...Subjective Essay on Feminist Moral Theory Do men and women have different morals perspective? I would venture to say that if asked, 9 out 10 people will answer, “yes”, for different reasons. A large number of feminist seem to believe so as well. All beliefs are influenced by something, as children, the influence usually comes from our parents or whoever we are raised by. In saying that, morals are introduced to us as youth. As we evolve into young adults we encounter other influences, decide what makes most sense to us as individuals, and we start to develop our own morals/ethics. Our surroundings also play a large part in our moral approach. In the book Elements of Moral Philosophy it was explained that psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg developed a scenario that was presented to random individuals in order to gage their moral beliefs (Rachels, 2003). The scenario involved a guy whose wife was fatally ill. The guy knew a pharmacist who was selling a medication that could cure his wife’s illness. The pharmacist was selling the drug for significantly more money than what it cost to produce the drug and more than what the husband could afford. The pharmacist would not agree to sell the medicine to the husband for any less than the offered price and would not allow a payment plan. The husband is now contemplating stealing the medication. The question is would he be wrong for doing so? This scenario was pitched to two people, a young boy and a young girl. The boy expressed that he...
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...PHL101 Alison Jaggar Alison M. Jaggar (PHD, 1970--) is a feminist philosopher and a professor who works for University of Colorado at Boulder. Jaggar was born in Sheffield, England. Jaggar’s early work was in England. Jaggar got her Bachelor’s degree in 1964 from University of London (Bedford College) and her Ph D from State University of New York at Buffalo in 1970. In 1990, she joined the faculty at University of Colorado Boulder, and she was awarded Gold Teaching Award by CU boulder. Besides teaching, Jaggar joined many research and academic appointments. Since 2007, she’s been research coordinator at Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, University of Oslo, Norway. Jaggar has around ten books published; most of them discuss the topic about feminism and social, moral and political philosophy. Besides, her teaching accomplishment and her research got her 16 awards during the past three decades. Unlike the long history of other schools of philosophy, the history of feminist philosophy is relatively short. The first emerge of feminism dates back to 18th century. However, the first boost of feminism started in the 20th century, along with political movements and black and postcolonial ideologies. Different from traditional views of epistemology, Jaggar pointed out that emotion is an important part of gaining and processing knowledge. According to Freud’s psychosexual development, gender identity is formed related to the social environment. Females are usually...
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...f Notes: Feminism Feminism has become so common in our world today that it seems to appear everywhere. Everywhere we turn and wherever you look there is feminist. In fact, feminism has so many different meanings that people take it to mean very little. Well, how do you define feminism and what is it? As a general definition, feminism is a very sophisticated philosophical movement and is also known as, “the biggest intellectual monster”. It is a philosophy in which women and their contributions are valued. This system of ideas and political practices are based on the principles that women are human beings that are equal to men. Feminism is also based on social, political and economical equality for women. It has been known that feminists can be anyone in the population (men, women, boys and girls). Feminism has been widely described as a huge movement too for the past 50 plus years and includes everyone who wishes the world to be equally the same without boundaries. These so called “boundaries” are known as discrimination against certain things such as religion, age, gender, etc. Numerous people tend to view the whole world with their own senses. Feminist tend to view the world though as being very unequal. For example, being “gypped” or “jewed”, meaning you were ripped off. Therefore, in order to fix it and be “equally treated” there are three goals or strategies used (social, radical and liberal feminism). I see feminism as allowing women to expand their careers and...
