...Proposal: Male Coaches in Female Sports Research Methods in Exercise and Sport Science 5315 April 28, 2011 Chapter I Introduction Ever since women became involved in sports, they have been in a constant battle to gain recognition in a sports world mainly revolving around men’s sports. Events such as Billy Jean King defeating Bobby Riggs on the tennis court and the U.S. women’s soccer team winning the World Cup in 1999; women’s sports have slowly gained interest from others. For many years, only women coached women’s sports, but since Title IX was passed there has been a gradual increase in male coaches in women’s sports. Studies have shown that approximately 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, & Smith, 1994). In the studies discussed in the review of literature, researchers chose to focus on determining female athletes’ opinions and experiences when being coached by a male coach. However, there is limited research on this topic. Therefore, this study will further analyze the different reasons why female athletes prefer to be coached by a male coach. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study is to research why female athletes prefer male coaches. The study will analyze the different reasons for female athletes preferring male coaches. This study will contain only college female athletes. Significance of Study The significance of this study is to show why 71% of female athletes prefer a male coach (Lirgg, Dibrezzo, &...
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...elite female athletes recognised for their ability or sexuality? Women have traditionally been considered as fragile and unable to perform the tasks that a man could. Understanding this, women were never considered to be apart of sports or activities that may involve the two qualities strength, stamina. A number of studies (Harris, 2005; Messner, Duncan & Jenson, 1993; Vincent, 2004; Rowe and Brown, 1994) discovered that in relation to female athletes most media coverage was for their looks rather than their athletic ability and skills. However the men were evaluated on the skill of the sport while women became the object to observe. Compared to the pictures taken of men and women, the men’s pose’s were more athletic were as the women’s...
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...Understanding the female judoka’s coach-athlete relationship: a British perspective. Katrina McDonald and Maki Tsukada Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University The purpose of this study is to examine the coach-athlete relationship, to gain a greater understanding into the relationship between female judo athletes and their coach. To explore what is felt as important, the dynamics in the relationship and does the athlete’s opinion differ from that of the coach. A greater understanding to the relationship between an athlete and coach needs to be appraised so that any proposed theories can be examined in the practical/applied domain and whether the proposed theories behind the complex interactions are offering a great enough insight to the reality. Introduction The researchers for this project are both coaches who currently work in their National set ups for England and Japan. The initial idea for the investigation came from Maki Tsukada’s two year observation of the British system, and also a reflection on the London 2012 Olympics and the coach-athlete interaction. Coaches came under scrutiny from the results of the Olympics, which made it pertinent to examine the relationship between the coach and athlete, to try and ensure that it does not disintegrate. The wider impact of the study will mean that coaches will have a greater understanding of how to build and work at their relationship with their athletes and understand what the important dynamics are within...
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...Sports broadcast journalism is a profession desired by many. It appears to be more competitive than ever before, especially as a profession for women. It looks like a glamorous career for women because they are traveling from one sporting event to another, meeting athletes, and reporting on the sideline during games. So, as we see an increase in women striving to become sports broadcast journalist, as well as the number of women seen and heard reporting sports, it is a challenge today as it was over a decade ago. The issue is whether or not women in sports media are afforded the same opportunities that include prominent positions, reporting male games as well as female games, benefits and salary based on their qualifications and credibility...
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...Women in Sports Gender roles can be defined as a certain set of behaviors that are considered normal for a person based upon their sex. The male is viewed as independent, strong, and non-emotional, while the female is viewed as dependent, sensitive, and emotional. This concept brings upon the question of whether females can do things that are generally male specific and vise versa. In today’s society the female athletics are becoming very popular. New rules and regulations require colleges to have an equal female sport for every male sport that is offered. For example, if a college has a baseball team, then it is required to have a softball team. We are now seeing female athletes excel in sports like never before. Some females are now dominating their sport, like Serena Williams, a professional tennis player, and Ronda Rousey, a professional UFC fighter. These athletes make many question if they would be able to compete against male athletes of the same sport. Although female athletes are skillful, they cannot compete with male athletes in competitive sports. (Hockenbury & Hockenbury 2014). Today’s society would agree that female athletes cannot compete with male athletes in most circumstances. In major sports like baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and tennis the female athlete has not broken the gender barrier. This is because the male athlete is physically stronger than the female; we can look at tennis statistics to prove this statement. In 2012, Samuel Groth...
