...Past, Present and Future of Law Enforcement INTRODUCTION To be an effective police/law enforcement officer, one must understand where we (law enforcement) has been, where society believes we are and what the heck is going to happen in the future. Unfortunately the future is much more depressing than in the past. Society is getting more liberal with how the Constitution is viewed and applied towards suspects. The author posits that not to far into the distant future officers will need probable cause to make a consenual contact. But connecting the dots is important because it provides clarity, and understanding to a profession that once was considered a volunteer job in which the primary duties was to ensure that criminals did not come into the town at night. PAST Thus when the new officer hits the streets, they think the “old salt” officers are unaware of the “new” and improved ways of policing. However if anyone reviews Sir Robert Peels policing notions not much has changed in how police officers should effectively patrol, and protect the communities they serve. The past also includes community oriented policing, and problem oriented policing. There are trends like Killing and Wilsons Broken Windows that will never go away. But there are also eras of law enforcement. PRESENT The present is not readily observable because the career track is working within a specific time frame. However a couple of authors (scholars) have debated and postulated that law enforcement...
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...Criminal Justice Trends Paper Bonuel Johnson CJA/484 Dr. Mailloux 1/25/16 The past, present, and future practices of law requirement offices is wrongdoing counteractive action and ensuring the residents of the United States. Law implementation specialists are the first to react to a call when a criminal demonstration is happening or has happened. Alongside reacting to calls, alternate obligations that are performed by law requirement specialists are capturing law violators, performing routine watch, researching wrongdoings, authorizing activity laws, giving group and movement control at parades, and other open occasions. Another part of an operators' opportunity is spent written work reports and overhauling records of the guilty parties he or she has experienced. Most operators watch a specific locale and explore criminal movement with that ward. Some of the time they help another officer from an alternate ward in light of the fact that the wrongdoer has crossed province or state lines. Impact on Law Enforcement A pattern inside of the criminal equity framework which influenced law authorization specialists was the terrorist assault on the United States on 9/11. Since this act has happened the law enforcements have brought fusion centers in some states. “Fusion centers act as command centers for regional threats and excel in their ability to perform analysis with advanced tools and trained analysts. These centers attempt to address the fact that clues related to criminal...
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...they commit. This also helped in providing a better judgment to the convicts. With the dawn of Information Technology, these records were transferred to the systems and this made it possible for the forces around the country to share the data and access it anytime and from any location. This further strengthened the power of the forces against the intelligent criminals. At this stage the Research and Development firms in USA law enforcement agency FBI, started experimenting with the data and the predicting algorithms used by major marketing and retail chains like Wal-Mart. Their research showed results and concluded that Police can use a similar data analysis to help make their work more efficient. The idea is being called "predictive policing," and some in the field believe it has the potential to transform law enforcement by enabling police to anticipate and prevent crime instead of simply responding to it....
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...Course Syllabus ________________________________________________________ CJS 200 Foundations of the Criminal Justice System Course Start Date: 08/01/2011 Group ID: AAGR0Z9835 Facilitator: Lee Rankin Copyright Copyright © 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. University of Phoenix® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft®, Windows®, and Windows NT® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix® editorial standards and practices. ------------------------------------------------- Course Description This course is an introductory overview of the organization and jurisdictions of local, state, and federal law enforcement, judicial and corrections agencies, and processes involved in the criminal justice systems. It examines the historical aspects of the police, the courts, and the correctional system, as well as the philosophy. Additionally, career opportunities and qualifying requirements, terminology, and constitutional limitations of the system will also be covered. ------------------------------------------------- Course Topics...
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...Group ID: MSAS0KCAO6 RJ Schafer September 11, 2009 Risk Management in Justice and Security Organizations Introduction Risk management is essential to the security and well being of any organization. Risk management is crucial in guaranteeing that security controls and spending are proportionate with the actual risks to which the organization is exposed. Following a comprehensive and formal risk management approach requires a sound understanding of the principles of risk. Risk goes beyond the questions of efficiency, technique. This paper will discuss the role of risk management in justice and security organizations What is Risk? “Risk is the uncertainty of financial loss, the variations between actual and expected results, or the probability that a loss has occurred, or will occur… three main categories are personal, property, and liability” ( Broder, p. 3). An organization should perform a risk analysis, which is a, “management tool, the standards for which are determined by whatever management decides it wants to accept in terms of actual loss” (Broder, p. 4). Risk can be expressed in many ways, so long as it combines a hazard with the probability of a specified outcome. Risk is the product of a possibility of incurring loss or misfortune...