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...Women’s Movement 3.5 Psychoanalytic Feminism 3.5.1 The Beginnings of Psychoanalytic Feminism – Countering Freudian Theories 3.5.2 Explanation by other Theorists 3.5.3 Limitations of Psychoanalytic Feminism 3.5.4 Contribution to the Women’s Movement 3.6 Radical feminism 3.6.1 Definition 3.6.2 The influences that shaped Radical Feminism 3.6.3 What are the variations of Radical Feminism? 3.6.3.1 Radical- Libertarian Feminism 3.6.3.2 Radical-Cultural Feminism 3.6.4 Radical Feminism – Its Structure 3.6.5 The Outcomes of the Movement 3.6.6 Critiques of Radical Feminism 3.6.7 Contribution to the Women’s Movement 3.7 Postmodern Feminism 3.7.1 Postmodern Thought 3.7.2 Postmodern rethinking of psychological explanation of gender 3.7.3 Postmodern Feminist 3.7.4 Limitations of Postmodern feminism 3.7.5 Contribution to the women’s Movement 3.8 Black Feminism and Womanism 3.8.1 The Beginnings of Black Feminism 3.9 Cyber Feminism 3.9.1 Origin of Cyber Feminism 3.9.2 Definition of the 100 Anti Thesis 3.9.3 Cyber art and its relation to Cyber feminism 3.9.4 Cyber Feminism – Practical Manifestation 3.9.5 Cyber Feminism challenges and its future 3.10 Let Us Sum up 3.11 Answers to Check Your Progress 3.12 Unit End Questions 3.13 References 3.1 INTRODUCTION The second half of the twentieth century has seen a new impetus to the women‟s movement. There are many factors responsible for this. One of the main factors, however, has been the recognition of...
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...Multiple Critical Perspectives ™ Teaching J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye from Multiple Critical Perspectives by Stephanie Polukis ™ Multiple Critical Perspectives The Catcher in the Rye General Introduction to the Work Introduction to The Catcher in the Rye S ince The CaTCher in The rye was published in 1951, the book has received mixed reviews. While sev- eral critics commend Salinger’s thorough development of the narrator, the realistic use of vernacular in the narration, and the accurate portrayal of post-World War II teenage life, others feel that the novel is perverse and immoral. In fact, The Catcher in the Rye was on the public school’s banned book list for its use of profane language, depiction of underage drinking, and sexual allusions. However, regardless of the challenges to the novel, the book was a New York Times Bestseller for thirty weeks, and remains popular in the twenty-first century. While the novel in its present form is roughly 214 pages long, the story evolved from short stories published by J.D. Salinger in the 1940s. “I’m Crazy,” published by Collier’s magazine in 1945, developed into the conversation with Mr. Spencer in Chapter 2 and Holden’s visit to Phoebe in Chapters 22 and 23. While the story features Holden, the Spencers, and Phoebe, it also includes Jeanette—the housekeeper— and Viola—Holden’s youngest sister, who have both been omitted from the novel. Salinger’s “Slight Rebellion Off Madison...
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...to prove both myths false. Steinem also used two key elements of Women’s Studies and feminism throughout the article, liberal feminism and the intersectionality. The use of these elements helped execute her purpose of the article in a clear and understandable way. Gloria Steinem used this article to persuade readers that the myths about feminism are not true. She used facts throughout the article to convince readers, but also to inform them. According to Steinem (2014), the myths that feminism is only for White middle-class women and that we live in a time where racism and sexism are extinct, so we no longer need feminists or the feminist movement are the two worst myths about feminism (p. 27). The second myth, feminists and the feminist movement are no longer useful because racism...
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...political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economical inequalities. One institutionally predominant type of feminism focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality to promote women's rights, interests, and issues in society. Another opposing type of modern feminism, with deep historical roots, focuses on earning, and establishing equity by and for women, vis-a-vis men, to promote those same rights, interests, and issues, regardless of gender considerations. Thus, as with any ideology, political movement or philosophy, there is no single, universal form of feminism that represents all feminists. The most well-known types of feminism are: liberal feminism, social feminism, radical feminism, and post-modern feminism. Liberal feminism seeks no special privileges for women and simply demand that everyone receive equal consideration without discrimination on the basis of sex. Liberal feminists would seek to remove barriers that prevent equal access for women to information technology jobs not only to provide economic equality but to provide access to higher-paying jobs for women. In contrast to liberal feminism, socialist feminism rejects individualism and positivism. Social feminism believes that technology and the social shaping of technology have often been conceptualized in terms of men, excluding women at all levels. Socialist feminist reform suggests that the...
