It carries risks. If a constitution is to place limits on government...
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...the governments in the world are unitary. One single central organ is Parliament it holds all the power of the government. Local governments do exist but solely to relieve Parliament of burdens it could perform only with difficulty and inconvenience. The central government in a unitary system is responsible for managing national-level concerns such as foreign relations, national defense and national economic policy. The central ruler or decision-making body controls all aspects of governance, because there are no powers or functions legally reserved to other levels of authority. All areas of government ultimately are under the authority of a single body, so states with unitary systems often have more uniform laws and regulations than federations. The central government also might be responsible for appointing the personnel of lower levels of government, such as regional or provincial governors. Government decisions in unitary states are not necessarily made by the central authority. Some unitary governments delegate some degree of decision-making power to more regional or local authorities in a process called “devolution,” which often is instituted to accommodate ethnic or linguistic minorities who desire greater autonomy. From this one can tell that Kenya is indeed in this category as the Kenyan system does fit the descriptions above. To understand this sytem quite a bit further let us look into some of the advantages and disadvantages of this system. ADVANTAGES 1. Uniform...
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...The articles of confederation caused problems. Had no judicial branch nor executive branch. Weak in central government, had no power to tax, no power to regulate trade, no power to coin money and back it up with previous standard, and no money to raise an army or navy. The Anti-Federalists found many problems in the Constitution. They argued that the document would give the country an entirely new form of government. They saw no sense in throwing out the existing government. Instead, they believed that the Federalists had over-stated the current problems of the country. The Anti-Federalists feared that the Constitution gave the president too much power and that the proposed Congress would be too higher-class in nature; with too few representatives for too many people. They also criticized the Constitution for its lack of a Bill of Rights. The Anti-Federalists also shared the feeling that so large a country as the United States could not possibly be controlled by one national government. Although the Anti-Federalists were united in their opposition to the Constitution, they did not agree on what form of government made the best alternative to it. Some still believed that the Articles of Confederation could be amended in such a way that they would provide a workable confederation. Some wanted the Union to break up and re-form into three or four different confederations. Others were even ready to accept the Constitution if it were amended in such a way that the rights of citizens...
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...The American civilization and the African civilization are unique and powerful. While the African civilization and the American civilization have similarities like their reasons for decline and role of religion, they also have differences like their role of women and contact with other cultures. Mali, an African society, and Inca, an American society, had the same reasons for decline. Mali’s emperor and Inca’s king both dies and both of their sons could not keep the empires together. The African and American societies are different people would think but they are very similar. Religion is very important, but even when different societies believe in the same or are polytheistic or monotheistic they don't all do the same activities. Both African and American societies were both polytheistic. Shintoism is polytheistic like the American and African civilizations once were. African civilizations converted to Islam while the American civilizations stayed polytheistic. The African civilizations turned to monotheism like buddhism. Religion is very important and even though civilizations believe in the same god does not mean they can not convert to another religion or perform their beliefs in a different way. Women were not treated with the most respect. Both American and African civilizations treated women with respect but they were still considered lower than a man. Women can be educated in both African and American civilizations but women could also became a priestess. In...
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...The Organizational Process: Organizing, like planning, must be a carefully worked out and applied process. This process involves determining what work is needed to accomplish the goal, assigning those tasks to individuals, and arranging those individuals in a decision-making framework (organizational structure). The end result of the organizing process is an organization — a whole consisting of unified parts acting in harmony to execute tasks to achieve goals, both effectively and efficiently. A properly implemented organizing process should result in a work environment where all team members are aware of their responsibilities. If the organizing process is not conducted well, the results may yield confusion, frustration, loss of efficiency, and limited effectiveness. In general, the organizational process consists of five steps (a flowchart of these steps is shown in Figure 1 ): [pic] The organizational process. 1 • Review plans and objectives. Objectives are the specific activities that must be completed to achieve goals. Plans shape the activities needed to reach those goals. Managers must examine plans initially and continue to do so as plans change and new goals are developed. 2 • Determine the work activities necessary to accomplish objectives. Although this task may seem overwhelming to some managers, it doesn't need to be. Managers simply list and analyze all the tasks that need to be accomplished...
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...BREAKING NEWS: The U.S, government has come up with a new way to govern. It is called the Constitution, why should we the people believe this will be better than the Articles of Confederation. Well first off, the Articles have many weaknesses, one of these being it gives the states too much power. We all know this was on purpose. In the beginning, we were scared to have a government as strong as England’s parliament. The Congress the Articles created can’t enforce treaties and can’t collect taxes from the states. Taxes, nobody likes them, but after this war that’s what we need to pay off all our debts. States don’t have to follow or enforce federal laws which can easily cause chaos. The new Constitution will create a stronger government...
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