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...Science in Kinesiology and exercise science. She holds a Bachelor of Social Science (Criminology) from Bond University Australia, where she was awarded undergraduate outstanding academic achievement. She is a recent graduate of Western Illinois University with a Master of Arts in Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, and was made a member of both Phi Kappa Phi and Golden Key International Honor Societies. Ms. Halliday has worked with and studied criminal justice issues in Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Her current research interests include transnational sex and drug trafficking, and police fitness testing and standards. LEJA 518 - Issues paper: Police discretion. Gemma L. Halliday Western Illinois University “Enforcing the law without fear or favor” (Goldstein, 1963, p. 141). The very nature of police work is extremely complex in today’s society. Police officers play an important role comprising of many different tasks concerning; actually enforcing the criminal law, performing order maintenance and other miscellaneous services. It is through these duties and services that police are constantly intersecting and interacting with the community on a daily basis. Thus, they hold a very prominent and powerful position in society that requires them to protect these people’s morals, principles and values. And, the way in which police officers go about their duties...
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...branches would be less responsive to citizens’ concerns, and voters would be less informed of the significance of their choices. However, there are politicians who wish to challenge the First Amendment. With the possible exceptions of John Adams and Woodrow Wilson, there might never be a president more hostile to freedom of speech than Hillary Rodham Clinton. Clinton has promised, if elected, to introduce a constitutional amendment within her first month in office that would effectively repeal the First Amendment by overturning the Supreme Court’s Citizens United v FEC decision from 2010.6 Americans can protect their civil liberties in regard to free speech by taking an absolutist zero-tolerance position in regard to censorship and speech policing.7 The United States has succeeded in preserving security and civil liberties by adopting policies that reinforce both; however, when it has departed from that course, both liberty and security have suffered. For example, while imprisoning those who actively conspire with the enemy in a time of war is sound policy, the internment of Japanese citizens because of their ethnicity during World War II was both unconstitutional and highly destructive of...
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...S.PALAVESAKRISHNAN palavesakrishnan@gmail.com Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Background to the Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Defining the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The Nature and the Scope of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Risk of Break-ins and Builder Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Selecting and Implementing the Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Monitoring Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Evaluating the Preventive Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Summary of the Results of the Experiment . ...
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...COMPLEXITY OF PROBLEM THEORY, RESEARCH AND EVALUATION by John Eck University of Cincinnati Abstract: Advancement of problem-oriented policing has been stymied by over-attention to police organizations and under-attention to police problems. This paper develops a research agenda for understanding police problems by addressing four fundamental questions: What are problems? What causes problems? How can we find effective solutions to problems? And how can we learn from problem solving? For each question a possible direction for theory, research, or evaluation is suggested. The variety of police problems, their non-linear feedback systems, the diversity of responses that can be applied to problems, and the difficulty of learning from problem-solving experiences highlight the complexity of police problems. The paper closes with a list of research questions designed to improve the science and practice of problem analysis and solution. WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH POLICE RESEARCH? Problem-oriented policing has become the victim of the disease it was meant to cure, the "means over ends syndrome." Symptoms of this disease include studies examining the internal workings of police organizations implementing problem-oriented policing, confusing problem-oriented policing with community policing, and generally failing to recognize that a new approach to policing requires a different approach to research. Though the number of police agencies applying problem solving has grown rapidly, particularly...
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...Final Report Jan Berry Reducing Bureaucracy in Policing Advocate October 2010 Contents Executive Summary 1 Risk (Good Decision Making) 7 Governance Accountability & Performance 10 Continuous Improvement 15 Criminal Justice System 17 Key Processes 24 Technology 29 Reducing Bureaucracy Practitioners Group 31 Executive Summary Introduction Sir Ronnie Flanagan likened bureaucracy to cholesterol; there is both good and bad. The police service is accountable and records need to be kept. Some bureaucracy, enough to run an efficient and effective police service is necessary, but extra layers of bureaucracy have been created to meet the demands of scrutiny and quality assurance, in times when budgets are being cut, the question needs to be asked, what is affordable? Where the requirement to record becomes more important than the quality of the investigation, the balance is wrong. And when quality assurance is more about complying with a set of rigid rules than achieving a successful outcome the balance is also wrong. The checks should not outweigh the balances. Recognition of the negative impact excessive bureaucracy creates has long been understood. Previous Chief Inspectors of Constabulary, Sir David O'Dowd and Sir Ronnie Flanagan both made a series of recommendations aimed at reducing unnecessary bureaucracy and prepared costed business plans for change. The reports received considerable support across policing...