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...difference! Females athletes don’t deserve this. They train equally as hard or even twice as hard as male athletes. They play the same sports with the same rules and same equipment. Many female athletes don’t get paid with the money they deserve and that’s not right especially if they have won more trophies/medals than men. This sends a bad message to the younger generation, mostly to young girls who want to be an athlete when they grow up. The gender pay gap is getting smaller for jobs like teachers, doctors and police officers. Being an athlete is no different from...
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...THE EFFECTS OF EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION IN WOMEN SPORTS March, 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents …..……………………………………………………………………2 Section I. Introduction 3 Section II. Review of Literature 4 Equal Employment Opportunity Laws 4 Affirmative Action 6 Effects of EEO and AA on Women Sports 7 Effects on EEO and AA on women playing sports 7 Effects of EEO and AA on women coaching sports 9 Effects of EEO and AA on women in administration………………...11 Section III. Summary and Conclusions 14 References ............... 17 INTRODUCTION Women in sports have indeed come a long way. Years ago it was socially unacceptable for women to do anything other than cook and clean. Men dominated the work place and the sports industry. But eventually women got fed up with being treated less significant than their male counterparts and began protesting. Not until the mid-1950s and early 1960s did nondiscriminatory employment become a strong social concern (Bohlander & Snell, 2004). While women were just beginning to make a name for themselves, the government began regulating Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) by passing a series of laws, in an attempt to correct social problems of interest to particular groups of workers, including women. EEO laws have made a major impact on women in all industries, but especially on women in sports. While EEO laws focused on non-discrimination, affirmative action went beyond...
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...Equity in Sports Colleen Iardella American Military University Gender equity in sports describes an environment in which fair and equitable distribution of overall athletic opportunities, benefits, and resources is available to women and men and in which student athletes, coaches, and athletics administrators are not subject to gender-based discrimination. Title IX, passed in 1972 at the pinnacle of the women’s rights movement, banned sex discrimination in any federally financed education program. It threw into quick relief the imbalanced treatment of male and female athletes on college campuses. Ever since Congress passed the federal gender-equity law, universities have opened their gyms and athletic fields to millions of women who previously did not have chances to play. But as women have surged into a greater part on campus in recent years, many institutions have resorted to deception to make it look as if they are offering more sports to women. Throughout this paper I will discuss the issues of gender equity in sports. I will mention what equal opportunities women have to play sports and how they can develop the psychological, physiological and sociological impact from sports participation. Females are playing team sports more now than they were a decade ago and far more women will play team sports in the next decade. In the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association's (SGMA) study, the authors analyzed many team sports and the role that females played...
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...found in patients with eating disorders. Other factors include high self-expectation, competitiveness, compulsiveness, drive, self-motivation, and great pressure to be thin. In order to improve performance, athletes may need to maintain a strong control and constantly monitor their body shape. This behavior has been identified as a risk factor for both anorexia and bulimia. In addition to the societal pressure to be thin, athletes have extra pressure for increased performance and ranking, which make them more cautious of their body size and shape, leading them to become more susceptible for eating disorders. Although these characteristics may predispose athletes to eating disorders, some of these behaviors can also be beneficial to their sport. For example, the drive for perfectionism can help increase athletic performance and success. It may also help in other areas of their live such as school and in social relationships. Several of the early studies which attempted to estimate the prevalence of eating disorders...
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...Pee-wee sports leagues are very popular in our society. Growing up, I have noticed that it has always been popular for parents to sign their kids up to participate in sports like soccer, dance, tee ball, and gymnastics at a very young age. Children appear to enjoy their participation since they get to make new friends and learn how to play a new game. However, around the time a kid exits the childhood phase of life and enters the early adolescence phase (at approximately 11 years) participation in sport decreases dramatically, especially in female adolescents. In a statistical overview of sport and recreation participation by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012), it was found that female participation rates dropped by 9.7% between...