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...international relations. The initial thrust of this critique was to challenge the fundamental biases of the discipline and to highlight the ways in which women were excluded from analyses of the state, international political economy, and international security. According to O'Callaghan (2002) feminism in international relations can be framed in two main domains. The first wave of feminist scholarship in the 1980s is now called feminist empiricism; in which international relations scholars have sought to reclaim women’s hidden voices and to expose the multiplicity of roles that women play in sustaining global economic forces and state interactions. For example, women’s participation and involvement facilitate tourism, colonialism, and economically powerful states’ domination of weak states. The maintenance of the international political economy depends upon stable political and military relations among states. O'Callaghan’s discussion on feminism clearly explicates how the creation of stable diplomatic and military communities has often been the responsibility of women (as wives, girl friends, and prostitutes). Feminist empiricism, according to O'Callaghan, exposes the role of women and demonstrates their importance in a wide variety of arenas. A second focus of...
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...------------------------------------------------- Feminist Stances on Rape ------------------------------------------------- Causes, Activism and Prevention [Author] Abstract Understanding the many different studies and work done by feminists regarding rape and sexual violence. Table of Contents Introduction…………………………………………………………….3 Anti-Rape Movement………………………………………………4 Feminist Perspective…………………………..…………………..7 Amelioration Vs. Backlash……………………………………...9 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…11 Bibliography……………………………………………….…………12 Introduction The definition of rape has been something of dispute for the last number of years. Rape usually is understood to involve some sort of sexual penetration of a person by force or without consent. Rape is committed more by males, usually on a female. In the last three decades, feminist have worked and studied rape with the collective agenda to work towards changing rape in a social and legal manor. Feminist thought and activism have challenges the myth that rape is rape, showing that it is a common experience among girls and women. Although feminists have different theories on why rape occurs, and how to eliminate it, they share the notion that rape is wrong and work towards learning and teaching about rape prevention. This paper will touch on the anti-rape movement, the feminist perspective, and different hypothesis in learning about the different feminist theories of rape. Anti-Rape Movement Feminists have been working for decades towards raising...
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...Feministic Theories | | Victoria Gomez | 7/27/2014 | PHI/105 | Feminism is a women's rights movement that focuses on political, social, and economic equality to men. Over the course of history, many great feminist philosophers have created theories of why women’s rights are as important to those of men. One particular feminist, Nancy Chodorow and her book The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender have brought the attention of gender identity roles of a man and a woman in the family and how they can be corrected. In Nancy Chodorow’s book The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender, she recognizes that the gender identity roles implied that the women were the primary caretaker of the family while males were the breadwinners. Nancy wanted to prove that this was not something that biological or intentional (Moore and Bruder, 2011, p. 437). Rather this issue was socially constructed by society standards. Daughters are raised by their mothers to nurture while men are raised to repress nurturing in order to prepare for a public working life. The key principles of feminism look into different theories of women’s rights. Socialist feminism combines Marxist principles and radical feminist perspectives. Marxist principles explain that children are prepared for their specific gender roles by how they were raised. Socialist related to radical’s concepts that these gender roles needed to be corrected in order...
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... Abstract Through feminism protest, women have been trying to get equal rights to men for decades. Different movements have appeared through the years. Radical feminism is one of them. Where does it come from? What differences does it have from “classical” feminism? For a few years now, we can often see in the media pictures of those bare breasts women protesting, the FEMEN. Where do they come from? What are they fighting for, or against? In this paper, we will have a closer look at where from comes their movement and what defines their ideology in order to understand their message and what they protest against. Methodology For this work, I used what the FEMEN movement wrote, its manifesto and different articles, and tried to find feminist theories on radical feminism in order to understand the basis of the FEMEN movement. Table of content Abstract 2 Methodology 2 Introduction 4 What is radical feminism? 4 The notion of patriarchy 4 The Marxist feminism 5 The FEMEN movement 6 Brief history of the FEMEN movement 6 Bare breasts as a weapon 7 Manifesto 7 FEMEN 8 Ideology 8 Objective 8 Missions 8 Exigencies 8 Tactics: sextremism 8 Symbols 9 Structure and activity 9 Financing 9 Information 9 Controversy 9 Ethical points of view on feminism 10 Conclusion 10 Afterword 11 References 12 Introduction Already at the beginning of the 15th century, a woman, Christine de Pizan, was protesting against the misogyny of the clerical...