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...first, set up to answer similar challenges to the Gendarmerie in France, was the Royal Irish Constabulary model. It was close to the state military model, but distinctively styled as part of the civil power of the state and subordinated to the Magistracy. The Irish model was subsequently exported to Britain’s colonies and became the basis of forces such as the Indian Police Service. The Metropolitan Police was consciously created as a local force with a uniform that was deliberately different from the military and a mission that focused on prevention of crime rather than the repression of disorder. This state civilian model became the basis for all UK forces on the mainland and the principal influence on the development of East Coast US policing in the 1840s. As the three models have developed and evolved in different political systems over the years since 1800, they have both diverged and converged in various ways....
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...Criminal justice is composed of many lateral departments that help us as a society to better understand the process that is started when criminal activity is suspected. We will examine how individuals learn how to commit crime and what motivates them to do so. This paper will discuss the steps that are taken once a crime is determine and how the Criminal Justice System is put into place to help solve and come to some type of resolution for the crime. This paper will further discuss the types of deterrence that are placed into society minds to help curve criminal behavior and activity. After reading this paper the reader should have a better understanding on how the Criminal Justice System works and why it is needed help promote a safe environment for our society. In order to understand what crime is we must first look at the definition of what criminal activity is. The term crime comes from a classification of wrongdoing that were established by state or Congress as a felony or misdemeanor, which is committed against a public law. Crime is defined as all deviance involving violating norms, but some norms attract the attention of the authorities. Acts that have been declared illegal by some authority are called crime (Curry, Jiobu, &ump; Schwirian, 1999). Crime develops from the wanting of certain things that attract or bring attention to certain individuals. A subject that is involved in breaking the law or a moral can be considered a criminal suspect according to the...
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...Elements of the Profession of Arms and Their Impact on the Military Logistician by Major Eric A. McCoy Is military service a profession or an occupation? Is there really a difference? The author argues that there is and that Soldiers definitely are members of a profession. Following the Vietnam War, the Army suffered from an evident depression, particularly within the officer corps and noncommissioned officer corps, that led to a revamping of our professional institutions and doctrine. Observing this process, the late sociologist Charles Moskos theorized that the decline resulted from the Army seeming to develop the characteristics of a civilian occupation rather than the profession it had always considered itself to be. The basic distinction between these two concep-tions of the military lies in their relationship to, and legitimization by, American society. Moskos noted that society legitimizes an institution “in terms of norms and values, a purpose transcending individual self-interest in favor of a presumed higher good. Members of a professional institution are often seen as following a calling captured in words like duty, honor, country.” Conversely, an occupational model receives its legitimacy in terms of the marketplace, where supply and demand are paramount and self-interest takes priority over communal interests.1 A generation later, we find similarities as we assess the impacts of a decade of persistent conflict on the all-volunteer Army. Our Army's senior...
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...Technology and Communication Even though technology is growing and can create imperfections in databases, technological advances will allow our law enforcement to work more efficiently. The Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) can find a single fingerprint from a massive database of fingerprints, and Mobile Data Terminals (MDTs) are powerful computerized tools in law enforcement vehicles. Technological advances will allow our law enforcement to work more efficiently. There are many technological advances being used by our law enforcement agencies today. With the implementation of these specialized databases, officers can identify a criminal within minutes versus the latent fingerprints used in the 1980s. These systems allowed law enforcement officials and officers to connect easily directly to other databases across the county, state, and country. According to University of Phoenix, Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals (2011), communication technology has advanced to a point where the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are working together to store all fingerprints for criminals, to include misdemeanor offenders. As part of the teamwork between the NCIC and FBI, a major defense contractor is designing new equipment. This new equipment will allow law enforcement officers the ability to check fingerprints and mug shots from any vehicle that is equipped with the Mobile Data Terminals (MDTs). MDTs...
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...MANAGING CRIME AND QUALITY OF LIFE USING COMPSTAT: SPECIFIC ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTATION AND PRACTICE By Dr. Vincent E. Henry* I. INTRODUCTION The highly effective management model or paradigm that has come to be known as Compstat was first developed within the New York Police Department in 1994 as a process for managing crime and quality of life in New York City. Compstat was developed in response to a very specific set of immediate needs confronting the NYPD at that time: the compelling need to bring spiralling rates of crime and disorder to within manageable bounds and to refocus the NYPD on its primary mission of effectively ensuring public safety by reducing crime and violence. Since its introduction in early 1994, Compstat has proven to be highly effective in achieving the goals for which it was initially intended. Over time it has also evolved and grown from a basic and fairly rudimentary process involving the collection and analysis of crime data as well as a mechanism for ensuring accountability and information-sharing into a more complex, more nuanced, and eminently more effective management paradigm. As Compstat grew and changed over time, so too did the issues and problems challenging the NYPD. As crime and public disorder offences declined to within more manageable limits, the agency had the luxury of turning its attention to a range of other management problems and issues. While reducing crime and disorder and increasing public safety have never lost their prominence...
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