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...When people look around it is not hard to recognize how much of an influence sports has on the world. It can be seen in ads, merchandise, television, articles, and radio. In these ads women are a exposed (in a positive manner) to the public as strong and sexy human beings, but have people wondered how much television representation female athletes actually get. Female athletes receive about 6-8 percent of media coverage ("Q and A: Media Coverage of Women's Sports," 2011), which is outrageously a small amount of media coverage. There are a numerous about of athletes that are female, who dominate their sports, that could compete or beat the male athletes. In September of 2015 ESPN (Entertainment and Sports Programming Network) conducted a...
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...Gender Inequality in Soccer In American society, sports are an important part of our lives. For centuries, males have dominated a wide range of sports. This wide range of sports doesn't only include what type of sport, but also includes professional sports teams, college, high school and even elementary age teams. In modern day, women are still fighting for equality in sports. Even though Women sports have increased in popularity, gender inequality still exists today. Now and days, women are receiving more opportunities, but people still mainly prefer men's sports. Women are still not accepted as equal participants in the activity of sports or in sharing sports knowledge. Women are seen as weaker and not as capable as men when it comes...
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...Media in a Pluralistic Society (Communications) It wasn’t until the 1960’s that women started to break into the previously male-dominated world of sports broadcasting. With many setbacks, difficulties and a large male audience and workforce to win over, female sports broadcasters have endured many challenges and earned the positions they have today. Although the ratio is still what some would consider unfair, the examination of some of the pioneers of female sports broadcasting can help us gain a better understanding of both the evolution of female sports-broadcasting and the unique role in which they play today. Considered three of the most influential figures in female sports broadcasting history, Jane Chastain, Gayle Gardner and Jeannie Morris each have a career and story detrimental to the progression and current position of women in sports broadcasting today. Jane Chastain is documented and credited with being the first woman to work for a large network, and is also widely considered the fist woman to do play-by-play. Being the icebreaker, her role is important but however, her struggles and setbacks as a woman were not well documented. Jeannie Morris’s however, were. A talented journalist and writer, Morris didn’t have a difficult time breaking into the field. Morris was also thought to of gotten the job through her husband’s assistance, Johnny Morris, who is the all-time leader in receiving yards for the Chicago Bears. Morris may have gotten her foot in the door...
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...Psychology 205 Athleticism vs Attractiveness Athleticism vs. Attractiveness Page 1 Abstract This study focused on the effect that being an athlete has on how attractive a person is found by those around them. 6 athletes, 3 male and 3 female (baseball/softball, lacrosse, and soccer players) were selected and photos of them either in their sports uniform or in their everyday clothing were shown to 200 random individuals in Shenendehowa High School East across a time span of one week. Those shown a photo of an athlete in their sports uniform were not also shown the photo of that same athlete in their everyday clothing, and those shown a photo of an athlete in their everyday clothing were not also shown the photo of that same athlete in their sports uniform. A hypothesis test performed on the resulting averages of the surveys handed out to participants showed no significant results. According to our findings, the fact that someone is an athlete has no effect how how attractive they are found by those around them. Page 2 Much research has been done on the topic of attractiveness and qualities that make people attractive. Attractiveness is a very broad topic that is hard to pinpoint because what is deemed “attractive” differs greatly from person to per...
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...Amount of Sports How does gender affect the amount of sports played? Prediction: ● Males will on average participate in more sports than females. Hypothesis: ● By testing 15 females and 15 males, on average males should have a higher rate of percentage in sports than females. Variables: 1. Age Group (13-18) 2. Amount of individuals tested 3. Group of people 4. Entire life span Control ● The age group of individuals tested Procedures 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Find 15 females and 15 males to conduct the experiment (cafeteria) Ask each person how many sports they have participated throughout their entire life. Write down each person’s answer and calculate the averages. Complete all calculations and create a data table for all of the information. Write down all observations. Write an analysis and conclusion for experiment Date Table (Raw Data) Individuals Tested Females #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 # 10 2 #1 1 5 #1 2 7 #1 3 3 #1 4 2 #1 5 6 Average 3 4 2 2 5 7 7 3 2 4 Sports Males 2 5 6 8 7 8 10 8 5 4 5 7 9 7 6 6.4 Sports Bar Graph Observations ● ● ● Many students were unsure of the amount of sports played Many students hesitated Many students didn’t know what activities qualified as a “sport” Analysis/ Conclusion p = 0.00249 ● ● According to the T-Test, there was a statistically significant difference between females and males. A number of males on average participated in more sports than females. Bias/...
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