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...SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY KEY POINTS TO NOTE WHEN COMPILING YOUR BIBLIOGRAPHY • Choose a topic on which you will not have to struggle to find enough material • Put a title on your bibliography, so that it is clear what subject you are writing about • Include your search strategy - how you selected your references. • Count your references and make sure that the number is within the limit of 40-50 • Arrange your references in alphabetical order • Cite them properly according to the MHRA (Modern Humanities Research Association) guidelines for referencing your work. These are laid out in Section 10 of the MHRA Style Guide. At http://www.library.soton.ac.uk/infoskills/referencing.shtml#MHRA you will find a link to the Style Guide. There you will also find links to documents containing MHRA-format examples from the Guide, and from the New College Humanities Programme Handbook. • Check and double-check for inaccuracies and inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation and spacing • Include as wide a range of types of information sources on your topic as you can find. The main ones are books, journal articles, electronic journal articles, conferences, theses, websites, and newspaper articles, reports and government publications (though the last two types are unlikely for the subject of this sample bibliography) • Choose references that are up to date, unless your topic has a historical slant, in which case older material will be appropriate ...
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...CHAPTER 12 Feminist Therapy Co-authored by Barbara Herlihy and Gerald Corey INTRODUCTION History and Development KEY CONCEPTS View of Human Nature Feminist Perspective on Personality Development Challenging Traditional Roles for Women Principles of Feminist Psychology THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS Therapeutic Goals Therapist’s Function and Role Client’s Experience in Therapy Relationship Between Therapist and Client APPLICATION: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis Techniques and Strategies The Role of Men in Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THERAPY APPLIED TO THE CASE OF STAN SUMMARY AND EVALUATION Summary Contributions of Feminist Therapy Limitations and Criticisms of Feminist Therapy FEMINIST THEORY FROM A MULTICULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Contributions to Multicultural Counseling Limitations for Multicultural Counseling WHERE TO GO FROM HERE RECOMMENDED SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS 340 SOME C O N TE M P O R ARY FEMINIST T H E R AP I STS Feminist therapy does not have a single founder. Rather, it has been a collective effort by many. We have selected a few individuals who have made significant contributions to feminist therapy for inclusion here, recognizing full well that many others equally influential could have appeared in this space, Feminist therapy is truly founded on a theory of inclusion. member of the board of trustees of the last two. In recent decades...
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...INTRODUCTION This study is conducted to determine the physical image of women portrayed by Filipino beauty commercials. A feministic view of these commercials is applied in trying to show the ideal image they present which influences the decisions and perceptions of women. Specifically, the researchers are defining how it has shaped the outlook of women towards beauty with regards to the physical aspects. The methods used to achieve results were documentary analysis and interviews. Through interviews, the researchers were able to generate information based on perceptions of selected individuals with expertise on feminism and visual communication. The documentary analysis deals with the examination of sample commercials which are part of the research scope. CHAPTER I THE RESEARCH AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter contains the background of the study with a short introduction of the whole research and the reasons why the researchers chose the topic. It also contains the specific problems of the study as well as the theoretical and conceptual frameworks which were the foundation of the research. The limitations and scope are also provided in this chapter. It also contains the significance of the study to different people affected by the research and the definition of terms as to how they were used in the study. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY As people tend to watch television, we also tend to encounter the commercials that come along with watching. According to a study conducted...
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...This paper examines leadership practice in Nigeria from a feminist perspective. The paper briefly x-rayed Nigeria’s problems from a feminist perspective and come to the conclusion that, majority of these problems are caused by the default androcentric social practices allowed by patriarchy and masculinism, it is important to proffer solution to these problems using the same feminist theoretical frame-work. Hence, this paper attempts long lasting solution to the problem of leadership as it confronts Nigeria. FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ON SOME NIGERIA NATIONAL ISSUES This section looks at some of the issues that concern Nigeria leadership and development problems and try to look at them from a feminist perspective in order to chart a new paradigm at...
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